Genes and insurance: Ethical, legal and economic issues

Genes and Insurance: Ethical, Legal and Economic Issues

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-170

  Radetzki, Marcus ^a,b   Radetzki, Marian ^c   Juth, Niklas ^d  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c LULEÅ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929861550     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511495373     Document Type: Book

References (123)

1. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)
2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
3. UNESCO, Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 11 November 1997
4. Treaty Establishing the European Community (EC Treaty; Treaty of Rome, originally drawn up 1957)
5. Council Directive 76/207/EC of 9 February 1976, on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions
6. Council Directive 97/81/EC of 15 December 1997, concerning the Framework Agreement on part-time work concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC
7. Council Directive 99/70/EC of 28 June 1999, concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP
8. Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000, implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin
9. Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000, establishing a general framework for combating discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation as regards employment and occupation, with a view to putting into effect in the member states the principle of equal treatment
10. Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (ETS no. 164)
11. Recommendation No. R (92) 3 on Genetic Testing and Screening for Health Care Purposes
12. Lovbekendtgørelse 1986-10-24 nr 726 om forsikringsaftaler (Proclamation of Law on Insurance Contracts)
13. Lov nr 286 af 24 April 1996 om brug af helbredsoplysninger mv på arbejdsmarkedet (Act concerning the use of health information, etc., in the labour market)
14. Bekendtgørelse nr 777 af 17/08/2000 af lov om tilsyn med firmapensionskasser (Proclamation on the Act on supervision of corporate pension funds)
15. Lov av 5 august 1994 nr 56 om medisinsk bruk av bioteknologi (Act on the medical use of biotechnology)
16. Försäkringsavtalslag (1927:77) (Insurance Contracts Act)
17. Proposal for a council directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (COM/99/0565)
18. Proposal for a council directive implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (COM/99/0566)
19. Explanatory Report (1996), Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (ETS no. 164)
20. Folketingstidende, 1996–97, tillægg A, p. 3472 ff. (Ftl vedr forsikringsaftalet mv) (Insurance contracts etc.)
21. Government bills Ot prp nr 49 (1988/89), Lov om forsikringsavteler (Act on insurance contracts)
22. NOU 1991:6, Mennesker og bioteknologi (Human beings and biotechnology)
23. NOU 2000:23, Forsikringssepskapers innhemting, bruk og lagring av helseopplysninger (On the obtaining, use and storing of information on personal health by insurance companies)
24. Prop 1997/98:177, Ny lag om åtgärder mot etnisk diskriminering i arbetslivet (New act on measures against discrimination in working life)
25. Prop 2001/02:49, Senareläggning av premiepensionens efterlevandeskydd fore pensionstiden (Postponement of survivors’ protection before retirement age under the premium pension system)
26. SOU 1925:21, F¨orslag till lag om försäkringsavtal m.m. (Proposal for an Act on insurance contracts etc.)
27. SOU 1995:5, Vårdens svåra val (The difficult choice facing health services)
28. Ds 1996:13, Genetisk integritet – vem har r¨att att anv¨anda information från genetiska unders ¨okningar? (Genetic privacy: who has the right to use information from genetic investigations?) Skr 1998/99:136, Genetisk integritet (Genetic privacy)
29. Akerlof, G. (1970), ‘The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84, 488
30. Altenstetter, C. (1986), ‘German Social Security Programs: An Interpretation of Their Development’, in D. E. Ashford and E. W. Kelley (eds.), Nationalizing Social Security in Europe and America, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 79
31. Arrow, K. J. (1963), ‘Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care’, American Economic Review, 53, 941
32. Arthur, J., and W. Shaw (eds.) (1991), Justice and Economic Distribution, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
33. Ashford, D. E. (1986), ‘Introduction to Part I’, in D. E. Ashford and E. W. Kelley (eds.), Nationalizing Social Security in Europe and America, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Association of British Insurers (2002), www.abi.org.uk, 25 Feb
34. Atiyah, P. S. (1979), The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract, Oxford: Clarendon Press
35. Atiyah, P. S. (1989), Freedom of Contract and the New Right, Stockholm: Juristforlaget
36. Atiyah, P. S. (1995), An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 5th edn, Oxford: Clarendon Press
37. Banton, M. (1994), Discrimination, Buckingham/Philadelphia: Open University Press
38. Barr, N. (1992), ‘Economic Theory and the Welfare State: A Survey and Interpretation’, Journal of Economic Literature, 30, 741
39. Beauchamp, T. L., and J. F. Childress (2001), Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th edn, New York: Oxford University Press
40. Bentham, J. (1982 [1789]), An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. J. H. Burns and D. L. A. Hart, London: Methuen Berge, A. (1995)
41. Bergstrom, C. F. (1997), ‘Presentation av detnya Europafordraget’ (Presentation of the new EC Treaty), Juridisk Tidskrift, 1997-98, 305
42. Borna, S., and S. Avila (1999), ‘Genetic Information: Consumers’ Right to Privacy Versus Insurance Companies’ Right to Know: A Public Opinion Survey’, Journal of Business Ethics, 19, 4, 355
43. Briggs, A. (1961), ‘The Welfare State in Historical Perspective’, European Journal of Sociology, 2, 221
44. Brom, M. E. (1991), ‘Insurers and Genetic Testing: Shopping for that Perfect Pair of Genes’, Drake Law Review, 40, 121
45. Buchanan, A., D. W. Brock, N. Daniels and D. Winkler (2000), From Chance to Choice - Genetics and Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressBriggs, A. (1961), ‘The Welfare State in Historical Perspective’, European Journal of Sociology, 2, 221
46. Capron, A. M. (2000), ‘Genetics and Insurance: Accessing and Using Private Information’, Social Philosophy and Policy, 17, 235
47. Chadwick, R., and C. Ngwena (1995), ‘The Human Genome Project, Predictive Testing and Insurance Contracts: Ethical and Legal Responses’, Res Publica, 1, 115
48. Clayton, R., and H. Tomlinson (2000), The Law of Human Rights, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press
49. Clifford, K. A., and R. P. Iuculano (1987), ‘AIDS and Insurance: The Rationale for AIDS-Related Testing’, Harvard Law Review, 100, 1806
50. Cohen, G. A. (1986), ‘Selfownership, Worldownership and Equality’, in F. Lucash (ed.), Justice and Equality Here and Now, New York: Cornell University Press, 108
51. Daniels, N. (1990), ‘Insurability and the HIV Epidemic: Ethical Issues in Underwriting’, The Milbank Quarterly, 68, 497
52. Dawson, W. H. (1973 [1890]), Bismarck and State Socialism, New York: Howard Fertig
53. Diamond, J. (1999), Guns, Germs and Steel - The Fates of Human Societies, New York: Norton
54. Dworkin, G. (1988), The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press
55. Dworkin, R. (1977), Taking Rights Seriously, London: Duckworth Dworkin, R. (1985), A Matter of Principle, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
56. Fisher, D. (2001), Manskliga rattigheter. En introduktion (Human rights: An introduction), Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik
57. Flood, G. (1999), ‘Genteknik och forsakring’ (Genetic technology and insurance), Svensk Forsakring Arsbok (Swedish Insurance Yearbook), Stockholm: Svenska Forsakringsforeningen, 105
58. Flynn, L. (1999), ‘The Implications of Article 13 EC - After Amsterdam, Will Some Forms of Discrimination be More Equal Than Others?’, Common Market Law Review, 36, 1127
59. Fotheringham, M. (1999), ‘Insurers and Genetic Testing: An Uncertain Future’, Insurance Law Journal, 11,1
60. Gauthier, D. (1986), Morals by Agreement, Oxford: Clarendon Press
61. Geller, L. N., J. S. Alper, P. R. Billings, C. I. Barash, J. Beckwith and M. R. Natowicz (1996), ‘Individual, Family, and Societal Dimensions of Genetic Discrimination: A Case Study Analysis’, Science and Engineering Ethics, 2, 71
62. Gostin, L. (1991), ‘Genetic Discrimination: The Use of Genetically Based Diagnosis and Prognosis Tests by Employers and Insurers’, American Journal of Law and Medicine, 17, 109 Goteborgsposten (2001), 20 Oct.
63. Hansson, I., C.H. Lyttkens and G. Skogh (1984), ‘The Excess Burden of Public Insurance. Some Results from Swedish Data’, International Review of Law and Economics, 4, 23
64. Hare, R. (1981), Moral Thinking, Oxford: Oxford University Press
65. Harper, P. (1993), ‘Insurance and Genetic Testing’, The Lancet, 341, 224
66. Harsanyi, J. (1977), Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and Social Situations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
67. Hart, H. L. A. (1961), The Concept of Law, Oxford: Clarendon Law Series
68. Hellner, J. (1994), Rattsteori (Theory of law), 2nd edn, Stockholm: Juristforlaget
69. Hellner, J. (2001), Metodproblem i rattsvetenskapen (Methodological problems in jurisprudence), Stockholm: Jure
70. Holtug, N. (1999), ‘Genetic Knowledge in a Just Society’, in A. Tompson and R. Chadwick (eds.), Genetic Information: Acquisition, Access and Control, New York: Kluwer Academics/Plenum Publishers, 283
71. Husted, J. (1997), ‘Autonomy and a Right not to Know’, in R. Chadwick, M. Levitt and D. Shickle (eds.), The Right to Know and the Right not to Know, Aldershot: Ashgate, 55
72. Inman, R. P. (1987), ‘Markets, Governments and the “New” Political Economy’, in A. J. Auerbach and M. Feldstein, Handbook of Public Economics, II, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers
73. Isaksson, A. (2001), ‘Enkla problem, enkla losningar’ (Simple problems, simple answers), Dagens Industri, 21 Dec.
74. Johnston, M. (1999), ‘Selling Souls: Ethical Theory and the Commercialisation of Genetic Information’, in A. Tompson and R. Chadwick (eds.), Genetic Information: Acquisition, Access and Control, New York: Kluwer Academics/Plenum Publishers, 79
75. Junestav, M. (2001), ‘Arbetslinjen i den svenska socialforsakringsdebatten och lagstiftningen 1930-1955’ (The work first principle in the Swedish social insurance debate and legislation, 1930-1955), licentiate dissertation, Uppsala University
76. Kant, I. (1996 [1785]), ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’, in The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy, ed. M. J. Gregor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
77. Kass, N. E. (1997), ‘Genetic Testing for Health and Life Insurance’, in M. A. Rothstein (ed.), Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era, New Haven: Yale University Press
78. Kotlikoff, L. J. (1996), ‘Privatization of Social Security: How it Works and Why it Matters’, in J. M. Poterba (ed.), Tax Policy and the Economy, NBER, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1
79. Kristofferson, U. (2000), ‘Kommer genetiken att revolutionera sjukvarden? Skepsis mot overdrivna forvantningar’ (Will genetic technology revolutionise health care? Scepticism in the face of exaggerated expectations), Lakartidningen, 47, 5499
80. Krueger, A. B. (2000), ‘From Bismarck to Maastricht: The March to European Union and the Labor Compact’, Labour Economics, 7, 117
81. Kymlicka, W. (1990), Contemporary Political Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press
82. Launis, V. (2000), ‘The Use of Genetic Test Information in Insurance: The Argument from Indistinguishability Reconsidered’, Science and Engineering Ethics, 6, 299
83. Lemmens, T. (1999), ‘Private Parties, Public Duties?: The Shifting Role of Insurance Companies in the Genetic Era’, in A. Tompson and R. Chadwick (eds.), Genetic Information: Acquisition, Access and Control, New York: Kluwer Academics/Plenum Publishers, 31
84. Lemmens, T. (2000), ‘Selective Justice, Genetic Discrimination, and Insurance: Should We Single Out Genes in Our Laws?’, McGill Law Journal, 45, 347
85. Lemmens, T., andP. Bahamin (1998), ‘Genetics in Life, Disability and Additional Health Insurance in Canada: A Comparative Legal and Ethical Analysis’, in B. M. Knoppers (ed.), Socio-Ethical Issues in Human Genetics, Cowansville (Quebec): Yvon Blais, 115
86. Lenaerts, K. (2000), ‘Fundamental rights in the European Union’, European Law Review, 25, 575
87. Lindbeck, A. (1995), ‘Hazardous Welfare State Dynamics’, American Economic Review, 85, 9
88. Locke, J. (1988 [1689]), Two Treaties of Government, ed. P. Laslett, New York: Cambridge University Press
89. Lundgren, N. G. (1996), ‘Trade and Maritime Transport Costs: The Evolution of Global Markets’, Resources Policy, 22, 5
90. McGleenan, T. (1997), ‘Rights to Know and not to Know: Is There a Need for a Genetic Privacy Law’, in R. Chadwick, M. Levitt and D. Shickle (eds.), The Right to Know and the Right not to Know, Aldershot: Ashgate, 43
91. Mayer, N.R., K.R. Smith, C.D. Zick and J.R. Botkin (1999), ‘Coercion, Control, and Consequence in Genetic Testing: Views on Insurance among Tested Individuals and the General Public’, in A. Tompson and R. Chadwick (eds.), Genetic Information: Acquisition, Access and Control, New York: Kluwer Academics/Plenum Publishers, 41
92. Mill, J. S. (1974 [1859]), On Liberty, Harmondsworth
93. Rachels, J. (1991), ‘What People Deserve’, in J. Arthur, and W. Shaw (eds.) (1991), Justice and Economic Distribution, Prentice Hall, NJ: 136
94. Radetzki, Marcus (1996), ‘Premiedifferentiering: Effektivitet kontra solidaritet’ (Premium differentiation: Efficiency versus solidarity), in B. Dufwa et al. (eds.), Vanbok till Erland Stromback (Esseys in Honour of Erland Stromback), Stockholm: Svenska Forsakringsforeningen, 243
95. Radetzki, Marcus (2001), ‘Genteknik och forsakring’ (Genetic technology and insurance), Nordisk Forsakringstidskrift, 82, 1
96. Radetzki, Marcus, and Marian Radetzki (2000), ‘Private Arrangements to Cover Large-scale Liabilities Caused by Nuclear and Other Industrial Catastrophes’, Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, Issues and Practice, 25, 180
97. Rasmusson, M. (2001), ‘Kan ett langt liv ga i arv?’ (Can longevity be inherited?), Svenska Dagbladet, 3 Aug
98. Rawls, J. (1972), A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Clarendon Press
99. Resnik, M. D. (1997), Choices: An Introduction to Decision Theory, 4th edn, Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press
100. Rhodes, R. (1998), ‘Genetic Links, Family Ties and Social Bonds: Rights and Responsibilities in the Face of Genetic Knowledge’, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 23, 10
101. Rimlinger, G. V. (1971), Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America and Russia, New York: Wiley
102. Roemer, J. (1995), Equality or Opportunity: A Theory and Examples, Davis, CA: University of California, Davis
103. Rosen, E. (1999), ‘Genetic Information and Genetic Discrimination: How Medical Records Vitiate Legal Protection. A Comparative Analysis of International Legislation and Policies’, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 27, 166
104. Rothstein, M. A. (1997), ‘Genetic Secrets: A Policy Framework’, in M. A. Roth-stein (ed.), Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era, New Haven: Yale University Press
105. Rothstein, M. A. (ed.) (1997), Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era, New Haven: Yale University Press
106. Sandberg, A. (2000), ‘Att vaga valja’ (Daring to choose), www.smedjan.com, 2 Nov.
107. Sandberg, P. (1995), ‘Genetic Information and Life Insurance: A Proposal for an Ethical European Policy’, Social Sciences and Medicine, 40, 1549
108. Sandberg, P. (1996), ‘Genetic Information and Life Insurance: A Proposal for an Ethical European Policy’, Ph.D. dissertation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
109. Schatz, B. (1987), ‘The AIDS Insurance Crisis: Underwriting or Overreaching?’, Harvard Law Review, 100, 1782
110. Tannsjo, T. (1998), Hedonistic Utilitarianism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
111. Tannsjo, T. (1999), Coercive Care: The Ethics of Choice in Health and Medicine, London/New York: Routledge
112. Tanzi, V. (2001), ‘Globalization and the Work of Fiscal Termites’, Finance & Development, 38, 34
113. Tanzi, V., and L. Schuknecht (1995), ‘The Growth of Government and the Reform of the State in Industrial Countries’, IMF WP/95/130, Washington DC, 1
114. Teune, H. (1986), ‘The Political Development of the Welfare State in the United States’, inD. E. Ashford and E. W. Kelley (eds.), Nationalizing Social Security in Europe and America, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 22
115. Itmus, R. M. (1950), Problems of Social Policy, London: Longman
116. Wahlstrom J. (2002), ‘Folkets oro ar befogad’ (People are right to be worried), Dagens Nyheter, 19 Feb.
117. Waltzer M. (1983), Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality, Oxford: Blackwell
118. Weaver, C. L. (1982), The Crisis in Social Security-Economic and Political Origins, Durham, NC: Duke University Press
119. Weissbrodt, D. (1988), ‘Human Rights: A Historical Perspective’, in P. Davies (ed.), Human Rights, London/New York: Routledge, 1
120. Wilson, A., and G. S. MacKay (1941), Old Age Pensions; An Historical and Critical Study, London: Oxford University Press
121. Wolf, S. (1995), ‘Beyond Genetic Discrimination: Towards the Broader Harm of Geneticism’, Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 23, 345
122. Wortham, L. (1986), ‘Insurance Classifications: Too Important to Be Left to Actuaries’, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 19, 349
123. Young, I. M. (1990), Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton: Princeton University Press