Law, innovation and technology: Before we fast forward-a forum for debate

Law, Innovation and Technology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-73

  Brownsword, Roger ^a   Somsen, Han ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85026233257     PISSN: 17579961     EISSN: 1757997X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17579961.2009.11428364     Document Type: Article

References (203)

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6. Compare Roger Smith, Being Human (Manchester University Press, 2007).
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32. Stuart Biegel, Beyond Our Control? (MIT Press, 2001) 28.
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34. James H Moor, ‘Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies’ in Jeroen van den Hoven and John Weckert (eds), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2008) 33.
35. Lilian Edwards and Ian Brown, ‘Data Control and Social Networking: Irreconcilable Ideas?' (2009), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=II48732 (on file).
36. Jean-Pierre Dupuy, ‘Complexity and Uncertainty: A Prudential Approach to Nanotechnology’ in Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, James Moor and John Weckert (eds), Nanoethics (John Wiley, 2007) 119.
37. Compare Roger Brownsword, ‘Regulating Nanotechnologies: A Matter of Some Uncertainty’ [2009] Politeia (forthcoming)
38. John Weckert and James Moor, ‘The Precautionary Principle in Nanotechnology’ in Allhoff et al (n 33) ch 10.
39. Compare Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, National Biotechnology Development Strategy (2006) 23.
40. Roger Brownsword, ‘Regulating Human Enhancement: Things Can Only Get Better?', this issue, 125.
41. Deryck Beyleveld and Roger Brownsword, Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw (Oxford University Press, 2001).
42. Alastair V Campbell, The Body in Bioethics (Routledge-Cavendish, 2009).
43. Roger Brownsword, ‘Ethical Pluralism and the Regulation of Modern Biotechnology’ in Francesco Francioni (ed), The Impact of Biotechnologies on Human Rights (Hart Publishing, 2007) 45.
44. Henry T Greely, ‘The Social Effects of Advances in Neuroscience: Legal Problems, Legal Perspectives’ in Judy Illes (ed), Neuroethics (Oxford University Press, 2006) 245, 246.
45. Henry T Greely, ‘The Social Effects of Advances in Neuroscience: Legal Problems, Legal Perspectives’ in Judy Illes (ed), Neuroethics (Oxford University Press, 2006) 245, 246.
46. Roger Brownsword, ‘The Ancillary Care Responsibilities of Researchers: Reasonable but Not Great Expectations’ (2007) 35 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 679.
47. Roger Brownsword, Rights, Regulation and the Technological Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2008) chs 3-4.
48. Rainer Kattel, ‘Genetic Databases and Governance’ in Matti Häyry, Ruth Chadwick, Vilhjálmur Árnason and Gardar Árnason (eds), The Ethics and Governance of Genetic Databases (Cambridge University Press, 2007) 236, 239.
49. David L Bazelon, ‘Coping with Technology Through the Legal Process’ (1977) 62 Cornell Law Review 817, 826-827.
50. Ronald Sandler and WD Kay, ‘The National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Social Good’ (2006) 34 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 675.
51. Ronald Sandler and WD Kay, ‘The National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Social Good’ (2006) 34 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 679.
52. Andy Stirling, '“Opening Up” and “Closing Down”: Power, Participation, and Pluralism in the Social Appraisal of Technology’ (2008) 33 Science, Technology, and Human Values 262, 286.
53. Andy Stirling, '“Opening Up” and “Closing Down”: Power, Participation, and Pluralism in the Social Appraisal of Technology’ (2008) 33 Science, Technology, and Human Values 266-277.
54. Andy Stirling, '“Opening Up” and “Closing Down”: Power, Participation, and Pluralism in the Social Appraisal of Technology’ (2008) 33 Science, Technology, and Human Values 275.
55. Piia Tammpuu, ‘Public Discourse on Human Genetic Databases’ in Häyry et al (n 46) 73.
56. Mark A Rothstein and Meghan K Talbott, ‘The Expanding Use of DNA in Law Enforcement: What Role for Privacy?' (2006) 34 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 153, 160-161.
57. See Section VII below.
58. UK Biobank Ethics and Governance Council, Review 2008.
59. Susan MC Gibbons, ‘Governance of Population Genetic Databases: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Regulation in Estonia, Iceland, Sweden and the UK’ in Häyry et al (n 46) 132.
60. UK Biobank Ethics and Governance Council, Review 2008, 4.
61. UK Biobank Ethics and Governance Council, Review 2008, 4.
62. Gibbons (n 56) 134.
63. Neil Gunningham and Peter Grabosky, Smart Regulation (Clarendon Press, 1998);
64. Ian Ayres and John Braithwaite, Responsive Regulation (Oxford University Press, 1992).
65. Gunningham and Grabosky (n 60) 14.
66. Gunningham and Grabosky (n 60) 14-15.
67. Robert Baldwin and Julia Black, ‘Really Responsive Regulation’ (2008) 71 Modern Law Review 59, 94.
68. Lon L Fuller, The Morality of Law (Yale University Press, 1969).
69. Marcus Radetzki, Marian Radetzki and Niklas Juth, Genes and Insurance (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
70. Chris Reed, ‘Taking Sides on Technology Neutrality’ (2007) 4 SCRIPTed 263.
71. Robert Verkaik, ‘Phone Bills “will rise” to pay for Database’ The Independent, 28 April 2009, 2.
72. Philip Bobbitt, Terror and Consent (Allen Lane, 2008).
73. Gregory N Mandel, ‘Regulating Emerging Technologies’, this issue, 75.
74. Albert C Lin, ‘Size Matters: Regulating Nanotechnology’ (2007) 31 Harvard Environmental Law Review 349, 361-74.
75. Trudy A Phelps, ‘The European Approach to Nanoregulation’ in Nigel M de S Cameron and M Ellen Mitchell (eds), Nanoscale (Wiley, 2007) 189.
76. James H Moor, ‘Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies’ in van den Hoven and Weckert (n 3) 26, 27.
77. James H Moor, ‘Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies’ in van den Hoven and Weckert (n 3) 26, 27-29.
78. James H Moor, ‘Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies’ in van den Hoven and Weckert (n 3) 26, 28.
79. Compare Greely (n 41) 254-255.
80. Brownsword (n 45) ch 6.
81. Pamela Samuelson, ‘Five Challenges for Regulating the Global Information Society’ in Christopher T Marsden (ed), Regulating the Global Information Society (Routledge, 2000) 316, 320-321.
82. Bert-Jaap Koops, ‘Should ICT Regulation be Technology-Neutral?' in Bert-Jaap Koops, Miriam Lips, Corien Prins, and Maurice Schellekens (eds), Starting Points for ICT Regulation-Deconstructing Prevalent Policy One-Liners (TMC Asser Press, 2006) 77.
83. Michael Kirby, ‘New Frontier-Regulating Technology by Law and “Code”' in Roger Brownsword and Karen Yeung (eds), Regulating Technologies (Hart Publishing, 2008) 367.
84. The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties (The Royal Society, 2004) (RS Policy document 19/04) para 9.7.
85. House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee, Government Proposals for the Regulation of Hybrid and Chimera Embryos (Fifth Report of Session 2006-07) (HC 272-I, 5 April 2007).
86. House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee, Government Proposals for the Regulation of Hybrid and Chimera Embryos (Fifth Report of Session 2006-07) (HC 272-I, 5 April 2007).
87. Uta Kohl, Jurisdiction and the Internet (Cambridge University Press, 2007) 289.
88. Roger Brownsword and Douglas Lewis (general eds), Global Governance and the Quest for Justice (4 vols) (Hart Publishing, 2004-8).
89. Directive 98/44/EC.
90. Francesco Francioni (ed), Biotechnologies and International Human Rights (Hart Publishing, 2007);
91. Daniel Wüger and Thomas Cottier (eds), Genetic Engineering and the World Trade System (World Trade Forum) (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
92. Maria Lee, EU Regulation of GMOs (Edward Elgar, 2008).
93. App Nos 30562/04 and 30566/04, 4 December 2008.
94. George Letsas, ‘Two Concepts of the Margin of Appreciation’ (2006) 26 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 705;
95. Eyal Benvenisti, ‘Margin of Appreciation, Consensus, and Universal Standards’ (1999) 31 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 843.
96. Surveillance: Citizens and the State, HL Paper 18-I, February 2009, para 197.
97. Francesca Bignami, ‘Constitutional Patriotism and the Right to Privacy: A Comparison of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights’ in Thérèse Murphy (ed), New Technologies and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2009) 128.
98. Paul De Hert, Citizens’ Data and Technology: An Optimistic Perspective (Dutch Data Protection Authority, 2009) 26.
99. Home Office, May 2009.
100. If the samples were to be sequenced, this might reveal precisely the kind of sensitive personal information that is thought to be a high priority for privacy protection.
101. Mathias Klang, Disruptive Technology (Göteborg University, 2006).
102. Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties (Royal Society, 2004) (RS Policy document 19/04).
103. Geert van Calster, ‘Risk Regulation, EU Law, and Emerging Technologies: Smother or Smooth?' (2008) 2 Nanoethics 61.
104. Mette Ebbesen, ‘The Role of the Humanities and Social Sciences in Nanotechnology Research and Development’ (2008) 2 Nanoethics 1, esp 4.
105. Andy Stirling, ‘Science, Precaution, and the Politics of Technological Risk’ (2008) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 95, 98-100.
106. Lin (n 72) 361.
107. Lin (n 72) 361.
108. Paul Street, ‘Constructing Risks: GMOs, Biosafety and Environmental Decision-Making’ in Han Somsen (ed), The Regulatory Challenge of Biotechnology (Edward Elgar, 2007) 95;
109. Graham Dutfield, ‘Should we Regulate Biotechnology through the Patent System? The Case of Terminator Technology’, The Regulatory Challenge of Biotechnology, 203, esp 208-9;
110. Ronald Sandler and WD Kay, ‘The National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Social Good’ (2006) 34 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 675.
111. Sheila Jasanoff, ‘Product, Process, or Programme: Three Cultures and the Regulation of Biotechnology’ in Martin Bauer (ed), Resistance to New Technology (Cambridge University Press, 1995) 311;
112. Martin W Bauer and George Gaskell (eds), Biotechnology-the Making of a Global Controversy (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
113. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Genetically Modified Crops: The Ethical and Social Issues (London, 1999) 8.
114. Bauer (n 104) 8.
115. Bauer (n 104) 19.
116. Bauer (n 104) 19.
117. Sheldon Leader, ‘Collateralism’ in Roger Brownsword (ed), Human Rights (Hart Publishing, 2004) 53.
118. David Winickoff, Sheila Jasonoff, Lawrence Busch, Robin Grove-White and Brian Wynne, ‘Adjudicating the GM Food Wars: Science, Risk, and Democracy in World Trade Law’ (2005) 30 Yale Journal of International Law 81, 104-106.
119. John Balbus, Richard Denison, Karen Florini and Scott Walsh, ‘Getting Nanotechnology Right the First Time’ in Geoffrey Hunt and Michael Mehta (eds), Nanotechnology: Risk, Ethics and Law (Earthscan, 2006) 130;
120. Roland Clift, ‘Risk Management and Regulation in an Emerging Technology’, Nanotechnology: Risk, Ethics and Law 140.
121. Quebec Commission on the Ethics of Science and Technology, Ethics and Nanotechnologies: A Basis for Action (Quebec, November 2006) ii.
122. Michèle S Jean, Édith Deleury and Diane Duquet, ‘Early Assessment and Policy-Making’ in Henk ten Have (ed), Nanotechnologies, Ethics and Politics (UNESCO, 2007) 205.
123. Han Somsen, ‘Cloning Trojan Horses: Precautionary Regulation of Reproductive Technologies’ in Brownsword and Yeung (n 79) 221.
124. Ronald Sandler and WD Kay, ‘The National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Social Good’ (2006) 34 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 675, 679.
125. As in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration (June 1992).
126. Richard B Stewart, ‘Environmental Regulatory Decision Making Under Uncertainty’ in Timothy Swanson (ed), An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Environmental Policy:Issues in Institutional Design (Elsevier Science, 2002) 71.
127. Council for Science and Technology, Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies: A Review of Government’s Progress on its Policy Commitments (London, March 2007) para 52.
128. French National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences, Opinion No 96 (‘Ethical Issues Raised by Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies and Health’, 2007) 10.
129. Samuel Butler, Erewhon (Penguin, 1985; first published 1872).
130. Cass Sunstein, Laws of Fear (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
131. Adam Burgess, Cellular Phones, Public Fears, and a Culture of Precaution (Cambridge University Press, 2004) 281.
132. Geoffrey Lean, ‘Wi-Fi: The Backlash’ The Independent on Sunday, 15 July 2007, 14 (Haringey Council resolving to adopt a precautionary approach to wi-fi technology in schools).
133. EC Health and Consumers Directorate-General, Data Collection, Targeting and Profiling of Consumers for Commercial Purposes in Online Environments (Brussels, 5.3.2009, SANCO/B2/GA/SR/GR) 8.
134. Jonathan Kahn, ‘Exploiting Race in Drug Development: BiDi’s Interim Model of Pharmacogenomics’ (2006) 38 Social Studies of Science 737.
135. Roger Brownsword, WR Cornish and Margaret Llewelyn (eds), Law and Human Genetics: Regulating a Revolution (Hart Publishing, 1998).
136. Robert A Hillman, The Richness of Contract Law (Kluwer, 1998) xiii.
137. Marc Bacchetta, Patrick Low, Aaditya Mattoo, Ludger Schuknecht, Hannu Wager and Madelon Wehrens, Electronic Commerce and the Role of the WTO (WTO Publications, 1998).
138. Marc Bacchetta, Patrick Low, Aaditya Mattoo, Ludger Schuknecht, Hannu Wager and Madelon Wehrens, Electronic Commerce and the Role of the WTO (WTO Publications, 1991).
139. Directive 2000/31/EC.
140. See eg, Dismantling the Barriers to Global Electronic Commerce (OECD, 1998).
141. Roger Brownsword and Geraint Howells, ‘When Surfers Start to Shop: Internet Commerce and Contract Law’ (1999) 19 Legal Studies 287.
142. Geraint Howells and Thomas Wilhelmsson, ‘EC and US Approaches to Consumer Protection-Should the Gap be Bridged?' (1998) 17 Yearbook of European Law 207.
143. Roger Brownsword and Geraint Howells, ‘Europe’s E-Commerce Directive-A Too Hasty Legislative Rush to Judgment?' (2001) 11 Journal of Law and Information Science 77.
144. Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights COM(2008) 614 final.
145. Geraint Howells and Reiner Schulze (eds), Modernising and Harmonising Consumer Contract Law (Sellier, 2009).
146. Roger Brownsword, ‘Regulating Transactions: Good Faith and Fair Dealing’ in Howells and Schulze (n 134) 87.
147. Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet? (Oxford University Press, 2006).
148. At 139.
149. Hans Galjaard, ‘Sharing of Benefits’ in ten Have and Jean (n 25) 231, 240.
150. Article 10.
151. Article 13.
152. Kadri Simm, ‘Benefit-Sharing and Biobanks’ in Häyry et al (n 46) 159.
153. Sarah Boseley, ‘Drug Giant GlaxoSmithKline Pledges Cheap Medicine for World’s Poor’ www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/feb/13/glaxo-smith-kline-cheap-medicine (last accessed 3 April 2009).
154. Sarah Boseley, ‘Drug Giant GlaxoSmithKline Pledges Cheap Medicine for World’s Poor’ www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/feb/13/glaxo-smith-kline-cheap-medicine (last accessed 3 April 2009).
155. Thomas Pogge, ‘Aligned: Global Justice and Ecology’ in Laura Westra, Klaus Bosselmann and Richard Westra (eds), Reconciling Human Existence with Ecological Integrity (Earthscan, 2008) 147, 148.
156. Pogge, ‘Human Rights and Global Health: A Research Programme’ (2005) 36 Metaphilosophy 182.
157. Sarah Boseley, ‘MPs Hit at Fertility Watchdog over Designer Baby’ The Guardian, 18 July 2002.
158. Joint Committee (n 82) para 297.
159. Section 7 operates by inserting new sections 8ZA(1) and (2) into the 1990 HFE Act.
160. John N Adams and Roger Brownsword, Understanding Law (Sweet & Maxwell, 4th edn 2006) ch 8.
161. See Scientific Research: Innovation with Controls (Better Regulation Task Force, 2003) Appendix C, 36.
162. See Scientific Research: Innovation with Controls (Better Regulation Task Force, 2003) Appendix C, 3.
163. Michael Trebilcock and Edward Iacobucci, ‘Designing Competition Law Institutions’ Cambridge Lectures (for the Canadian Bar), Queen’s College, Cambridge, July 2001.
164. Michael Trebilcock and Edward Iacobucci, ‘Designing Competition Law Institutions’ Cambridge Lectures (for the Canadian Bar), Queen’s College, Cambridge, July 2001 9.
165. Onora O’Neill, Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ch 6.
166. Cass R Sunstein, ‘Paradoxes of the Regulatory State’ (1990) 57 University of Chicago Law Review 407.
167. Michael Kirby, ‘Human Freedom and the Human Genome: The Ten Rules of Valencia’ (paper given at international workshop on Freedom and Risk Situations, Valencia, Spain, 25 January 1999) 18-19:
168. David Wright, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald, Elena Vildjiounaite and Yves Punie (eds), Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence (Springer, 2008) 1.
169. Neal Kumar Katyal, ‘Architecture as Crime Control’ (2002) 111 Yale Law Journal 1039.
170. Clive Norris and Gary Armstrong, The Maximum Surveillance Society: The Rise of CCTV (Berg, 1999) ch 10.
171. Bert-Jaap Koops, ‘Technology and the Crime Society: Rethinking Legal Protection’, this issue, 93.
172. Victor Tadros, ‘Power and the Value of Privacy’ in E Claes, A Duff, and S Gutwirth (eds), Privacy and the Criminal Law (Intersentia, 2006) 105 (especially Tadros’ discussion of what he calls Camerania).
173. Roger Brownsword, ‘Regulating Human Enhancement: Things Can Only Get Better?', this issue, 125;
174. Brownsword (n 45).
175. James Griffin, On Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2008).
176. James Griffin, On Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2008) 3.
177. James Griffin, On Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2008) 33.
178. James Griffin, On Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2008) 51.
179. James Griffin, On Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2008) 26.
180. David D Friedman, Future Imperfect: Technology and Freedom in an Uncertain World (Cambridge University Press, 2008) ch 5
181. Ian Ayres and John Braithwaite, Responsive Regulation (Oxford University Press, 1992) 47.
182. Ian Ayres and John Braithwaite, Responsive Regulation (Oxford University Press, 1992) 47.
183. Lawrence Lessig, ‘The Zones of Cyberspace’ (1996) 48 Stanford Law Review 1403, 1408 (emphasis added).
184. Lee Tien, ‘Architectural Regulation and the Evolution of Social Norms’ (2004) 9 International Journal of Communications Law and Policy 1.
185. Cass Sunstein, Laws of Fear (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
186. M Levi and DS Wall, ‘Technologies, Security, and Privacy in the Post-9/11 European Information Society’ (2004) 31 Journal of Law and Society 194.
187. M Friedewald, ‘Introduction to the SWAMI Project’ in M Friedewald and D Wright (eds), Report on the Final Conference, Brussels, 21-22 March 2006.
188. J Randerson, ‘Tighter Laws Needed on Sale of DNA Samples, Says Research Chief’ The Guardian, 15 June 2006, 3.
189. Bert-Jaap Koops, ‘Criteria for Normative Technology’ in Brownsword and Yeung (n 79) 157.
190. Mireille Hildebrandt, ‘A Vision of Ambient Law’, in Brownsword and Yeung (n 79) 175.
191. Karen Yeung, ‘Towards an Understanding of Regulation by Design’, in Brownsword and Yeung (n 79) 79.
192. Roger Brownsword, ‘Neither East Nor West, Is Mid-West Best?' (2006) 3 SCRIPTed 3 (available at www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrb/script-ed/issue3-1.asp).
193. Tsjalling Swierstra, Dirk Stemerding and Marianne Boenink, ‘Exploring Techno-Moral Change: The Case of the Obesity Pill’ in Sollie and Düwell (n 8) 119.
194. Jonathan Zittrain, ‘A History of Online Gatekeeping’ (2006) 19 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 253, 255.
195. Jonathan Zittrain, ‘A History of Online Gatekeeping’ (2006) 19 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 253, 255.
196. Health and Safety Commission, The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry (Stationery Office, 2001) paras 12.25-12.28;
197. Mary Dixon-Woods and Karen Yeung, ‘Design-Based Regulation and Patient Safety: What are the Implications for Doctors, and Should We Worry?' (on file with authors).
198. Richard Susskind, Transforming the Law (Oxford University Press, 2000) esp chs 7 and 8. At 170.
199. Andrew Adams and Ian Brown, ‘Keep Looking: The Answer to the Machine is Elsewhere’ (2009) 19(6) Computers and Law 32.
200. HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (Clarendon Press, 1961).
201. Stewart Macaulay, ‘The Real and the Paper Deal: Empirical Pictures of Relationships, Complexity and the Urge for Transparent Simple Rules’ (2003) 66 Modern Law Review 44.
202. Mireille Hildebrandt, ‘A Vision of Ambient Law’ in Brownsword and Yeung (n 79) 175.
203. See Brownsword and Lewis (n 84).