Biopolymers as supports for heterogeneous catalysis: Focus on chitosan, a promising aminopolysaccharide

Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction: A Series of Advances

Volumn 18, Issue , 2007, Pages 151-292

  Guibal, Eric ^a   Vincent, Thierry ^a   Blondet, Francisco Peirano ^a  

^a ECOLE DES MINES D ALÈS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85027464581     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420007411     Document Type: Chapter

References (410)

1. Zaera, F., Probing catalytic reactions at surfaces, Prog. Surf. Sci., 69, 1, 2001.
2. Augustine, R.L. and Tanielyan, S.K., Enantioselective heterogeneous catalysis. 2. Examination of the formation of the individual (R) and (S) lactates in the cichonidine modified platinum hydrogenation of pyruvate, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 112, 93, 1996.
3. Baiker, A., Progress in asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis: design of novel chirally modified platinum metal catalysts, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 115, 473, 1997.
4. Molnar, A., Sarkany, A., and Varga, M., Hydrogenation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds: chemo-, regio- and stereo-selectivity, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 173, 185, 2001.
5. Tungler, A. and Fogassy, G., Catalysis with supported palladium metal, selectivity in the hydrogenation of C=C, C=O and C=N bonds, from chemo- to enantioselectivity, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 173, 231, 2001.
6. Tungler, A., Tarnai, T., Hegedûs, L., Fodor, K., and Máthé, T., Palladium-mediated heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenations: selectivity of liquid-phase reactions for the fine chemicals industry, Platinum Metals Rev., 42, 108, 1998.
7. Kragl, U. and Dwars, T., The development of new methods for the recycling of chiral catalysts, Trends Biotechnol., 19, 442, 2001.
8. Toshima, N., Nanostructured metal clusters in polymeric field as a model of artificial enzyme, Supramol. Sci., 5, 395, 1998.
9. Choplin, A. and Quignard, F., From supported homogeneous catalysts to heterogeneous molecular catalysts, Coord. Chem. Rev., 178-180, 1679, 1998.
10. Lashdaf, M., Krause, A.O.I., Lindblad, M., Tiita, M., and Venäläinen, T., Behaviour of palladium and ruthenium catalysts on alumina and silica prepared by gas and liquid phase deposition in cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 241, 65, 2003.
11. Mahata, N., Raghavan, K.V., and Vishwanathan, V., Influence of alkali promotion on phenol hydrogenation activity of palladium/alumina catalysts, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 182, 183, 1999.
12. Schüth, C. and Reinhard, M., Hydrodechlorination and hydrogenation of aromatic compound over palladium on alumina in hydrogen-saturated water, Appl. Catal. B.: Environ., 18, 215, 1998.
13. Zhang, Q. and Chuang, K.T., Kinetics of wet oxidation of black liquor over a Pt-Pd-Ce/alumina catalyst, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 17, 321, 1998.
14. Bae, J.W., Kim, I.G., Lee, J.S., Lee, K.H., and Jang, E.J., Hydrodechlorination of CCl4 over Pt/Al2O3: effects of platinum particle size on product distribution, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 240, 129, 2003.
15. Yu, K.Q. and Jones, C.W., Elucidating the role of silica surfaces in the ringopening polymerization of lactide: catalytic behavior of silica-immobilized zinc beta-diiminate complexes, J. Catal., 222, 558, 2004.
16. Shore, S.G., Ding, E., Park, C., and Keane, M.A., Vapor phase hydrogenation of phenol over silica supported Pd and Pd-Yb catalysts, Catal. Comm., 3, 77, 2002.
17. Ma, Z., Sun, W.H., Zhu, N., Li, Z.L., Shao, C.X., and Hu, Y.L., Preparation of silica-supported late transition metal catalyst and ethylene polymerization, Polym. Int., 51, 349, 2002.
18. Macquarrie, D.J., Gotov, B., and Toma, S., Silica-supported palladium-based catalysts for clean synthesis, Platinum Metals Rev., 45, 102, 2001.
19. Rodrigues, S., Silveira, F., dos Santos, J.H.Z., and Ferreira, M.L., An explanation for experimental behavior of hybrid metallocene silica-supported catalyst for ethylene polymerization, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 216, 19, 2004.
20. Phan, N.T.S., Brown, D.H., and Styring, P., A facile method for catalyst immobilisation on silica: nickel-catalysed Kumada reactions in mini-continuous flow and batch reactors, Green Chem., 6, 526, 2004.
21. Ray, S., Galgali, G., Lele, A., and Sivaram, S., In situ polymerization of ethylene with bis(imino)pyridine iron(II) catalysts supported on clay: the synthesis and characterization of polyethylene-clay nanocomposites, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 43, 304, 2005.
22. Yadav, G.D. and Naik, S.S., Clay-supported liquid-liquid-solid phase transfer catalysis: synthesis of benzoic anhydride, Org. Proc. Res. Dev., 4, 141, 2000.
23. Takasu, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Sugimoto, W., and Murakami, Y., Effects of the surface area of carbon support on the characteristics of highly-dispersed Pt-Ru particles as catalysts for methanol oxidation, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 3861, 2003.
24. Stevens, D.A., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., and Dahn, J.R., On the determination of platinum particle size in carbon-supported platinum electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications, Carbon, 41, 2769, 2003.
25. Khilnani, V.L. and Chandalia, S.B., Selective hydrogenation. II. m-Dinitrobenzene to m-nitroaniline using palladium on carbon as catalyst, Org. Proc. Res. Dev., 5, 263, 2001.
26. Halligudi, S.B. and Khaire, S.S., Kinetics of hydrogenation of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol catalyzed by Pt/carbon catalyst, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 77, 25, 2001.
27. Choudhary, V.R., Sane, M.G., and Tambe, S.S., Kinetics of hydrogenation of o-nitrophenol to o-aminophenol on Pd/carbon catalysts in a stirred three-phase slurry reactor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37, 3879, 1998.
28. Gallezot, P., Laurain, N., and Isnard, P., Catalytic wet-air oxidation of carboxylic acids on carbon-supported platinum catalysts, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 9, 11, 1996.
29. Yuan, G. and Keane, M.A., Liquid phase catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4 dichlorophenol over carbon supported palladium: an evaluation of transport limitations, Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, 257, 2003.
30. Altava, B., Burguete, M.I., García-Verdugo, E., Luis, S.V., Vicent, M.J., and Mayoral, J.A., Supported chiral catalysts: the role of the polymeric network, React. Funct. Polym., 48, 25, 2001.
31. Antony, R., Tembe, G.L., Ravindranathan, M., and Ram, R.N., Polymer-supported palladium(II) complexes and their catalytic study, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90, 370, 2003.
32. Aumo, J., Lilja, J., Maki-Arvela, P., Salmi, T., Sundell, M., Vainio, H., and Murzin, D.Y., Hydrogenation of citral over a polymer fibre catalyst, Catal. Lett., 84, 219, 2002.
33. Duff, D.G., Mallat, T., Schneider, M., and Baiker, A., Catalysts derived from polymer-stabilised colloidal platinum: effects of support and calcination on the catalytic behaviour in hydrogenation, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 133, 133, 1995.
34. Fisera, R., Kralik, M., Annus, J., Kratky, V., Zecca, M., and Hronec, M., Deactivation of polymer-supported palladium catalysts in the hydrogenation of 4-nitrotoluene, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 62, 1763, 1997.
35. Ford, W.T., Catalysis by colloidal polymers in aqueous media, React. Funct. Polym., 8, 3, 2001.
36. Hirai, H., Yakura, N., Seta, Y., and Hodoshima, S., Characterization of palladium nanoparticles protected with polymer as hydrogenation catalyst, React. Funct. Polym., 37, 121, 1998.
37. Hodge, P., Synthesis of organic compounds using polymer-supported reagents, catalysts, and/or scavengers in benchtop flow systems, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 8542, 2005.
38. Jansson, A.M., Grotli, M., Halkes, K.M., and Meldal, M., Palladium on carbon encapsulated in POEPOP1500: a resin-supported catalyst for hydrogenation reactions, Org. Lett., 4, 27, 2002.
39. Kralik, M. and Biffis, A., Catalysis by metal nanoparticles supported on functional organic polymers, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 177, 113, 2001.
40. Kralik, M., Corain, B., and Zecca, M., Catalysis by metal nanoparticles supported on functionalized polymers, Chem. Papers, 54, 254, 2000.
41. Kralik, M., Fisera, R., Zecca, M., D’Archivio, A.A., Galantini, L., Jerabek, K., and Corain, B., Modelling of the deactivation of polymer-supported palladium catalysts in the hydrogenation of 4-nitrotoluene, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 63, 1074, 1998.
42. Kralik, M., Kratky, V., De Rosso, M., Tonelli, M., Lora, S., and Corain, B., Metal catalysis inside polymer frameworks: evaluation of catalyst stability and reusability, Chem. Eur. J., 9, 209, 2003.
43. Magdalene, R.M., Leelamani, E.G., and Gowda, N.M.N., Hydrogenation of nitroarenes using polybenzimidazole-le supported rhodium catalyst, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 223, 17, 2004.
44. Michalska, Z.M., Ostaszewski, B., Zientarska, J., and Rynkowski, J.M., Novel polymer-supported platinum catalyst for selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 185, 279, 2002.
45. Moghadam, M., Tangestaninejad, S., Habibi, M.H., and Mirkhani, V., A convenient preparation of polymer-supported manganese porphyrin and its use as hydrocarbon monooxygenation catalyst, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 217, 9, 2004.
46. Patel, D.R. and Ram, R.N., Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene using polymer anchored Pd(II) complexes as catalyst, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 130, 57, 1998.
47. Primavera, A., Zecca, M., and Corain, B., Interpenetrating organometallic polymer networks in heterogeneous metal catalysis: a preliminary evaluation, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 108, 131, 1996.
48. Puglisi, A., Benaglia, M., Cinquini, M., Cozzi, F., and Celentano, G., Enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of unsaturated aldehydes promoted by A poly(ethylene glycol)-supported organic catalyst, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 567, 2004.
49. Seckin, T., Koytepe, S., Demir, S., Ozdemir, I., and Centinkaya, B., Novel type of metal-containing polyimides for the Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura crosscoupling reactions as highly active catalysts, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym., 13, 223, 2003.
50. Zecca, M., Fisera, R., Palma, G., Lora, S., Hronec, M., and Kralik, M., Activity enhancement by the support in the hydrogenation of C=C bonds over polymersupported palladium catalysts, Chem. Eur. J., 6, 1980, 2000.
51. Abe, T. and Kaneko, M., Reduction catalysis by metal complexes confined in a polymer matrix, Prog. Polym. Sci., 28, 1441, 2003.
52. Biffis, A., Landes, H., Jerabek, K., and Corain, B., Metal palladium dispersed inside macroporous ion-exchange resins: the issue of the accessibility to gaseous reactants, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 151, 283, 2000.
53. Biffis, A., Ricoveri, R., Campestrini, S., Kralik, M., Jerabek, K., and Corain, B., Highly chemoselective hydrogenation of 2-ethylanthraquinone to 2-ethylanthrahydroquinone catalyzed by palladium metal dispersed inside highly lipophilic functional resins, Chem. Eur. J., 8, 2962, 2002.
54. Clapham, B., Reger, T.S., and Janda, K.D., Polymer-supported catalysis in synthetic organic chemistry, Tetrahedron, 57, 4637, 2001.
55. Corain, B. and Kralik, M., Dispersing metal nanoclusters inside functional synthetic resins: scope and catalytic prospects, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 159, 153, 2000.
56. D’Archivio, A.A., Galantini, L., Tettamanti, E., Panatta, A., and Corain, B., Metal palladium dispersed inside macroporous ion-exchange resins: rotational and translational mobility inside the polymer network, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 157, 269, 2000.
57. Deprele, S. and Montchamp, J.L., Environmentally benign synthesis of H-phosphinic acids using a water-tolerant, recyclable polymer-supported catalyst, Org. Lett., 6, 3805, 2004.
58. Gelbard, G., Organic synthesis by catalysis with ion-exchange resins, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 8468, 2005.
59. Kim, D.Y. and Huh, S.C., Poly(ethylene glycol) supported chiral quaternary ammonium salts as phase-transfer catalysts for catalytic enantioselective synthesis of alpha-amino acids, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 25, 347, 2004.
60. Kinoshita, S., Shibahara, F., and Nozaki, K., Comparison of two preparative methods: a polymer-supported catalyst by metal-complexation with a polymeric ligand or by polymerization of a metal complex, Green Chem., 7, 256, 2005.
61. Kralik, M., Hronec, M., Jorik, V., Lora, S., Palma, G., Zecca, M., Biffis, A., and Corain, B., Microporous poly-(N, N-dimethyl-acrylamide)-(1-methacryloyl-ethylene- sulphonate)-(N, N-methylene-bis-acrylamide) resins as hydrophilic supports for metal catalysts, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 101, 143, 1995.
62. Owsik, I. and Kolarz, B.N., The oxidation of hydroquinone to p-benzoquinone catalysed by Cu(II) ions immobilized on acrylic resins with aminoguanidyl groups: part 1, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 178, 63, 2002.
63. Phan, N.T.S., Brown, D.H., and Styring, P., A polymer-supported Salen-type palladium complex as a catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, Tetrahedr. Lett., 45, 7915, 2004.
64. Anyanwu, U.K. and Venkataraman, D., Effect of spacers on the activity of soluble polymer supported catalysts for the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes, Tetrahedr. Lett., 44, 6445, 2003.
65. Burguete, M.I., Fraile, J.M., Garcia-Verdugo, E., Luis, S.V., Martinez-Merino, V., and Mayoral, J.A., Polymer-supported bis(oxazolines) and related systems: toward new heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 8580, 2005.
66. Degni, S., Wilen, C.E., and Leino, R., Asymmetric C-C bond formation with L-prolinol derived chiral catalysts immobilized on polymer fibers, Tetrahedr. Asymm., 15, 231, 2004.
67. Valodkar, V.B., Tembe, G.L., Ram, R.N., and Rama, H.S., Catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins by supported Cu(II)-amino acid complexes, Catal. Lett., 90, 91, 2003.
68. Yoon, T.J., Kim, J.I., and Lee, J.K., Rh-based olefin hydroformylation catalysts and the change of their catalytic activity depending on the size of immobilizing supporters, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 345, 228, 2003.
69. Bergbreiter, D.E., The use of soluble polymers to effect homogeneous catalyst separation and reuse, Catal. Today, 42, 389, 1998.
70. Takeuchi, M., Akiyama, R., and Kobayashi, S., Polymer-micelle incarcerated scandium as a polymer-supported catalyst for high-throughput organic synthesis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 13096, 2005.
71. Berkovich, Y. and Garti, N., Catalytic colloidal Pd dispersions in water-organic solutions of quaternary ammonium salt, Colloids Surf. A, 128, 91, 1997.
72. Desforges, A., Deleuze, H., Mondain-Monval, O., and Backov, R., Palladium nanoparticle generation within microcellular polymeric foam and size dependence under synthetic conditions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 8521, 2005.
73. Felix, G., Regioselectively modified polysaccharide derivatives as chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 906, 171, 2001.
74. Franco, P., Senso, A., Minguillon, C., and Oliveros, L., 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamates of amylose, chitosan and cellulose bonded on silica gel: comparison of their chiral recognition abilities as high-performance liquid chromatography chiral stationary phases, J. Chromatogr. A, 796, 265, 1998.
75. Franco, P., Senso, A., Oliveros, L., and Minguillon, C., Covalently bonded polysaccharide derivatives as chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 906, 155, 2001.
76. Haginaka, J., Protein-based chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparations, J. Chromatogr. A, 906, 252, 2001.
77. Kim, J.H., Kim, J.H., Jegal, J., and Lee, K.-H., Optical resolution of a-amino acids through enantioselective polymeric membranes based on polysaccharides, J. Membr. Sci., 213, 273, 2003.
78. Malinowska, I. and Rózyló, J.K., Separation of optical isomers of amino acids on modified chitin and chitosan layers, Biomed. Chromatogr., 11, 272, 1997.
79. Senso, A., Oliveros, L., and Minguillon, C., Chitosan derivatives as chiral selectors bonded on allyl silica gel: preparation, characterisation and study of the resulting high-performance liquid chromatography chiral stationary phases, J. Chromatogr. A, 839, 15, 1999.
80. Thoelen, C., De Bruyn, M., Theunissen, E., Kondo, Y., Vankelecom, I.F.J., Grobet, P., Yoshikawa, M., and Jacobs, P.A., Membranes based on poly(g-methyl-L-glutamate): synthesis, characterization and use in chiral separations, J. Membr. Sci., 186, 153, 2001.
81. Yashima, E., Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation, J. Chromatogr. A, 906, 105, 2001.
82. Guzman, J., Saucedo, I., Revilla, J., Navarro, R., and Guibal, E., Copper sorption by chitosan in the presence of citrate ions: influence of metal speciation on sorption mechanism and uptake capacities, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 33, 57, 2003.
83. Roberts, G.A.F., Chitin Chemistry, Macmillan, London, 1992, p. 350.
84. Sorlier, P., Denuzière, A., Viton, C., and Domard, A., Relation between the degree of acetylation and the electrostatic properties of chitin and chitosan, Biomacromolecules, 2, 765, 2001.
85. Okuyama, K., Noguchi, K., Kanenari, M., Egawa, T., Osawa, K., and Ogawa, K., Structural diversity of chitosan and its complexes, Carbohydr. Polym., 41, 237, 2000.
86. Okuyama, K., Noguchi, K., Miyazawa, T., Yui, T., and Ogawa, K., Molecular and crystal structure of hydrated chitosan, Macromolecules, 30, 5849, 1997.
87. Yui, T., Imada, K., Okuyama, K., Obata, Y., Suzuki, K., and Ogawa, K., Molecular and crystal structure of the anhydrous form of chitosan, Macromolecules, 27, 7601, 1994.
88. Ogawa, K. and Yui, T., Crystallinity of partially N-acetylated chitosans, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 57, 1466, 1993.
89. Ogawa, K., Oka, K., and Yui, T., X-ray study of chitosan-transition metal complexes, Chem. Mater., 5, 726, 1993.
90. Ogawa, K., Effect of heating an aqueous suspension of chitosan on the crystallinity and polymorphs, Agric. Biol. Chem., 55, 2375, 1991.
91. Zugenmaier, P., Conformation and packing of various crystalline cellulose fibers, Prog. Polym. Sci., 26, 1341, 2001.
92. Gyurcsik, B. and Nagy, L., Carbohydrates as ligands: coordination equilibria and structure of the metal complexes, Coord. Chem. Rev., 203, 81, 2000.
93. Simkovic, I., Quaternization cross linking of starch with choline chloride/epichlorohydrin, Carbohydr. Polym., 34, 21, 1997.
94. 4OH, Carbohydr. Polym., 30, 25, 1996.
95. 4OH, Carbohydr. Polym., 31, 47, 1996.
96. Lehninger, A.L., Biochemistry, 2nd ed., Worth Publishers, Inc., New York, 1975, p. 1104.
97. Sajiki, H., Ikawa, T., Yamada, H., Tsubouchi, K., and Hirota, K., Preparation of silk fibroin-supported Pd(0) catalyst for chemoselective hydrogenation: reduction of palladium(II) acetate by methanol on the protein, Tetrahedron Lett., 44, 171, 2003.
98. Panouillé, M., Durand, D., Nicolai, T., Larquet, E., and Boisset, N., Aggregation and gelation of micellar casein particles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 287, 85, 2005.
99. Dauphas, S., Mouhous-Riou, N., Metro, B., Mackie, A.R., Wilde, P.J., Anton, M., and Riaublanc, A., The supramolecular organisation of b-casein: effect of interfacial properties, Food Hydrocolloids, 19, 387, 2005.
100. Horne, D.S., Casein structure, self-assembly and gelation, Curr. Opi. Colloid Interface Sci., 7, 456, 2002.
101. Guo, C., Campbell, B.E., Chen, K., Lenhoff, A.M., and Velev, O.D., Casein precipitation equilibria in the presence of calcium ions and phosphates, Colloids Surf., B, 29, 297, 2003.
102. Gotoh, T., Matsushima, K., and Kikuchi, K.I., Preparation of alginate-chitosan hybrid gel beads and adsorption of divalent metal ions, Chemosphere, 55, 135, 2004.
103. Jodra, Y. and Mijangos, F., Ion exchange selectivities of calcium alginate gels for heavy metals, Water Sci. Technol., 43, 237, 2001.
104. Nestle, N. and Kimmich, R., Heavy metal uptake of alginate gels studied by NMR microscopy, Colloids Surf. A, 115, 141, 1996.
105. Nestle, N. and Kimmich, R., NMR microscopy of heavy metal absorption in calcium alginate beads, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 56, 9, 1996.
106. Gregor, J.E., Fenton, E., Brokenshire, G., Van den Brink, P., and O’Sullivan, B., Interactions of calcium and aluminium ions with alginate, Water Res., 30, 1319, 1996.
107. Jang, L.K., Geesey, G.G., Lopez, S.L., Eastman, S.L., and Wichlacz, P.L., Use of a gel-forming biopolymer directly dispensed into a loop fluidized bed reactor to recover dissolved copper, Water Res., 24, 889, 1990.
108. Jang, L.K., Nguyen, D., and Geesey, G.G., Selectivity of alginate gel for Cu vs. Co, Water Res., 29, 307, 1995.
109. Jang, L.K., Nguyen, D., and Geesey, G.G., Selectivity of alginate gel for Cu over Zn when acidic conditions prevail, Water Res., 33, 2817, 1999.
110. Abu Al-Rub, F.A., El-Naas, M.H., Benyahia, F., and Ashour, I., Biosorption of nickel on blank alginate beads, free and immobilized algal cells, Process Biochem., 39, 1767, 2004.
111. Dhakal, R.P., Ghimire, K.N., Inoue, K., Yano, M., and Makino, K., Acidic polysaccharide gels for selective adsorption of lead(II) ion, Sep. Purif. Technol., 42, 219, 2005.
112. Gotoh, T., Matsushima, K., and Kikuchi, K.I., Adsorption of Cu and Mn on covalently cross-linked alginate gel beads, Chemosphere, 55, 57, 2004.
113. Ibanez, J.P. and Umetsu, Y., Potential of protonated alginate beads for heavy metals uptake, Hydrometallurgy, 64, 89, 2002.
114. Ibanez, J.P. and Umetsu, Y., Uptake of trivalent chromium from aqueous solutions using protonated dry alginate beads, Hydrometallurgy, 72, 327, 2004.
115. Torres, E., Mata, Y.N., Blazquez, A.L., Munoz, J.A., Gonzalez, F., and Ballester, A., Gold and silver uptake and nanoprecipitation on calcium alginate beads, Langmuir, 21, 7951, 2005.
116. Veglio, F., Esposito, A., and Reverberi, A.P., Copper adsorption on calcium alginate beads: equilibrium pH-related models, Hydrometallurgy, 65, 43, 2002.
117. Chen, J.P., Tendeyong, F., and Yiacoumi, S., Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper ion uptake by calcium alginate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1433, 1997.
118. Konishi, Y., Shimaoka, J.-I., and Asai, S., Sorption of rare-earth ions on biopolymer gel beads of alginic acid, React. Funct. Polym., 36, 197, 1998.
119. Jeon, C., Yoo, Y.J., and Hoell, W.H., Environmental effects and desorption characteristics on heavy metal removal using carboxylated alginic acid, Bioresource Technol., 96, 15, 2005.
120. Jeon, C., Park, J.Y., and Yoo, Y.J., Removal of heavy metals in plating wastewater using carboxylated alginic acid, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 18, 955, 2001.
121. Jeon, C., Park, J.Y., and Yoo, Y.J., Characteristics of metal removal using carboxylated alginic acid, Water Res., 36, 1814, 2002.
122. Chen, J.P., Hong, L.A., Wu, S.N., and Wang, L., Elucidation of interactions between metal ions and Ca alginate-based ion-exchange resin by spectroscopic analysis and modeling simulation, Langmuir, 18, 9413, 2002.
123. Chen, J.P. and Wang, L., Characterization of a Ca-alginate based ion-exchange resin and its applications in lead, copper, and zinc removal, Sep. Sci. Technol., 36, 3617, 2001.
124. Smidsrød, O. and Haug, A., Dependence upon uronic acid composition of some ion-exchange properties of alginates, Acta Chem. Scand., 22, 1989, 1968.
125. Haug, A. and Smidsrød, O., Selectivity of some anionic polymers for divalent metal ions, Acta Chem. Scand., 24, 843, 1970.
126. Wu, J.M., Wang, Y.Y., and Yan, C.L., Selective adsorption of copper ion by copper ion templated alginate gel, Chin. J. Anal. Chem., 30, 1414, 2002.
127. Simsek-Ege, F.A., Bond, G.M., and Stringer, J., Polyelectrolye complex formation between alginate and chitosan as a function of pH, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 88, 346, 2003.
128. Zhang, L.N., Cai, J., Zhou, J.P., and Tang, Y.R., Adsorption Cd2+ and Cu2+ on ion-exchange beads from cellulose/alginic acid blend, Sep. Sci. Technol., 39, 1203, 2004.
129. Guibal, E., Metal ion interactions with chitosan: a review, Sep. Purif. Technol., 38, 43, 2004.
130. Varma, A.J., Deshpande, S.V., and Kennedy, J.F., Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review, Carbohydr. Polym., 55, 77, 2004.
131. Guibal, E., Chassary, P., and Vincent, T., Metal anion sorption on chitosan and derivative materials: a strategy for polymer modification and optimum use, React. Funct. Polym., 60, 137, 2004.
132. Gibbs, G., Tobin, J.M., and Guibal, E., Influence of chitosan pre-protonation on Reactive Black 5 sorption isotherms and kinetics, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 1, 2004.
133. Gibbs, G., Tobin, J.M., and Guibal, E., Sorption of Acid Green 25 on chitosan: influence of experimental parameters on uptake kinetics and sorption isotherms, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90, 1073, 2003.
134. Ruiz, M., Sastre, A.M., and Guibal, E., Palladium sorption on glutaraldehydecrosslinked chitosan, React. Funct. Polym., 45, 155, 2000.
135. Monteiro, O.A.C.J. and Airoldi, C., Some studies of crosslinking chitosan-glutaraldehyde interaction in a homogeneous system, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 26, 119, 1999.
136. Hsien, T.-Y. and Rorrer, G.L., Effect of acylation and crosslinking on the material properties and cadmium ion adsorption capacity of porous chitosan beads, Sep. Sci. Technol., 30, 2455, 1995.
137. Inoue, K., Baba, Y., Yoshizuka, K., Noguchi, H., and Yoshizaki, M., Selectivity series in the adsorption of metal ions on a resin prepared by crosslinking copper(II)- complexed chitosan, Chem. Lett., 17, 1281, 1988.
138. Cao, Z., Ge, H., and Lai, S., Studies on synthesis and adsorption properties of chitosan cross-linked by glutaraldehyde and Cu(II) as template under microwave irradiation, Eur. Polym. J., 37, 2141, 2001.
139. Mi, F.-L., Kuan, C.-Y., Shyu, S.-S., Lee, S.-T., and Chang, S.-F., The study of gelation kinetics and chain-relaxation properties of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan gel and their effects on microspheres preparation and drug release, Carbohydr. Polym., 41, 389, 2000.
140. Tojima, T., Katsura, H., Nishiki, M., Tokura, S., and Sakairi, N., Chitosan beads with pendant a-cyclodextrin: preparation and inclusion property to nitrophenolates, Carbohydr. Polym., 40, 17, 1999.
141. Sreenivasan, K., Synthesis and preliminary studies on a b-cyclodextrin-coupled chitosan as a novel adsorbent matrix, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 69, 1051, 1998.
142. Paradossi, G., Cavalieri, F., and Crescenzi, V., 1H-NMR relaxation study of a chitosan-cyclodextrin network, Carbohydr. Res., 300, 77, 1997.
143. Juang, R.-S. and Ju, C.-Y., Equilibrium sorption of copper(II)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelates onto cross-linked, polyaminated chitosan beads, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36, 5403, 1997.
144. Juang, R.-S. and Ju, C.-Y., Kinetics of sorption of Cu(II)- ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelated anions on cross-linked, polyaminated chitosan beads, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37, 3463, 1998.
145. Juang, R.-S., Tseng, R.-L., Wu, F.-C., and Lee, S.-H., Adsorption behavior of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions on chitosan, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 70, 391, 1997.
146. Wong, Y.C., Szeto, Y.S., Cheung, W.H., and McKay, G., Adsorption of acid dyes on chitosan: equilibrium isotherm analyses, Proc. Biochem., 39, 695, 2004.
147. Wu, F.-C., Tseng, R.-L., and Juang, R.-S., Kinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of reactive dyes and metal ions on chitosan, Water Res., 35, 613, 2001.
148. Yoshida, H., Okamoto, A., and Kataoka, T., Adsorption of acid dye on cross-linked chitosan fibers: equilibria, Chem. Eng. Sci., 48, 2267, 1993.
149. Maghami, G.G. and Roberts, G.A.F., Studies on the adsorption of anionic dyes on chitosan, Makromol. Chem., 189, 2239, 1988.
150. McCarrick, P., Tobin, J., and Guibal, E., Comparative sorption of dyes on chitosan and activated carbon, Sep. Sci. Technol., 38, 3049, 2003.
151. Inoue, K., Ohto, K., and Baba, Y., Adsorptive separation behavior of chitosan and chemically modified chitosan for metal ions. 4. Adsorption of metal ions on complexane type of chemically modified chitosan, J. Ion Exch., 9, 115, 1998.
152. Inoue, K., Application of chitosan in separation and purification of metals, in Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology, Vol. 2, Environmental Marine Biotechnology, Fingerman, M., Nagabhushanam, R. and Thompson, M.-F., Eds., Oxford & IBH Publishing PVT. Ltd., New Delhi, 1998, p. 63.
153. Inoue, K., Yoshizuka, K., and Baba, Y., Adsorption of metal ions on chitosan and chemically modified chitosan and their application to hydrometallurgy, in Biotechnology and Bioactive Polymers, Gebelein, C. and Carraher, C., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1994, p. 35.
154. Dambies, L., Vincent, T., Domard, A., and Guibal, E., Preparation of chitosan gel beads by ionotropic molybdate gelation, Biomacromolecules, 2, 1198, 2001.
155. Guibal, E., Milot, C., and Roussy, J., Influence of hydrolysis mechanisms on molybdate sorption isotherms using chitosan, Sep. Sci. Technol., 35, 1021, 2000.
156. Guibal, E., Milot, C., Eterradossi, O., Gauffier, C., and Domard, A., Study of molybdate ion sorption on chitosan gel beads by different spectrometric analyses, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 24, 49, 1999.
157. Milot, C., McBrien, J., Allen, S., and Guibal, E., Influence of physico-chemical and structural characteristics of chitosan flakes on molybdate removal, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 68, 571, 1998.
158. Jaworska, M., Kula, K., Chassary, P., and Guibal, E., Influence of chitosan characteristics on polymer properties. 2. Platinum sorption properties, Polym. Int., 52, 206, 2003.
159. Guibal, E., Von Offenberg Sweeney, N., Zikan, M.C., Vincent, T., and Tobin, J.M., Competitive sorption of platinum and palladium on chitosan derivatives, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 28, 401, 2001.
160. Guibal, E., Ruiz, M., Vincent, T., Sastre, A., and Navarro Mendoza, R., Platinum and palladium sorption on chitosan derivatives, Sep. Sci. Technol., 36, 1017, 2001.
161. Inoue, K., Yamaguchi, T., Iwasaki, M., Ohto, K., and Yoshizuka, K., Adsorption of some platinum group metals on some complexane types of chemically modified chitosan, Sep. Sci. Technol., 30, 2477, 1995.
162. Ruiz, M., Sastre, A., Zikan, M.C., and Guibal, E., Palladium sorption on glutaraldehyde- crosslinked chitosan in fixed-bed systems, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 81, 153, 2001.
163. Baba, Y. and Hirakawa, H., Selective adsorption of palladium(II), platinum(IV), and mercury(II) on a new chitosan derivative possessing pyridyl group, Chem. Lett., 21, 1905, 1992.
164. Guzman, J., Saucedo, I., Revilla, J., Navarro, R., and Guibal, E., Vanadium(V) interactions with chitosan: influence of polymer protonation and metal speciation, Langmuir, 18, 1567, 2002.
165. Hoshi, S., Konuma, K., Sugawara, K., Uto, M., and Akatsuka, K., The simple and rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace chromium(VI) after preconcentration as its colored complex on chitin, Talanta, 47, 659, 1998.
166. Hoshi, S., Konuma, K., Sugawara, K., Uto, M., and Akatsura, K., The spectrophotometric determination of trace molybdenum(VI) after collection and elution as molybdate ion on protonated chitin, Talanta, 44, 1473, 1997.
167. Jaworska, M., Sakurai, K., Gaudon, P., and Guibal, E., Influence of chitosan characteristics on polymer properties. I. Crystallographic properties, Polym. Int., 52, 198, 2003.
168. Guibal, E., Vincent, T., and Navarro Mendoza, R., Synthesis and characterization of a thiourea-derivative of chitosan for platinum recovery, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 75, 119, 2000.
169. Guibal, E., Von Offenberg Sweeney, N., Vincent, T., and Tobin, J.M., Sulfur derivatives of chitosan for palladium sorption, React. Funct. Polym., 50, 149, 2002.
170. Kawamura, Y., Yoshida, H., Asai, S., and Tanibe, H., Recovery of HgCl2 using polyaminated highly porous chitosan beads: effect of salt and acid, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 31, 1, 1998.
171. Lasko, C.L. and Hurst, M.P., An investigation into the use of chitosan for the removal of soluble silver from industrial wastewater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3622, 1999.
172. Baes, C.F., Jr. and Mesmer, R.E., Hydrolysis of Cations, Wiley, New York, 1976, p. 489.
173. Brack, H.P., Tirmizi, S.A., and Risen, W.M.J., A spectrophotometric and viscometric study of the metal-ion induced gelation of the biopolymer chitosan, Polymer, 38, 2351, 1997.
174. Draget, K.I., Vårum, K.M., Moen, E., Gynnild, H., and Smidsrød, O., Chitosan cross-linked with Mo(VI) polyoxyanions: a new gelling system, Biomaterials, 13, 635, 1992.
175. Mi, F.-L., Shyu, S.-S., Lee, S.-T., and Wong, T.-B., Kinetic study of chitosantripolyphosphate complex reaction and acid-resistive properties of the chitosantripolyphosphate gel beads prepared by in-liquid curing method, J. Polym. Sci. Part B.: Polym. Phys., 37, 1551, 1999.
176. Lee, S.-T., Mi, F.-L., Shen, Y.-J., and Shyu, S.-S., Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper(II) ion uptake by chitosan-tripolyphosphate chelating resin, Polymer, 42, 1879, 2001.
177. Delval, F., Crini, G., Morin, N., Vebrel, J., Bertini, S., and Torri, G., The sorption of several types of dye on crosslinked polysaccharides derivatives, Dyes Pigments, 53, 79, 2002.
178. Hosny, W.M., Hadi, A., Elsaied, H., and Basta, A.H., Metal-chelates with some cellulose derivatives. 3. Synthesis and structural chemistry of nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes with carboxymethyl cellulose, Polym. Int., 37, 93, 1995.
179. Kabay, N., Demircioglu, M., Yayli, S., Yuksel, M., Saglam, M., and Levison, P.R., Removal of metal ions from aqueous solution by cellulose ion exchangers, Sep. Sci. Technol., 34, 41, 1999.
180. Simkovic, I., Hricovini, M., and Sasinkova, V., Preparation of ion-exchangers by cross-linking of starch or polygalacturonic acid with 1,3-bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) imidazolium hydrogen sulphate, Carbohydr. Polym., 47, 131, 2002.
181. Simkovic, I. and Jakab, E., Thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry study of weakly basic starch-based ion exchanger, Carbohydr. Polym., 45, 53, 2001.
182. Matsumoto, K., Hirayama, C., and Motozato, Y., Preparation of bead-shaped starch ion exchangers and their properties, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 10, 657, 1998.
183. Pearson, R.G., Hard and soft acids and bases, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 3533, 1963.
184. Marcus, Y., Ion Properties, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1997, p. 259.
185. Braccini, I. and Pérez, S., Molecular basis of Ca2+-induced gelation in alginates and pectins: the egg-box model revisited, Biomacromolecules, 2, 1089, 2001.
186. DeRamos, C.M., Irwin, A.E., Nauss, J.L., and Stout, B.E., 13C NMR and molecular modeling studies of alginic acid binding with alkaline earth and lanthanide metal ions, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 256, 69, 1997.
187. Lamelas, C., Avaltroni, F., Benedetti, M., Wilkinson, K.J., and Slaveykova, V.I., Quantifying Pb and Cd complexation by alginates and the role of metal binding on macromolecular aggregation, Biomacromolecules, 6, 2756, 2005.
188. Sreeram, K.J., Shrivastava, H.Y., and Nair, B.U., Studies on the nature of interaction of iron(III) with alginates, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1670, 121, 2004.
189. Ferreira, M.L. and Gschaider, M.E., Theoretical and experimental study of Pb2+ and Hg2+ adsorption on biopolymers. 1. Theoretical study, Macromol. Biosci., 1, 233, 2001.
190. Dzul Erosa, M.S., Saucedo Medina, T.I., Navarro Mendoza, R., Avila Rodriguez, M., and Guibal, E., Cadmium sorption on chitosan sorbents: kinetic and equilibrium studies, Hydrometallurgy, 61, 157, 2001.
191. Hsien, T.-Y. and Rorrer, G.L., Heterogeneous cross-linking of chitosan gel beads: kinetics, modeling, and influence on cadmium ion adsorption capacity, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36, 3631, 1997.
192. Park, J.W., Park, M.-O., and Park, K.K., Mechanism of metal ion binding to chitosan in solution: cooperative inter- and intramolecular chelations, Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc., 5, 108, 1984.
193. Rhazi, M., Desbrières, J., Tolaimate, A., Rinaudo, M., Vottero, P., and Alagui, A., Contribution to the study of the complexation of copper by chitosan and oligomers, Polymer, 43, 1267, 2002.
194. Rhazi, M., Desbrières, J., Tolaimate, A., Rinaudo, M., Vottero, P., Alagui, A., and El Meray, M., Influence of the nature of the metal ions on the complexation with chitosan: application to the treatment of liquid waste, Eur. Polym. J., 38, 1523, 2002.
195. Schlick, S., Binding sites of Cu2+ in chitin and chitosan: an electron spin resonance study, Macromolecules, 19, 192, 1986.
196. Chiessi, E., Paradossi, G., Venanzi, M., and Pispisa, B., Copper complexes immobilized to chitosan, J. Inorg. Biochem., 46, 109, 1992.
197. Domard, A., pH and C.D. measurements on a fully deacetylated chitosan: application to Cu(II)-polymer interactions, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 9, 98, 1987.
198. Nieto, J.M., Peniche-Covas, C., and Del Bosque, J., Preparation and characterization of a chitosan-Fe(III) complex, Carbohydr. Polym., 18, 221, 1992.
199. Shahgholi, M., Callahan, J.H., Rappoli, B.J., and Rowley, D.A., Investigation of copper-saccharide complexation reactions using potentiometry and electrospray mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom., 32, 1080, 1997.
200. Choi, K.S. and Ahn, H.S., A study on synthesis of crosslinked chitosan phosphate and adsorption characteristics of metallic ions, Polym. Korea, 14, 516, 1990.
201. Heras, A., Rodriguez, N.M., Ramos, V.M., and Agullo, E., N-methylene phosphonic chitosan: a novel soluble derivative, Carbohydr. Polym., 44, 1, 2001.
202. Nishi, N., Ebina, A., Nishimura, S.-I., Tsutsumi, A., Hasegawa, O., and Tokura, S., Highly phosphorylated derivatives of chitin, partially deacetylated chitin and chitosan as new functional polymers: preparation and characterization, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 8, 311, 1986.
203. Nishi, N., Maekita, Y., Nishimura, S.-I., Hasegawa, O., and Tokura, S., Highly phosphorylated derivatives of chitin, partially deacetylated chitin and chitosan as new functional polymers: metal binding property of the insolubilized materials, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 9, 109, 1987.
204. Ramos, V.M., Rodriguez, N.M., Rodriguez, M.S., Heras, A., and Agullo, E., Modified chitosan carrying phosphonic and alkyl groups, Carbohydr. Polym., 51, 425, 2003.
205. Demarger, S. and Domard, A., Chitosan behaviours in a dispersion of undecylenic acid: morphological aspects, Carbohydr. Res., 27, 101, 1995.
206. Piron, E. and Domard, A., Formation of a ternary complex between chitosan and ion pairs of strontium carbonate, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 23, 113, 1998.
207. Kurita, K., Controlled functionalization of the polysaccharide chitin, Prog. Polym. Sci., 26, 1921, 2001.
208. Dambies, L., Guimon, C., Yiacoumi, S., and Guibal, E., Characterization of metal ion interactions with chitosan by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Colloids Surf. A, 177, 203, 2000.
209. Guibal, E., Roussy, J., and Le Cloirec, P., Photochemical reaction of uranium with glucosamine, acetylglucosamine and related polymers: chitin and chitosan, Water S.A., 22, 19, 1996.
210. Yonezawa, Y., Kawabata, I., and Sato, T., Photochemical formation of colloidal gold particles in chitosan films, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 100, 39, 1996.
211. Yonezawa, Y., Sato, T., and Kawabata, I., Photo-induced formation of gold metal film from metal salt of chitosan, Chem. Lett., 23, 355, 1994.
212. Wang, R., Liao, X.P., and Shi, B., Adsorption behaviors of Pt(II) and Pd(II) on collagen fiber immobilized bayberry tannin, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 4221, 2005.
213. Ogata, T. and Nakano, Y., Mechanisms of gold recovery from aqueous solutions using a novel tannin gel adsorbent synthesized from natural condensed tannin, Water Res., 39, 4281, 2005.
214. Kim, Y.H. and Nakano, Y., Adsorption mechanism of palladium by redox within condensed-tannin gel, Water Res., 39, 1324, 2005.
215. Liao, X.P., Zhang, M., and Shi, B., Collagen-fiber-immobilized tannins and their adsorption of Au(III), Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 2222, 2004.
216. Liao, X.P., Lu, Z., Du, X., Liu, X., and Shi, B., Collagen fiber immobilized Myrica rubra tannin and its adsorption to UO22+, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 324, 2004.
217. Zhan, X., Miyazaki, A., and Nakano, Y., Mechanisms of lead removal from aqueous solutions using a novel tannin gel adsorbent synthesized from natural condensed tannin, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 34, 1204, 2001.
218. Nakano, Y., Takeshita, K., and Tsutsumi, T., Adsorption mechanism of hexavalent chromium by redox within condensed-tannin gel, Water Res., 35, 496, 2001.
219. Nakano, Y., Tanaka, M., Nakamura, Y., and Konno, M., Removal and recovery system of hexavalent chromium from waste water by tannin gel particles, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 33, 747, 2000.
220. Köckritz, A., Bischoff, S., Morawsky, V., Prusse, U., and Vorlop, K.D., A novel strategy for heterogenisation of homogeneous and colloidal chiral catalysts and their application in enantioselective reactions, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 180, 231, 2002.
221. Kucherov, A.V., Finashina, E., Kramareva, N.V., Rogacheva, V., Zezin, A., Said-Galiyev, E., and Kustov, L.M., Comparative study of Cu(II) catalytic sites immobilized onto different polymeric supports, Macromol. Symp., 204, 175, 2003.
222. Kucherov, A.V., Kramareva, N.V., Finashina, E., Koklin, A.E., and Kustov, L.M., Heterogenized redox catalysts on the basis of the chitosan matrix. 1. Copper complexes, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 198, 377, 2003.
223. Kar, P. and Misra, M., Use of keratin fiber for separation of heavy metals from water, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 79, 1313, 2004.
224. Piron, E., Accominotti, M., and Domard, A., Interaction between chitosan and uranyl ions: role of physical and physicochemical parameters on the kinetics of sorption, Langmuir, 13, 1653, 1997.
225. Piron, E. and Domard, A., Interaction between chitosan and uranyl ions. 1. Role of physicochemical parameters, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 21, 327, 1997.
226. Valentin, R., Molvinger, K., Quignard, F., and Brunel, D., Supercritical CO2 dried chitosan: an efficient intrinsic heterogeneous catalyst in fine chemistry, New J. Chem., 27, 1690, 2003.
227. Valentin, R., Molvinger, K., Viton, C., Domard, A., and Quignard, F., From hydrocolloids to high specific surface area porous supports for catalysis, Biomacromolecules, 6, 2785, 2005.
228. Ouiminga, S.A., Brandebourger, M., Chaufer, B., Deratani, A., and Sebille, B., Preparation of water-soluble chelating aminated starch derivatives and their use for the concentration of metal ions by ultrafiltration, React. Polym., 5, 111, 1987.
229. Juang, R.-S. and Chiou, C.-H., Ultrafiltration rejection of dissolved ions using various weakly basic water-soluble polymers, J. Membr. Sci., 177, 207, 2000.
230. Juang, R.-S. and Shiau, R.-C., Metal removal from aqueous solutions using chitosan-enhanced membrane filtration, J. Membr. Sci., 165, 159, 2000.
231. Rivas, B.L., Pereira, E., and Moreno-Villoslada, I., Water-soluble polymer-metal ion interactions, Prog. Polym. Sci., 28, 173, 2003.
232. Guibal, E., Touraud, E., and Roussy, J., Chitosan interactions with metal ions and dyes: dissolved-state versus solid-state application, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 21, 913, 2005.
233. Kuncoro, E.K., Roussy, J., and Guibal, E., Mercury recovery by polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration: comparison of chitosan and poly(ethylenimine) used as macroligand, Sep. Sci. Technol., 40, 659, 2005.
234. Ishizuki, N., Torigoe, K., Esumi, K., and Meguro, K., Characterization of precious metal particles prepared using chitosan as a protective agent, Colloids Surf., 55, 15, 1991.
235. Belapurkar, A.D., Kapoor, S., Kulshreshtha, S.K., and Mittal, J.P., Radiolytic preparation and catalytic properties of platinum nanoparticles, Mater. Res. Bull., 36, 145, 2001.
236. Shim, I.W., Noh, W.T., Kwon, J., Cho, J.Y., Kim, K.S., and Kang, D.H., Preparation of copper nanoparticles in cellulose acetate polymer and the reaction chemistry of copper complexes in the polymer, Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc., 23, 563, 2002.
237. Huang, H. and Yang, X., Synthesis of chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles in the absence/presence of tripolyphosphate, Biomacromolecules, 5, 2340, 2004.
238. Huang, H. and Yang, X., Synthesis of polysaccharide-stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles: a green method, Carbohyd. Res., 339, 2627, 2004.
239. Huang, H., Yuan, Q., and Yang, X., Preparation and characterization of metalchitosan nanocomposites, Colloids Surf. B, 39, 31, 2004.
240. Huang, H., Yuan, Q., and Yang, X., Morphology study of gold-chitosan nanocomposites, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 282, 26, 2005.
241. Liu, H.W., Li, D.Y., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Catalytic behaviors of silicasupported natural biopolymer-oxalic acid-Pt complexes in hydrogenation, Polym. Adv. Technol., 11, 258, 2000.
242. Zhang, X., Han, B., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl acetate catalyzed by zeolite-supported gelatin-Co-Ru complex, Polym. Adv. Technol., 12, 693, 2001.
243. Liu, H.W., Xin, F., Wu, L.M., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Catalytic behavior of silica-supported methylcellulose-oxalic acid-Pt complex in asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-butanone and itaconic acid, Polym. Adv. Technol., 13, 210, 2002.
244. Liu, Q., Zhang, Z., Bo, H., and Sheldon, R.A., Direct separation of the enantiomers of cetirizine and related compounds by reversed-phase chiral HPLC, Chromatographia, 56, 233, 2002.
245. Xue, L., Li, B.Y., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Preparation of silica-supported alginic acid-L-glutamic acid-Pt complex and its catalytic behaviors in asymmetric hydrogenation of 4-methyl-2-pentanone, Polym. Adv. Technol., 14, 282, 2003.
246. Wei, W.L., Zhu, H.Y., Zhao, C.L., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Asymmetric hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol catalyzed by a biopolymer-metal complex, silica-supported alginic acid-amino acid-Pt complex, React. Funct. Polym., 59, 33, 2004.
247. Huang, K., Xue, L., Hu, Y.-C., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Catalytic behaviors of silica-supported starch-polysulfosiloxane-Pt complexes in asymmetric hydrogenation of 4-methyl-2-pentanone, React. Funct. Polym., 50, 199, 2002.
248. Isaeva, V., Ivanov, A., Kozlova, L., and Sharf, V., Preparation of the chitosan based catalysts for several hydrogenation reaction in the liquid phase, in Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts, 143 in the series “Studies in Surface Sciences and Catalysis,” Gaigneaux, E., De Vos, D.E., Grange, P., Jacobs, P.A., Martens, J.A., Ruiz, P., and Poncelet, G., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2002, p. 435.
249. Zhou, D.-Q., He, M., Zhang, Y.-H., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Asymmetric hydrogenation of diketones catalyzed by magnesium oxide-supported chitosan-Rh complex, Polym. Adv. Technol., 14, 287, 2003.
250. Shi, Q.-H., Tian, Y., Dong, X.-Y., Bai, S., and Sun, Y., Chitosan-coated silica beads as immobilized metal affinity support for protein adsorption, Biochem. Eng. J., 16, 317, 2003.
251. Tang, L.M., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Synthesis of a silica-supported carboxymethyl cellulose platinum complex and its catalytic behaviors for hydrogenation of ethyl benzoate, Chin. Chem. Lett., 6, 255, 1995.
252. Jin, J.-J., Chen, G.-C., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Catalytic hydrogenation behaviours of palladium complexes of chitosan-polyacrylic acid and chitosan polymethacrylic acid, React. Polym., 23, 95, 1994.
253. Huang, A., Liu, Y., Chen, L., and Hua, J., Synthesis and property of nanosized palladium catalysts protected by chitosan/silica, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 85, 989, 2002.
254. Liu, X.D., Tokura, S., Nishi, N., and Sakairi, N., A novel method for immobilization of chitosan onto nonporous glass beads through a 1,3-thiazolidine linker, Polymer, 44, 1021, 2003.
255. Liu, H.W., Huang, K., Mi, J.-D., Jia, Y., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, cyclohexanone and octene catalyzed by silica-supported starch-L-glutamic acid-Fe complex, Polym. Adv. Technol., 14, 355, 2003.
256. Zhang, X., Geng, Y., Han, B., Ying, M.Y., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by zeolite-supported gelatin-Fe complex, Polym. Adv. Technol., 12, 642, 2001.
257. Shen, L., Ye, J.-L., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Preparation and catalytic behaviors of silica-supported casein-Fe complex in hydrogenation of cyclohexanone, Polym. Adv. Technol., 13, 173, 2002.
258. Zhang, X., Li, Y.-J., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Asymmetric hydration of allyl alcohol catalyzed by polysulfostyrene-gelatin-Co complex, Polym. Adv. Technol., 13, 305, 2002.
259. Denkbas, E.B., Kiliçay, E., Birlikseven, C., and Oztürk, E., Magnetic chitosan microspheres: preparation and characterization, React. Funct. Polym., 50, 225, 2002.
260. Denkbas, E.B. and Odabasi, M., Chitosan microspheres and sponges: preparation and characterization, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 76, 1637, 2000.
261. Rorrer, G.L., Hsien, T.-Y., and Way, J.D., Synthesis of porous-magnetic chitosan beads for removal of cadmium ions from waste water, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 2170, 1993.
262. Fundueanu, G., Nastruzzi, C., Carpov, A., Desbrieres, J., and Rinaudo, M., Physico-chemical characterization of Ca-alginate microparticles produced with different methods, Biomaterials, 20, 1427, 1999.
263. Potter, K. and McFarland, E.W., Ion transport studies in calcium alginate gels by magnetic resonance microscopy, Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson., 6, 323, 1996.
264. Velings, N.M. and Mestdagh, M.M., Physico-chemical properties of alginate gel beads, Polym. Gels Networks, 3, 311, 1995.
265. Khairou, K.S., Kinetics and mechanism of the non-isothermal decomposition. I. Some divalent cross-linked metal-alginate ionotropic gels, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 69, 583, 2002.
266. Khairou, K.S., Al-Gethami, W.M., and Hassan, R.M., Kinetics and mechanism of sol-gel transformation between sodium alginate polyelectrolyte and some heavy divalent metal ions with formation of capillary structure polymembranes ionotropic gels, J. Membr. Sci., 209, 445, 2002.
267. Khairou, K.S., Al-Gethami, W.M., and Hassan, R.M., Kinetics and mechanism of sol-gel transformation on polyelectrolytes of divalent metal-alginate gel complexes with formation of capillary ionotropic polymembranes, Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci., Chem., 50, 299, 2002.
268. Dambies, L., Vincent, T., and Guibal, E., Treatment of arsenic-containing solutions using chitosan derivatives: uptake mechanism and sorption performances, Water Res., 36, 3699, 2002.
269. Mi, F.-L., Shyu, S.-S., Wong, T.-B., Jang, S.-F., Lee, S.-T., and Lu, K.-T., Chitosanpolyelectrolyte complexation for the preparation of gel beads and controlled release of anticancer drug. II. Effect of pH-dependent ionic crosslinking or interpolymer complex using tripolyphosphate or polyphosphate as reagent, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 1093, 1999.
270. Molvinger, K., Quignard, F., Brunel, D., Boissière, M., and Devoiselle, J.M., Porous chitosan-silica hybrid microspheres as a potential catalyst, Chem. Mater., 16, 3367, 2004.
271. 3 on acidic and ionotropic alginate aerogels, Biomacromolecules, 7, 877, 2006.
272. Ruiz, M.A., Sastre, A.M., and Guibal, E., Pd and Pt recovery using chitosan gel beads. I. Influence of drying process on diffusion properties, Sep. Sci. Technol., 37, 2143, 2002.
273. Kurokawa, Y. and Hanaya, K., Functionality of cellulose by impregnation of inorganic substances, Carbohydr. Polym., 27, 313, 1995.
274. Agboh, O.C. and Quin, Y., Chitin and chitosan fibers, Polym. Adv. Technol., 8, 355, 1997.
275. Kaminski, W., Eckstein, W., Modrzejewska, Z., and Sroda, Z., Chitosan flat and hollow-fiber membranes, in Chitin World, Karnicki, Z.S., Wojtasz-Pajak, A., Brzeski, M.M., and Bykowski, P.J., Eds., Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven, Germany, 1995, p. 600.
276. Kim, Y.-J., Yoon, K.-J., and Ko, S.-W., Preparation and properties of alginate superabsorbent filament fibers crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 78, 1797, 2000.
277. Amaike, M., Senoo, Y., and Yamamoto, H., Sphere, honeycomb, regularly spaced droplet and fiber structures of polyion complexes of chitosan and gellan, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 19, 287, 1998.
278. Knaul, J.Z., Hudson, S.M., and Creber, K.A.M., Improved mechanical properties of chitosan fibers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 72, 1721, 1999.
279. Modrzejewska, Z. and Eckstein, W., Chitosan hollow fiber membranes, Biopolymers, 73, 61, 2004.
280. Vincent, T. and Guibal, E., Cr(VI) extraction using Aliquat 336 in hollow fiber module made of chitosan, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40, 1406, 2001.
281. Vincent, T. and Guibal, E., Non-dispersive liquid extraction of Cr(VI) by TBP/Aliquat 336 using chitosan-made hollow fiber, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 18, 1241, 2000.
282. Guibal, E. and Vincent, T., Chitosan-supported palladium catalyst. V. Nitrophenol degradation on catalytic chitosan hollow fiber, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4233, 2004.
283. Guibal, E., Vincent, T., and Spinelli, S., Chitosan-supported catalysts for environmental application: catalytic hollow fibers for the degradation of phenolic derivatives, Sep. Sci. Technol., 40, 633, 2005.
284. Wang, X. and Spencer, H.G., Preparation and properties of sodium alginate formed-in-place membranes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 61, 827, 1996.
285. Yeom, C.K. and Lee, K.-H., Characterization of sodium alginate membrane crosslinked with glutaraldehyde in pervaporation separation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 67, 209, 1998.
286. Lee, K.Y., Rowley, J.A., Eiselt, P., Moy, E.M., Bouhadir, K.H., and Mooney, D.J., Controlling mechanical and swelling properties of alginate hydrogens independently by cross-linker type and cross-linking density, Macromolecules, 33, 4291, 2000.
287. Mi, F.-L., Shyu, S.-S., Wu, Y.-B., Lee, S.-T., Shyong, J.-Y., and Huang, R.-N., Fabrication and characterization of a sponge-like asymmetric chitosan membrane as a wound dressing, Biomaterials, 22, 165, 2001.
288. Krajewska, B., Diffusion of metal ions through gel chitosan membranes, React. Funct. Polym., 47, 37, 2001.
289. Wang, X.-P. and Shen, Z.-Q., Studies on the effects of copper salts on the separation performance of chitosan membranes, Polym. Int., 49, 1426, 2000.
290. Tual, C., Espuche, E., Escoubes, M., and Domard, A., Transport properties of chitosan membranes: influence of crosslinking, J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Phys., 38, 1521, 2000.
291. Modrzejewska, Z. and Kaminski, W., Separation of Cr(VI) on chitosan membranes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38, 4946, 1999.
292. Krajewska, B. and Olech, A., Pore structure of gel chitosan membranes. II. Modelling of pore size distribution from solute diffusion measurements: Gaussian distribution-mathematical limitations, Polym. Gels Networks, 4, 45, 1996.
293. Krajewska, B. and Olech, A., Pore structure of gel chitosan membranes. I. Solute diffusion measurements, Polym. Gels Networks, 4, 33, 1996.
294. Krajewska, B., Pore structure of gel chitosan membranes. III. Pressure-driven mass transport measurements, Polym. Gels Networks, 4, 55, 1996.
295. Urbanczyk, G.W. and Lipp-Symonowicz, B., The influence of processing terms of chitosan membranes made of differently deacetylated chitin on the crystalline structure of membranes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 51, 2191, 1994.
296. Arvanitoyannis, I.S., Nakayama, A., and Aiba, S.-I., Chitosan and gelatin based edible films: state diagrams, mechanical and permeation properties, Carbohydr. Polym., 37, 371, 1998.
297. Gushikem, Y. and Campos, E.A., Cobalt(II) hematoporphyrin IX immobilized in a cellulose acetate niobium(V) oxide composite membrane: preparation and oxygen reduction study, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 9, 273, 1998.
298. Kubota, N., Permeability properties of chitosan-transition metal complex membranes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 64, 819, 1997.
299. Zheng, X. and Ruckenstein, E., Control of pore sizes in macroporous chitosan, and chitin membranes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 4169, 1996.
300. Corain, B. and Kralik, M., Generating palladium nanoclusters inside functional cross-linked polymer frameworks, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 173, 99, 2001.
301. Corain, B., Zecca, M., and Jerabek, K., Catalysis and polymer networks: the role of morphology and molecular accessibility, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 177, 3, 2001.
302. Louvier-Hernandez, J.F., Luna-Barcenas, G., Thakur, R., and Gupta, R.B., Formation of chitin nanofibers by supercritical antisolvent, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 1, 109, 2005.
303. Valodkar, V.B., Tembe, G.L., Ravindranathan, M., Ram, R.N., and Rama, H.S., A study of synthesis, characterization and catalytic hydrogenation by polymer anchored Pd(II)-amino acid complexes, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 202, 47, 2003.
304. El-Hamshary, H. and Al-Sigeny, S., Catalytic activities of amino acid modified, starch-grafted acrylamide for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 93, 630, 2004.
305. Xue, L., Zhou, D.J., Tang, L., Ji, X.F., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., The asymmetric hydration of 1-octene to (S)-(+)-2-octanol with a biopolymer-metal complex, silicasupported chitosan-cobalt complex, React. Funct. Polym., 58, 117, 2004.
306. Sashiwa, H. and Aiba, S.-I., Chemically modified chitin and chitosan as biomaterials, Prog. Polym. Sci., 29, 887, 2004.
307. Macquarrie, D.J. and Hardy, J.J.E., Applications of functionalized chitosan in catalysis, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 8499, 2005.
308. Chang, Y., Wang, Y., Zha, F., and Wang, R., Preparation and catalytic properties of chitosan bound Schiff base copper complexes, Polym. Advan. Technol., 15, 284, 2004.
309. Sun, W., Xia, C.G., and Wang, A.Q., Cyclopropanation of styrene catalyzed by chitosan Schiff-base copper (II) heterogeneous catalyst, Acta Chim. Sinica, 60, 162, 2002.
310. Tong, J., Li, Z., and Xia, C., Highly efficient catalysts of chitosan-Schiff base Co(II) and Pd(II) complexes for aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane in the absence of reductants and solvents, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 231, 197, 2005.
311. Wang, H., Sun, W., and Xia, C., An easily recoverable and efficient catalyst for heterogeneous cyclopropanation of olefins, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 206, 199, 2003.
312. Finashina, E., Kramareva, N.V., and Kustov, L.M., Oxidation of catecholamines on chitosan-immobilized Co(II)-Salen complexes, Macromol. Symp., 204, 205, 2003.
313. Hu, D., Cui, Y., Dong, X., and Fang, Y., Studies of CoSalen immobilized onto N-(4-pyridylmethylidene)-chitosan, React. Funct. Polym., 48, 201, 2001.
314. Hu, D.D., Shi, Q.Z., Tang, Z.X., Fang, Y., and Kennedy, J.F., CoSalen immobilized to chitosan and its electrochemical behavior, Carbohydr. Polym., 45, 385, 2001.
315. Liu, C.Q., Xu, Y., Liao, S.J., and Yu, D.R., Mono- and bimetallic catalytic hollowfiber reactors for the selective hydrogenation of butadiene in 1-butene, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 172, 23, 1998.
316. Liu, C., Xu, Y., Liao, S., and Yu, D., Selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene in mono- and bimetallic catalytic hollow-fiber reactors, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 157, 253, 2000.
317. Kramareva, N.V., Finashina, E., Kucherov, A.V., and Kustov, L.M., Copper complexes stabilized by chitosans: peculiarities of the structure, redox, and catalytic properties, Kinet. Catal., 44, 793, 2003.
318. Kramareva, N.V., Koklin, A.E., Finashina, E., Telegina, N.S., Stakheev, A.Y., and Kustov, L.M., Study of palladium complexes with chitosan and its derivatives as potential catalysts for terminal olefin oxidation, Kinet. Catal., 45, 784, 2004.
319. Kramareva, N.V., Stakheev, A.Y., Tkachenko, O., Klementiev, K.V., Grünert, W., Finashina, E.D., and Kustov, L.M., Heterogenized palladium chitosan complexes as potential catalysts in oxidation reactions: study of the structure, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 209, 97, 2004.
320. Inoue, K., Baba, Y., and Yoshizuka, K., Adsorption of metal ions on chitosan and cross-linked copper(II)-complexed chitosan, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 66, 2915, 1993.
321. Baba, Y., Masaaki, K., and Kawano, Y., Synthesis of a chitosan derivative recognizing planar metal ion and its selective adsorption equilibria of copper(II) over iron(III), React. Funct. Polym., 36, 167, 1998.
322. Guan, H.M. and Cheng, X.S., Study of cobalt(II)-chitosan coordination polymer and its catalytic activity and selectivity for vinyl monomer polymerization, Polym. Adv. Technol., 15, 89, 2004.
323. Wang, X.-X., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Hydrogenation catalytic behaviors of palladium complexes of chitin and chitosan, Macromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 59, 113, 1992.
324. Tang, L.-M., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone catalyzed by a silica-supported chitosan-palladium complex, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 15, 527, 1994.
325. Tang, Y., Chen, B., and Mo, S., Separation and preconcentration of ultratrace lead in biological organisms and its determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 43, 761, 1996.
326. Yin, M.Y., Yuan, G.L., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Catalytic behavior of a wool-Pd complex in asymmetric hydrogenation of diacetone alcohol and 3-methyl-2- butanone, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 147, 89, 1999.
327. Liu, P., Wang, L., Li, L.M., and Wang, X.Y., Study of the Heck arylation reaction catalyzed by chitosan-immobilized palladium(0) complex, Chin. J. Org. Chem., 24, 59, 2004.
328. Liu, P., Wang, L., and Wang, X.Y., Chitosan-immobilized palladium complex: a green and highly active heterogeneous catalyst for Heck reaction, Chin. Chem. Lett., 15, 475, 2004.
329. Sun, Y., Guo, Y., Lu, Q., Meng, X., Xiaohua, W., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, X., and Zhang, Z., Highly selective asymmetry transfer hydrogenation of prochiral acetophenone catalyzed by palladium-chitosan on silica, Catal. Lett., 100, 213, 2005.
330. Yuan, G.L., Yin, M.Y., Jiang, T.T., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Catalytic behaviors of silica-supported chitin-platinum complex for asymmetric hydrogenation of α-phenylethanol, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 159, 45, 2000.
331. Wei, W.-L., Hao, S.-J., Zhou, J., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Catalytic behavior of silica-supported chitosan-platinum-iron complex for asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones, Polym. Adv. Technol., 15, 287, 2004.
332. Huang, K., Liu, H.-W., Dou, X., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Silica-supported chitosan-osmium tetroxide complex catalyzed vicinal hydroxylation of olefins using hexacyanoferrate(III) ion as a cooxidant, Polym. Adv. Technol., 14, 364, 2003.
333. Han, H.-S., Jiang, S.-N., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds by non-noble metal complexes of chitosan, Polym. Adv. Technol., 7, 704, 1996.
334. Han, X.-X., Zhou, R.-X., Lai, G.-H., Yue, B.-H., and Zheng, X.M., Hydrogenation catalysts based on platinum complexes with polymer, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 81, 41, 2004.
335. Hardy, J.J.E., Hubert, S., Macquarrie, D.J., and Wilson, A.J., Chitosan-based heterogeneous catalysts for Suzuki and Heck reactions, Green Chem., 6, 53, 2004.
336. Sun, W., Xia, C.-G., and Wang, H.-W., Efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the cyclopropanation of olefins, New J. Chem., 26, 755, 2002.
337. Zhang, X., Han, B., Hua, Y.-N., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Asymmetric epoxidation of cinnamyl alcohol catalyzed by silica-supported casein-Co complex, Polym. Adv. Technol., 13, 216, 2002.
338. Yuan, G.-L., Yin, M.-Y., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Catalytic behavior of wool-Pt complex in asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones, Polym. Adv. Technol., 10, 442, 1999.
339. He, M., Zhou, D.-Q., Ge, H.-L., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Catalytic behavior of wool-Rh complex in asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-methyl furan, Polym. Adv. Technol., 14, 273, 2003.
340. Jia, B., Yang, X., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Hydration of alkenes catalyzed by wool-palladium-iron complex, React. Funct. Polym., 57, 163, 2003.
341. Zeng, X., Zhang, Y., and Shen, Z., Ring opening polymerization of propylene oxide by chitosan-supported rare earth catalytic system and its kinetics, J. Polym. Sci. A.: Polym. Chem., 35, 2177, 1997.
342. Guibal, E. and Vincent, T., Chitosan-supported palladium catalyst. IV. Influence of temperature on nitrophenol degradation, J. Environ. Manage., 71, 97, 2004.
343. Vincent, T. and Guibal, E., Chitosan-supported palladium catalyst. III. Influence of experimental parameters on nitrophenol degradation, Langmuir, 19, 8475, 2003.
344. Vincent, T. and Guibal, E., Chitosan-supported palladium catalyst. 1. Synthesis procedure, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, 5158, 2002.
345. Vincent, T., Peirano, F., and Guibal, E., Chitosan supported palladium catalyst. VI. Nitroaniline degradation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 94, 1634, 2004.
346. Vincent, T., Spinelli, S., and Guibal, E., Chitosan-supported palladium catalyst. II. Chlorophenol dehalogenation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 5968, 2003.
347. Huang, H. and Yang, X., Chitosan mediated assembly of gold nanoparticles multilayer, Colloids Surf. A, 226, 77, 2003.
348. Esumi, K., Takei, N., and Yoshimura, T., Antioxidant-potentiality of gold-chitosan nanocomposites, Colloids Surf. B, 32, 117, 2003.
349. Kundu, S., Mandal, M., Ghosh, S.K., and Pal, T., Photochemical deposition of SERS active silver nanoparticles on silica gel and their application as catalysts for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 272, 133, 2004.
350. Pal, A., Esumi, K., and Pal, T., Preparation of nanosized gold particles in a biopolymer using UV photoactivation, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 288, 396, 2005.
351. Adlim, M., Abu Bakar, M., Liew, K.Y., and Ismail, J., Synthesis of chitosanstabilized platinum and palladium nanoparticles and their hydrogenation activity, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 212, 141, 2004.
352. Mirescu, A. and Prüsse, U., Selective oxidation on gold colloids, Catal. Commun., 7, 11, 2004.
353. Ascensio, J.A., Mejia, Y., Liu, H.B., Angeles, C., and Canizal, G., Bioreduction synthesis of Eu-Au nanoparticles, Langmuir, 19, 5882, 2003.
354. Satterfield, C.N. and Sherwood, T.K., The Role of Diffusion in Catalysts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, MA, 1963, p. 118.
355. Neri, G., Musolino, M.G., Milone, C., Pietropaolo, D., and Galvagno, S., Particle size effect in the catalytic hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene over Pd/C catalysts, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 208, 307, 2001.
356. Douidah, A., Marécot, P., Szabo, S., and Barbier, J., Evaluation of the metalsupport interactions; case of platinum-supported catalysts: effect of the support nature and the metallic dispersion, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 225, 21, 2002.
357. Vogel, B., Schneider, C., and Klemm, E., The synthesis of cresol from toluene and N2O on HAlZSM-5: minimizing the product diffusion limitation by the use of small crystals, Catal. Lett., 79, 107, 2002.
358. Chen, C.-W., Tano, D., and Akashi, M., Colloidal platinum nanoparticles stabilized by vinyl polymers with amide side chains: dispersion stability and catalytic activity in aqueous electrolyte solutions, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 225, 349, 2000.
359. Harada, M. and Einaga, H., Photochemical deposition of platinum on TiO2 by using poly(vinyl alcohol) as an electron donor and a protecting agent., Catal. Today, 5, 63, 2004.
360. Schimpf, S., Lucas, M., Mohr, C., Rodemerck, U., Brückner, A., Radnik, J., Hofmeister, H., and Claus, P., Supported gold nanoparticles: in-depth catalyst characterization and application in hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, Catal. Today, 72, 63, 2002.
361. Karhu, H., Kalantar, A., Väyrynen, I.J., Salmi, T., and Murzin, D.Y., XPS analysis of chlorine residues in supported Pt and Pd catalysts with low metal loading, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 247, 283, 2003.
362. Tang, L.-M., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Hydrogenation of phenol and cresols catalyzed by chitosan supported palladium complex at mild conditions, Chin. J. Polym. Sci., 14, 57, 1996.
363. Yin, M.-Y., Yuan, G.-L., Wu, Y.-Q., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by a silica-supported chitosan-Palladium complex, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 147, 93, 1999.
364. Chang, Y., Wang, Y., and Su, Z., Preparation of chitosan-bound nitrobenzaldehyde metal complexes and studies on its catalytic oxidative activity and reactive mechanism, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 83, 2188, 2002.
365. Zhang, J. and Xia, C.G., Natural biopolymer-supported bimetallic catalyst system for the carbonylation to esters of naproxen, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 206, 59, 2003.
366. Inaki, Y., Otsuru, M., and Takemoto, K., Vinyl polymerization by metal complexes. 31. Initiation by chitosan-copper(II) complex, J. Macromol. Sci., Chem, A, 12, 953, 1978.
367. Inaki, Y., Otsuru, M., and Takemoto, K., Vinyl polymerization by metal complexes. 32. Formation of glycolchitosan-copper(II) complex and the initiation of vinyl polymerization by using the complex, J. Macromol. Sci., Chem, A, 14, 823, 1980.
368. Zhou, D.Q., Zhou, D.J., Cui, X.H., Wang, F.M., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by silica-supported chitosaniron- nickel complex, Polym. Adv. Technol., 15, 350, 2004.
369. Jiang, Y.Y., Studer, M., and Blaser, H.-U., The enantioselective hydrogenation of 1-phenyl ethanol and of ketones using Pd and Pt supported on natural polymers, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 177, 307, 2002.
370. Guibal, E., Vincent, T., and Spinelli, S., Environmental application of chitosansupported caralysts: Catalytic hollow fibers for the degradation of phenolic derivatives, Sep. Sci. Technol., 40, 633, 2005.
371. Chiessi, E. and Pispisa, B., Polymer-supported catalysis: oxidation of catecholamines by Fe(III) and Cu(II) complexes immobilized to chitosan, J. Mol. Catal., 1994.
372. Paradossi, G., Chiessi, E., Cavalieri, F., Moscone, D., and Crescenzi, V., Networks based on chitosan and oxidized cyclodextrin. II. Structural and catalytic features of a copper(II)-loaded network, Polym. Gels Networks, 5, 525, 1997.
373. Yin, J.B., Chen, X.S., Zhang, L., Liu, A., Yang, Y.N., Yin, M., and Lou, L., Liquidphase hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol catalyzed by polymer resin supported palladium catalysts, Chem. J. Chin. Univ., 23, 1363, 2002.
374. Guan, H.-M. and Cheng, X.-S., Study of cobalt(II)-chitosan coordination polymer and its catalytic activity and selectivity for vinyl monomer polymerization, Polym. Adv. Technol., 15, 89, 2004.
375. Köckritz, A., Bartoszek, M., Döbler, C., Beller, M., Mägerlein, W., and Militzer, H.-C., Development of protocols for the separation of Os catalysts from organic products in the catalytic dihydroxylation of olefins, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 218, 55, 2004.
376. Quignard, F., Choplin, A., and Domard, A., Chitosan: a natural polymeric support of catalysis for the synthesis of fine chemicals, Langmuir, 16, 9106, 2000.
377. Buisson, P. and Quignard, F., Polysaccharides: natural polymeric supports for aqueous phase catalysts in allylic substitution reactions, Austr. J. Chem., 55, 73, 2002.
378. Guibal, E., Heterogeneous catalysis on chitosan-based materials: A review, Prog. Polym. Sci., 30, 71, 2005.
379. An, Y., Yuan, D., Huang, M.-Y., and Jiang, Y.-Y., Selective hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzenes catalyzed by palladium complexes of silica-supported chitosan, Macromol. Symp., 80, 257, 1994.
380. Zhu, H., Mizugaki, T., Ebitani, K., and Kaneda, K., Dimethylaminoethylated hydroxypropyl-chitosan: preparation and application as polymeric ligand to form Rh6 cluster complexes for the reduction of benzaldehyde and nitrobenzene, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 80, 447, 2001.
381. Zhu, H., Mizugaki, T., and Kaneda, K., Synthesis of dimethylaminoethyl chitin and applications as a polymeric ligand to form Rh cluster complexes for the reduction of benzaldehyde and nitrobenzene, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 201, 1431, 2000.
382. Sajiki, H., Ikawa, T., and Hirota, K., Markedly chemoselective hydrogenation with retention of benzyl ester and N-Cbz functions using a heterogeneous Pd-fibroin catalyst, Tetrahedr. Lett., 44, 8437, 2003.
383. Tang, L.M., Meng, Z.H., Huang, M.Y., and Jiang, Y.Y., Selective hydrogenation of anisol to cyclohexyl methyl-ether catalyzed by a silica-supported carboxymethyl cellulose platinum complex under mild reaction conditions, React. Polym., 24, 251, 1995.
384. Kurita, K., Hayakawa, M., Nishiyama, Y., and Harata, M., Polymeric asymmetric reducing agents: preparation and reducing performance of chitosan/dihydronicotinamide conjugates having L- and D-phenylalanine spacer arms, Carbohyd. Polym., 47, 7, 2002.
385. Nishiyama, Y., Yoshida, T., Mori, T., Ishii, S., and Kurita, K., Asymmetric reduction with chitosan/dihydronicotinamide conjugates: influence of L-alanine spacer arms on reducing performance, React. Funct. Polym., 37, 83, 1998.
386. Kapoor, S., Belapurkar, A.D., Mittal, J.P., and Mukherjee, T., Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over radiotically prepared Pt nanoparticles supported on glass, Mater. Res. Bull., 40, 1654, 2005.
387. Qin, L.S., Yin, D.H., Liu, J.F., and Li, C.Y., Mesoporous alumina-supported nano-Au catalysts for carbon monoxide oxidation at low temperature, Chin. J. Catal., 26, 714, 2005.
388. Guo, C.-C., Huang, G., Zhang, X.-B., and Guo, D.-C., Catalysis of chitosansupported iron tetraphenylporphyrin for aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane in absence of reductants and solvents, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 247, 261, 2003.
389. Huang, G., Li, X.J., and Guo, C.C., Aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane catalyzed by chitosan-supported cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin, Chin. J. Catal., 26, 765, 2005.
390. Guo, C.C., Huang, G., and Guo, D.C., Preparation of nitrogenous polysaccharidesupported ironporphyrins and their catalysis for the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane, Kinet. Catal., 47, 93, 2006.
391. Srivatsan, S.G., Nigam, P., Rao, M.S., and Verma, S., Phenol oxidation by coppermetallated 9-allyladenine-DVP polymer: reaction catalysis and polymer recycling, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 209, 327, 2001.
392. Tong, J., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., and Xia, C., Highly effective catalysts of natural polymer supported Salophen Mn(III) complexes for aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene, J. Mol. Catal. A.: Chem., 249, 47, 2006.
393. Guibal, E., Vincent, T., Touraud, E., Colombo, S., and Ferguson, A., Oxidation of hydroquinone to p-benzoquinone catalyzed by Cu(II) supported on chitosan flakes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100, 3034, 2006.
394. Šuláková, R., Hrdina, R., and Soares, G.M.B., Oxidation of azo textile soluble dyes with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of Cu(II)-chitosan heterogeneous catalysts, Dyes Pigments, in press, 2006.
395. Yao, Y., Chen, W., Lu, S., and Zhao, B., Binuclear metallophthalocyanine supported on treated silk fibres as a novel air-purifying material, Dyes Pigments, 2005.
396. Kolesnichenko, N.V., Batov, A.E., Markova, N.A., and Slivinsky, E.V., Carbonylation of methyl acetate in the presence of polymeric rhodium-containing catalysts, Russ. Chem. Bull., 51, 259, 2002.
397. Kolesnichenko, N.V., Markova, N.A., Batov, A.E., Voronina, Z.A., Panina, O.A., Frantsuzov, V.K., and Slivinsky, E.V., Carbonylation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of rhodium catalysts, Petrol Chem, 43, 150, 2003.
398. Gronnow, M.J., Luque, R., Macquarrie, D.J., and Clark, J.H., A novel highly active biomaterial supported palladium catalyst, Green Chem., 7, 552, 2005.
399. Calo, V., Nacci, A., Monopoli, A., Fornaro, A., Sabbatini, L., Cioffi, N., and Ditaranto, N., Heck reaction catalyzed by nanosized palladium on chitosan in ionic liquids, Organometallics, 23, 5154, 2004.
400. Quignard, F. and Choplin, A., Cellulose: a new bio-support for aqueous phase catalysts, Chem. Commun., 21, 2001.
401. Cui, Y., Zhang, L., and Li, Y., Synthesis of chitosan derivatives supported palladium complexes and their catalytic behavior in the Heck reaction, Polym. Adv. Technol., 16, 633, 2005.
402. Reddy, K.R., Kumar, N.S., Sreedar, B., and Kantam, M.L., Cellulose supported palladium(0) catalyst for Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 252, 12, 2006.
403. Reddy, K.R., Kumar, N.S., Sreedar, B., and Kantam, M.L., N-arylation of nitrogen heterocycles with aryl halides and arylboronic acid catalyzed by cellulose supported copper(0), J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 252, 131, 2006.
404. Xiao, L.-F., Li, F.-W., and Xia, C.-G., An easily recoverable and efficient natural biopolymer-supported zinc chloride catalyst system for the chemical fixation of carbon dioxide to cyclic carbonate, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 279, 125, 2005.
405. Aramendia, M.A., Borau, V., Garcia, I.M., Jiménez, C., Marinas, A., Marinas, J.M., and Urbano, F.J., Hydrogenolysis of aryl halides by hydrogen gas and hydrogen transfer over palladium-supported catalysts, C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Série IIc, Chem., 3, 465, 2000.
406. Lauwiner, M., Rys, P., and Wissman, J., Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of an iron oxide hydroxide catalyst. I. The reduction of monosubstituted nitrobenzenes with hdyrazine hydrate in the presence of ferrihydrite, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 172, 141, 1998.
407. Xi, X., Liu, Y., Shi, J., and Cao, S., Palladium complex of poly(4-vinylpyridineco- acrylic acid) for homogeneous hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 192, 1, 2003.
408. Xu, S., Xi, X., Shi, J., and Cao, S., A homogeneous catalyst made of poly(4- vinylpyridine-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)-Pd(0) complex for hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 160, 287, 2000.
409. Liu, C., Xu, Y., Liao, S., Yu, D., Zhao, Y., and Fan, Y., Selective hydrogenation of propanediene and propyne in propene with catalytic polymeric hollow-fiber reactor, J. Membr. Sci., 137, 139, 1997.
410. Peirano, F., Vincent, T., and Guibal, E., Hydrogenation of nitrotoluene using palladium supported on chitosan hollow fibers: II Influence of experimental parameters, in preparation.