A longitudinal study of social status, perceived discrimination, and physical and emotional health among older adults

Research on Aging

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 275-301

  Luo, Ye ^a   Xu, Jun ^b   Granberg, Ellen ^a   Wentworth, William M ^a  

^a CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotional health; Perceived discrimination; Physical health; Social inequality; Social status; Stress; United States

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859048498     PISSN: 01640275     EISSN: 15527573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0164027511426151     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Alwin D. F.,Wray L. A.A life-span developmental perspective on social status and health.Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 2005;60:S7-S14.
2. Barnes L. L.,Mendes de Leon C. F.,Lewis T. T.,Bienias J. L.,Wilson R. S.,Evans D. A.Perceived discrimination and mortality in a population-based study of older adults.American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98:1241-1247.
3. Barnes L. L.,Mendes de,Leon C. F.,Wilson R. S.,Bienias J. L.,Bennett D. A.,Evans D. A.Racial differences in perceived discrimination in a community population of older blacks and whites.Journal of Aging and Health. 2004;16:315-337.
4. Berk R. A.An introduction to sample selection bias in sociological data.American Sociological Review. 1983;48:386-398.
5. Blanchette I.,Richards A.Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous information: Beyond the emotion-congruent effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.2003;132:294-309.
6. Brandtstaedter J.,Baltes-Gotz B.Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences. Baltes P. B.Baltes M. M., ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990:197-224.
7. Brown T. N.,Williams D. R.,Jackson J. S.,Neighbors H. W.,Torres M.,Sellers S. L.,Brown K. T."Being black and feeling blue": The mental health consequences of racial discrimination.Race and Society. 2000;2:117-131.
8. Clarke P.,Fisher G.,House J.,Smith J.,Weir D.Guide to content of the HRS psychosocial leave-behind participant lifestyle questionnaires: 2004 & 2006. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; 2007:.
9. Chae D. H.,Takeuchi D. T.,Barbeau E. M.,Bennett G. G.,Lindsey J.,Krieger N.Unfair treatment, racial/ethnic discrimination, ethnic identification, and smoking among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study.American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98:485-492.
10. Dannefer D.Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: Cross-fertilizing age and social science theory.Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 2003;58B:S327-S337.
11. Feagin J. R.Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York: Routledge; 2000:.
12. Forman T. A.,Williams D. R.,Jackson J. S.Race, place, and discrimination.Perspectives on Social Problems. 1997;9:231-261.
13. Gee G. C.A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status.American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98:S48-S56.
14. Gee G. C.,Ro A.,Shariff-Marco S.,Chae D.Racial discrimination and health among Asian Americans: Evidence, assessment, and directions for future research.Epidemiologic Review. 2009;31:130-151.
15. Gee G. C.,Pavalko E. K.,Long J. S.Age, cohort and perceived age discrimination: Using the life course to assess self-reported age discrimination.Social Forces. 2007;86:265-290.
16. Gee G. C.,Spencer M. S.,Chen J.,Takeuchi D.A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans.American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97:1275-1282.
17. Gee G. C.,Walsemann K.Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth.Social Science & Medicine. 2009;68:1676-1684.
18. Gibbons F. X.,Etcheverry P. E.,Stock M. L.,Gerrard M.,Weng C.-Y.,Kiviniemi M.,O'Hara R. E.Exploring the link between racial discrimination and substance use: What mediates? What buffers?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010;99:785-801.
19. Health and Retirement Study. (2011). Sample sizes and response rates. Retrieved September 16, 2011, from http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/sitedocs/sampleresponse.pdf.
20. Hunte H. E. R.,Williams D. R.The association between perceived discrimination and obesity in a population-based multiracial and multiethnic adult sample.American Journal of Public Health. 2009;99:1285-1292.
21. Jackson B.,Kubzansky L. D.,Wright R. J.Linking perceived unfairness to physical health: The perceived unfairness model.Review of General Psychology. 2006;10:21-40.
22. Kessler R. C.,Mickelson K. D.,Williams D. R.The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1999;40:208-230.
23. Krause N.,Shaw B. A.,Cairney J.A descriptive epidemiology of lifetime trauma and the physical health status of older adults.Psychology and Aging. 2004;19:637-648.
24. Krieger N.Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination.International Journal of Health Services. 1999;29:295-352.
25. Lewis T. T.,Barnes L. L.,Bienias J. L.,Lackland D. T.,Evans D. A.,Mendes de Leon C. F.Perceived discrimination and blood pressure in older African American and White adults.Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2009;64:A1002-A1008.
26. Lewis T. T.,Aiello A. E.,Leurgans S.,Kelly J.,Barnes L. L.Self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination are associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels in older African-American adults.Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2010;24:438-443.
27. Luo Y.,Waite L. J.The impact of childhood and adult SES on physical, mental, and cognitive well-being in later life.Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 2005;60B:S93-S104.
28. Marmot M.,Friel S.,Bell R.,Houweling T. A. J.,Taylor S.Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health.The Lancet. 2008;372:1661-1669.
29. Mirowsky J.,Ross C. E.Age and the effect of economic hardship on depression.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2001;42:132-150.
30. Pavalko E. K.,Mossakowski K. N.,Hamilton V. J.Does perceived discrimination affect health? Longitudinal relationships between work discrimination and women's physical and emotional health.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2003;44:18-33.
31. Pascoe E. A.,Richman L. S.Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin. 2009;135:531-554.
32. Pearlin L. I.The sociological study of stress.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1989;30:241-256.
33. Pearlin L. I.,Schieman S.,Fazio E. M.,Meersman S. C.Stress, health, and the life course: Some conceptual perspectives.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2005;46:205-219.
34. Ridgeway C. L.Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment.American Sociological Review. 1997;62:218-235.
35. Schmitt M. T.,Branscombe N. R.The meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination in disadvantaged and privileged social groups.European Review of Social Psychology. 2002;12:167-199.
36. Schnittker J.,McLeod J. D.The social psychology of health disparities.Annual Review of Sociology. 2005;31:75-103.
37. Schulz A. J.,Israel B. A.,Gravlee C. C.,Mentz G.,Williams D. R.,Rowe Z.Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis.American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96:1265-1270.
38. Sellers R. M.,Shelton J. N.The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84 (5): 1079-1092.
39. Shelton J. N.,Sellers R. M.Situational stability and variability in African American racial identity.Journal of Black Psychology. 2000;26 (1): 27-50.
40. Taylor S. E.,Repetti R. L.,Seeman T.Health psychology: What is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin?.Annual Review of Psychology. 1997;48:411-447.
41. Taylor J.,Turner R. J.Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: Racial contrasts.Social Psychology Quarterly. 2002;65:213-225.
42. Thoits P. A.Stress and health.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2010;51:S41-S53.
43. Troxel W. M.,Matthews K. A.,Bromberger J. T.,Sutton-Tyrrell K.Chronic stress burden, discrimination, and subclinical carotid artery disease in African American and Caucasian women.Health Psychology. 2003;22:300-309.
44. Turner R. J.,Wheaton B.,Lloyd D. A.The epidemiology of social stress.American Sociological Review. 1995;60:104-125.
45. Turvey C. L.,Wallace R. B.,Herzog R.A revised CES-D measure of depressive symptoms and a DSM-based measure of major depressive episodes in the elderly.International Psychogeriatrics. 1999;11:139-148.
46. Williams D. R.,Neighbors H. W.,Jackson J. S.Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies.American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98:S29-S37.
47. Williams D. R.,Mohammed S.Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research.Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009;32:20-47.
48. Williams D. R.,Yan Y.,Jackson J. S.,Anderson N. B.Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination.Journal of Health Psychology. 1997;2:335-351.
49. Yoo H. C.,Gee G. C.,Takeuchi D.Discrimination and health among Asian American immigrants: Disentangling racial from language discrimination.Social Science & Medicine. 2009;68:726-732.