"Every Shut Eye, Ain't Sleep": The Role of Racism-Related Vigilance in Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Difficulty

Race and Social Problems

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 100-112

  Hicken, Margaret T ^a   Lee, Hedwig ^b   Ailshire, Jennifer ^c   Burgard, Sarah A ^a   Williams, David R ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticipatory stress; Discrimination; Health disparities; Racism related stress; Sleep difficulty

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877728687     PISSN: 18671748     EISSN: 18671756     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12552-013-9095-9     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adler, N. E., & Rehkopf, D. H. (2008). US disparities in health: Descriptions, causes, and mechanisms. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 235-252.
2. Akerstedt, T. (2006). Psychosocial stress and impaired sleep. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(6), 493-501.
3. Akerstedt, T., Kecklund, G., et al. (2007). Impaired sleep after bedtime stress and worries. Biological Psychology, 76(3), 170-173.
4. Åkerstedt, T., Nordin, M., et al. (2012). Predicting changes in sleep complaints from baseline values and changes in work demands, work control, and work preoccupation-the WOLF-project. Sleep Medicine, 13(1), 73-80.
5. Ayas, N. T., White, D. P., et al. (2003a). A prospective study of self-reported sleep duration and incident diabetes in women. Diabetes Care, 26(2), 380-384.
6. Ayas, N. T., White, D. P., et al. (2003b). A prospective study of sleep duration and coronary heart disease in women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(2), 205.
7. Baldwin, C. M., Ervin, A.-M., et al. (2010). Sleep disturbances, quality of life, and ethnicity: the sleep heart health study. Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 6(2), 176.
8. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
9. Beatty, D. L., Hall, M. H., et al. (2011). Unfair treatment is associated with poor sleep in African American and Caucasian adults: Pittsburgh SleepSCORE project. Health Psychology, 30(3), 351-359.
10. Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 94(4), 991-1013.
11. Bonilla-Silva, E. (2010). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
12. Borrell, L. N., & Kiefe C. I. et al. (2012). "Racial discrimination, racial/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study." Ethnicity and Health. doi: 10. 1080/13557858. 2012. 713092.
13. Brissette, I. (2002). The contribution of individual differences in hostility to the associations between daily interpersonal conflict, affect, and sleep. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1265-1274.
14. Brosschot, J. F. (2010). Markers of chronic stress: Prolonged physiological activation and (un)conscious perseverative cognition. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 46-50.
15. Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., et al. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113-124.
16. Brosschot, J. F., Pieper, S., et al. (2005). Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1043-1049.
17. Burgard, S. A., & Ailshire, J. A. (2009). Putting work to bed: Stressful experiences on the job and sleep quality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(4), 476-492.
18. Buxton, O. M., & Marcelli, E. (2010). Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Social Science and Medicine, 71(5), 1027-1036.
19. Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., et al. (2010a). Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep, 33(5), 585-592.
20. Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., et al. (2010b). Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 33(2), 414-420.
21. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., et al. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans-a biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54(10), 805-816.
22. Clark, R., Benkert, R. A., et al. (2006). Large arterial elasticity varies as a function of gender and racism-related vigilance in black youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(4), 562-569.
23. Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care (with CD). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
24. Crosby, B., LeBourgeois, M. K., et al. (2005). Racial differences in reported napping and nocturnal sleep in 2-to 8-year-old children. Pediatrics, 115(Supplement 1), 225-232.
25. Davis, S. K., Liu, Y., et al. (2005). Stress-related racial discrimination and hypertension likelihood in a population-based sample of African Americans: The Metro Atlanta Heart Disease Study. Ethnicity and Disease, 15(4), 585-593.
26. de Lange, A. H., Kompier, M. A., et al. (2009). A hard day's night: A longitudinal study on the relationships among job demands and job control, sleep quality and fatigue. Journal of Sleep Research, 18(3), 374-383.
27. Dimsdale, J. E. (2008). Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 51(13), 1237-1246.
28. Du Bois, W. E. B., & Eaton, I. (1899). The Philadelphia Negro: A social study. Philadelphia: Published for the University.
29. Essed, P. (1990). Everyday racism: Reports from women of two cultures. CA, Hunter House: Claremont.
30. Feagin, J. R. (1991). The continuing significance of race-antiblack discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 56(1), 101-116.
31. Feagin, J. R., & Sikes, M. P. (1994). Living with racism: The black middle-class experience. Boston: Beacon Press.
32. Fiscella, K., & Holt, K. (2008). Racial disparity in hypertension control: Tallying the death toll. The Annals of Family Medicine, 6(6), 497-502.
33. Frisbie, W. P., Song, S. E., et al. (2004). The increasing racial disparity in infant mortality: Respiratory distress syndrome and other causes. Demography, 41(4), 773-800.
34. Gainous, J. (2012). The new "new racism" thesis limited government values and race-conscious policy attitudes. Journal of Black Studies, 43(3), 251-273.
35. Galster, G. (1990). Racial steering by real estate agents: Mechanisms and motives. The Review of Black Political Economy, 19(1), 39-63.
36. Geronimus, A. T., Bound, J., et al. (1996). Excess mortality among blacks and whites in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 335(21), 1552-1558.
37. Geronimus, A. T., Bound, J., et al. (2001). Inequality in life expectancy, functional status, and active life expectancy across selected black and white populations in the United States. Demography, 38(2), 227-251.
38. Geronimus, A., M. T., & Hicken, et al. (2010). "Do US Black women experience stress-related accelerated biological aging?". Human Nature, 21(1), 19-38.
39. Hale, L., & Do, D. P. (2007). Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study. Sleep, 30(9), 1096.
40. Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., et al. (1997). Intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviors are associated with sleep disturbances in bereavement-related depression. Depression and Anxiety, 6(3), 106-112.
41. Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., et al. (2000). Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 227-230.
42. Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., et al. (2008). Financial strain is a significant correlate of sleep continuity disturbances in late-life. Biological Psychology, 77(2), 217-222.
43. Hall, M. H., Matthews, K. A., et al. (2009). Race and financial strain are independent correlates of sleep in midlife women: The SWAN sleep study. Sleep, 32(1), 73-82.
44. Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42-57.
45. Harrell, C. J., Burford, T. I., et al. (2011). Multiple pathways linking racism to health outcomes. Du Bois Review, 8(1), 143-157.
46. Heraclides, A., Chandola, T., et al. (2009). Psychosocial stress at work doubles the risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women: Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care, 32(12), 2230-2235.
47. Hertz, R. P., Unger, A. N., et al. (2005). Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(18), 2098-2104.
48. Hicken, M., Gragg, R., et al. (2011). How cumulative risks warrant a shift in our approach to racial health disparities: The case of lead, stress, and hypertension. Health Affairs (Millwood), 30(10), 1895-1901.
49. Hicken, M. T., & Lee, H. et al. "Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence: Reconsidering the role of chronic stress." American Journal of Public Health.
50. Hughes, D. (2003). Correlates of African American and Latino parents' messages to children about ethnicity and race: A comparative study of racial socialization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1), 15-33.
51. Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1(4), 200-214.
52. Hughes, D., & DuMont, K. (1993). Using focus groups to facilitate culturally anchored research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(6), 775-806.
53. Jackson, P. B. (2005). Health inequalities among minority populations. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, 63-67.
54. Jackson, J. S., Knight, K. M., et al. (2010). Race and unhealthy behaviors: Chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. American Journal of Public Health, 100(5), 933-939.
55. James, S. A. (1993). Racial and ethnic differences in infant mortality and low birth weight. A psychosocial critique. Annals of Epidemiology, 3(2), 130-136.
56. Kaplan, M. S., & Nunes, A. (2003). The psychosocial determinants of hypertension. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 13(1), 52-59.
57. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., et al. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40(3), 208-230.
58. Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., et al. (2007). Job stress and poor sleep quality: Data from an American sample of full-time workers. Social Science and Medicine, 64(10), 1997-2007.
59. Knutson, K. L. (2013). Sociodemographic and cultural determinants of sleep deficiency: Implications for cardiometabolic disease risk. Social Science and Medicine, 79, 7-15.
60. Knutson, K. L., & van Cauter, E. (2008). Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1129, 287-304.
61. Knutson, K. L., van Cauter, E., et al. (2011). Cross-sectional associations between measures of sleep and markers of glucose metabolism among subjects with and without diabetes: The coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) sleep study. Diabetes Care, 34(5), 1171-1176.
62. Kramer, M. R., & Hogue, C. R. (2009). What causes racial disparities in very preterm birth? A biosocial perspective. Epidemiology Reviews, 31, 84-98.
63. Krieger, N. (1990). Racial and gender discrimination: Risk factors for high blood pressure? Social Science and Medicine, 30(12), 1273-1281.
64. Lewis, T. T., Troxel, W. M., et al. (2012). Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and sleep in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged women. Health Psychology,. doi: 10. 1037/a0029938.
65. Lindstrom, M. (2008). Social capital, anticipated ethnic discrimination and self-reported psychological health: A population-based study. Social Science and Medicine, 66(1), 1-13.
66. Mallon, L., Broman, J. E., et al. (2002). Sleep complaints predict coronary artery disease mortality in males: A 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged Swedish population. Journal of Internal Medicine, 251(3), 207-216.
67. McEwen, B. S. (2003). Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 200-207.
68. McEwen, B. S., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1995). Stress and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5(2), 205-216.
69. McLaughlin Crabtree, V., Beal Korhonen, J., et al. (2005). Cultural influences on the bedtime behaviors of young children. Sleep Medicine, 6(4), 319-324.
70. Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., et al. (2005). State of disparities in cardiovascular health in the United States. Circulation, 111(10), 1233-1241.
71. Mezick, E. J., Matthews, K. A., et al. (2008). Influence of race and socioeconomic status on sleep: Pittsburgh SleepSCORE project. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(4), 410-416.
72. Mezick, E. J., Matthews, K. A., et al. (2009). Intra-individual variability in sleep duration and fragmentation: Associations with stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(9), 1346-1354.
73. Milan, S., Snow, S., et al. (2007). The context of preschool children's sleep: Racial/ethnic differences in sleep locations, routines, and concerns. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(1), 20-28.
74. Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
75. Mohseni, M., & Lindstrom, M. (2008). Ethnic differences in anticipated discrimination, generalised trust in other people and self-rated health: A population-based study in Sweden. Ethnicity and Health, 13(5), 417-434.
76. Morenoff, J. D., House, J. S., et al. (2007). Understanding social disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control: The role of neighborhood context. Social Science and Medicine, 65(9), 1853-1866.
77. National Center for Health Statistics. (2012). Healthy people 2010 final review. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
78. Omi, M., & Winant, H. A. (1994). Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. Psychology Press: New York.
79. Paradies, Y. (2006). A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(4), 888-901.
80. Patel, S. R., Ayas, N. T., et al. (2004). A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women. Sleep, 27(3), 440-444.
81. Pearlin, L., & Bierman, A. (2013). Current issues and future directions in research into the stress process. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (2nd ed., pp. 325-340). New York: Springer.
82. Phillips, B., & Mannino, D. M. (2007). Do insomnia complaints cause hypertension or cardiovascular disease? Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(5), 489-494.
83. Prahlad, A. (1996). African-American proverbs in context. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
84. Press, Stata. (2011). STATA multiple imputation reference manual college station. TX: StataCorp.
85. Ribet, C., & Derriennic, F. (1999). "Age, working conditions, and sleep disorders: A longitudinal analysis in the French cohort ESTEV." Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine, 22(4), 491-504.
86. Rowe, M. A., McCrae, C. S., et al. (2008). Sleep pattern differences between older adult dementia caregivers and older adult noncaregivers using objective and subjective measures. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 4(4), 362-369.
87. Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.
88. Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., et al. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 1020-1026.
89. Schulman, K. A., Berlin, J. A., et al. (1999). The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(8), 618-626.
90. Seeman, T. E., Singer, B. H., et al. (1997). Price of adaptation-allostatic load and its health consequences. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(19), 2259-2268.
91. Steffen, P. R., & Bowden, M. (2006). Sleep disturbance mediates the relationship between perceived racism and depressive symptoms. Ethnicity and Disease, 16(Winter), 16-21.
92. Sternthal, M. J., Slopen, N., et al. (2011). Racial disparities in health: How much does stress really matter? Du Bois Review, 8(01), 95-113.
93. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., et al. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286.
94. Surwit, R. S., Schneider, M. S., et al. (1992). Stress and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 15(10), 1413-1422.
95. Thomas, K. S., Bardwell, W. A., et al. (2006). The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue. Health Psychology, 25(5), 635-642.
96. Tomfohr, L., Pung, M. A., et al. (2012). Racial differences in sleep architecture: The role of ethnic discrimination. Biological Psychology, 89(1), 34-38.
97. Turner, J. R. (2009). Understanding health disparities: The promise of the stress process model. In W. R. Avison (Ed.), Advances in the conceptualization of the stress process (pp. 3-21). New York: Springer.
98. Williams, D. R. (1997). Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions. Annals of Epidemiology, 7(5), 322-333.
99. Williams, D. R. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 173-188.
100. Williams, D. R., & Jackson, P. B. (2005). Social sources of racial disparities in health-Policies in societal domains, far removed from traditional health policy, can have decisive consequences for health. Health Affairs, 24(2), 325-334.
101. Williams, D. R., John, D. A., et al. (2012). Research on discrimination and health: An exploratory study of unresolved conceptual and measurement issues. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 975-978.
102. Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 20-47.
103. Williams, D. R., Mohammed, S., et al. (2010). Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (The Biology of Disadvantage: Socioeconomic Status and Health), 1186, 69-101.
104. Williams, D. R., Yan, Y., et al. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335-351.
105. Wyatt, S. B., Williams, D. R., et al. (2003). Racism and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 325(6), 315-331.