DSM-5 cannabis use disorder in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III: Gender-specific profiles

Addictive Behaviors

Volumn 76, Issue , 2018, Pages 52-60

  Kerridge, Bradley T ^a,b   Pickering, Roger ^a   Chou, Patricia ^a   Saha, Tulshi D ^a   Hasin, Deborah S ^c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM   (United States)

^b NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Cannabis use disorder; Comorbidity; Quality of life; Sociodemographic correlates

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; AMERICAN INDIAN; ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; BLACK PERSON; BORDERLINE STATE; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CAUCASIAN; COLLEGE; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DSM-5; EMOTIONALITY; FEMALE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MOOD DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; ADOLESCENT; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HEALTH SURVEY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; SEX FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MARIJUANA ABUSE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; SEX FACTORS; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85025832309     PISSN: 03064603     EISSN: 18736327     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.012     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed., 2013, American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA.
3. Baker, T.E., Stockwell, T., Barnes, G., Holroyd, C.B., Individual differences in substance dependence: At the intersection of brain, behavior and cognition. Addiction Biology 16:3 (2011), 458–466.
4. Beals, J., Belcourt-Ditloff, A., Giarroutte, E.M., Croy, C., Jervis, L.L., Whitesell, N.R., Team, A.I.-S.U.P.E.R.P.F.P., Trauma and conditional risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in two American Indian reservation communities. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 48:6 (2013), 895–905.
5. Blanco, C., Hasin, D.S., Wall, M.M., Florez-Salamance, L., Hoertel, N., Wang, S., Olfson, M., Cannabis use and risk of psychiatric disorders: Prospective evidence from a US national longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry 73:4 (2016), 388–395.
6. Bonn-Miller, M.O., Babson, K.A., Vandrey, R., Using cannabis to help you sleep: Heightened frequency of medical cannabis use among those with PTSD. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 136 (2014), 162–165.
7. Brady, J.E., Li, G., Trends in alcohol and other drugs detected in fatally injured drivers in the United States, 1999–2010. American Journal of Epidemiology 179:6 (2014), 692–699.
8. Brave Heart, M.Y.H., DeBruyn, L.M., The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 8:2 (1998), 56–78.
9. Brave Heart, M.Y.H., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Beals, J., Hasin, D.S., Sugaya, L., Wang, S., Blanco, C., Psychiatric disorders and mental health treatment in American Indians and Alaska Natives: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51 (2016), 1033–1046.
10. Brave Heart, M.Y.H., The return of the sacred path: Healing the historical trauma response among the Lakota. Smith College Studies in Social Work 68 (1998), 287–305.
11. Bureau of the Census. American community survey, 2012. 2013, Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. 2014, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
13. Commission on Civil Rights. A quiet crisis: Federal funding and unmet needs in Indian Country. 2016, US Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, DC.
14. Compton, W.M., Gfroerer, J., Conway, K.P., Finger, M.S., Unemployment and substance outcomes in the United States 2002-2010. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 142 (2014), 350–353.
15. Conway, K.P., Compton, W., Stinson, F.S., Grant, B.F., Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67:2 (2006), 247–257.
16. Cooper, Z.D., Haney, M., Comparison of the subjective, physiologic, and pharmacokinetic effects of marijuana smoked in cigarette paper (joints) versus cigar paper (blunts). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 132 (2009), 107–113.
17. Cooper, Z.D., Haney, M., Investigation of sex-dependent effects of cannabis in daily cannabis smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 136 (2014), 85–91.
18. Copersino, M.L., Boyd, S.J., Tashkin, D.P., Huestis, M.A., Heishman, S.J., Dermand, J.C., Gorelick, D.A., Sociodemographic characteristics of cannabis smokers and the experience of cannabis withdrawal. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 36 (2010), 311–319.
19. Craft, R.M., Marusich, J.A., Wiley, J.L., Sex differences in cannabinoid pharmacology: A reflection of differences in the endocannabinoid system?. Life Sciences 92 (2013), 476–481.
20. Daniel, J.Z., Hickman, M., MacLeod, J., Wiles, N., Lingford-Hughes, A., Farrell, M., Lewis, G., Is socioeconomic status in early life associated with drug use: A systematic review of the evidence. Drug and Alcohol Review 28:2 (2009), 142–153.
21. Davis, G.P., Compton, M.T., Wang, S., Levin, F.R., Blanco, C., Association between cannabis use, psychosis, and schizotypal personality disorder: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Schizophrenia Research 151:1–3 (2013), 197–202.
22. Eaton, N.R., Keyes, K.M., Krueger, R.F., Basis, S., Skodol, A., Markon, K.E., Hasin, D.S., An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121:1 (2012), 282–288.
23. Eaton, N.R., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Carragher, N., Krueger, R.F., Transdiagnostic factors of psychopathology and substance use disorders: A review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50:2 (2015), 171–182.
24. Ehlers, C.L., Gizer, I.R., Vieten, C., Gilder, D.A., Stouffer, G.M., Lau, P., Wilhelmsen, K.C., Cannabis dependence in the San Francisco Family Study: Age of onset of use, DSM-IV symptoms, withdrawal, and heritability. Addictive Behaviors 35:2 (2010), 102–110.
25. Eldreth, D.A., Matochik, J.A., Cadet, J.L., Bolla, K.I., Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users. NeuroImage 23:3 (2004), 914–920.
26. Evans-Campbell, T., Lindhorst, T., Huang, B., Walters, K.L., Interpersonal violence in the lives of urban American Indian and Alaska Native women: Implications for health, mental health, and help-seeking. American Journal of Public Health 96:8 (2006), 1416–1422.
27. Fattore, L., Spano, M.S., Angius, F., Fadda, P., Fratta, W., Cannabinoid self-administration in rats: Sex differences and the influence of ovarian function. British Journal of Pharmacology 152 (2007), 795–804.
28. Fattore, L., Spano, M.S., Altea, S., Fradda, P., Fratta, W., Drug- and cue-induced reinstatement of cannabinoids-seeking behavior in male and female rats: Influence of ovarian harmones. British Journal of Pharmacology 160 (2010), 724–735.
29. Feingold, D., Weiser, M., Rehm, J., Lev-Ran, S., The association between cannabis use and anxiety disorders: Results from a population-based representative sample. European Neuropsychopharmacology 26:3 (2016), 493–505.
30. Feingold, D., Weiser, M., Rehm, J., Lev-Ran, S., The association between cannabis use and mood disorders: A longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders 172 (2015), 211–218.
31. Ferdinand, R.F., Sondeijker, F., Van Der Ende, J., Selten, J.P., Huizink, A., Verhulst, F.C., Cannabis use predicts future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa. Addiction 100:5 (2005), 612–618.
32. Fergusson, D.M., Boden, J.M., Horwood, L.J., Psychosocial sequelae of cannabis use and implications for policy: Findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. Socil Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50:9 (2015), 1317–1326.
33. Fergusson, D.M., Boden, J.M., Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction 103:6 (2008), 969–976.
34. Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J., Geautrais, A.L., Cannabis and educational achievement. Addiction 98:12 (2003), 1681–1692.
35. Gandek, B., Ware, J.E. Jr., Aaronson, N.K., Alonso, J., Apolone, G., Bjorner, J., Sullivan, M., Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability of the SF-36 in eleven countries: Results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51:11 (1998), 1149–1158.
36. Goldstein, R.B., Compton, W.M., Pulay, A.J., Ruan, W.J., Pickering, R.P., Stinson, F.S., Grant, B.F., Antisocial behavioral syndromes and DSM-IV drug use disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 90:2–3 (2007), 145–158.
37. Goldstein, R.B., Dawson, D.A., Chou, P., Grant, B.F., Sex differences in prevalence and comorbidity of alcohol and drug use disorders: Results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 73:6 (2012), 938–950.
38. Grant, B.F., Chu, A., Sigman, R., Amsbary, M., Kali, J., Sugawara, Y., Goldstein, R., Source and accuracy statement: National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). 2014, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD.
39. Grant, B.F., Goldstein, R.B., Chou, S.P., Hasin, D.S., The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition Version (AUDADIS-5). 2011, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD.
40. Grant, B.F., Goldstein, R.B., Saha, T.D., Chou, S.P., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Hasin, D.S., Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry 72:8 (2015), 757–766.
41. Grant, B.F., Goldstein, R.B., Smith, S.M., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Chou, P., Hasin, D.S., The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): Reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 148 (2015), 27–33.
42. Hartman, R.L., Huestis, M.A., Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry 59:3 (2013), 478–492.
43. Hasin, D.S., Aivadyan, C., Greenstein, E., Grant, B.F., Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance Use and Mental Disorders, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition (PRISM-5) Version. 2011, Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY.
44. Hasin, D.S., Greenstein, E., Aivadyan, C., Stohl, M., Aharonovich, E., Saha, T., Grant, B.F., The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): Procedural validity of substance use disorders modules through clinical re-appraisal in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 148 (2015), 40–46.
45. Hasin, D.S., Kerridge, B.T., Saha, T.D., Huang, B., Pickering, R., Smith, S.M., Grant, B.F., Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012–2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. The American Journal of Psychiatry 173:6 (2016), 588–599.
46. Hasin, D.S., O'Brien, C.P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Bundy, A., Grant, B.F., DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. The American Journal of Psychiatry 170:8 (2013), 834–851.
47. Hasin, D.S., Saha, T.D., Kerridge, B.T., Goldstein, R.B., Chou, S.P., Zhang, H., Grant, B.F., Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013. JAMA Psychiatry 72:12 (2015), 1235–1242.
48. Hasin, D.S., Shmulewitz, D., Stohl, M., Greenstein, E., Aivadyan, C., Morita, K., Grant, B.F., Procedural validity of the AUDADIS-5 depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder modules: Substance abusers and others in the general population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 152 (2015), 246–256.
49. Hernandez-Avila, C.A., Rounsaville, B.J., Kranzler, H.R., Opioid-, cannabis- and alcohol-dependent women show more rapid progression to substance abuse treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 74:3 (2004), 265–272.
50. Kevorkian, S., Belendiuk, K., Bonn-Miller, M.O., Carney, D.M., Roberson-Nay, R., Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 29:3 (2015), 633–638.
51. Khan, S.S., Secades-Villa, R., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Percz-Fuentes, G., Kerridge, B.T., Blanco, C., Gender differences in cannabis use disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 130:1–3 (2013), 101–108.
52. Koob, G.F., Volkow, N.D., Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1 (2010), 217–238.
53. Krueger, R.F., The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 56:10 (1999), 921–926.
54. Lemstra, M., Bennett, N.R., Neudorf, C., Kunst, A., Nannapaneni, U., Warren, L.M., Scott, C.R., A meta-analysis of marijuana and alcohol use by socio-economic status in adolescents aged 10–15 years. Canadian Journal of Public Health 99:3 (2008), 172–177.
55. Lenne, M.D., Dietze, P.M., Triggs, T.J., The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated arterial driving: Influences of driving experience and task demand. Accident; Analysis and Prevention 42:3 (2010), 859–866.
56. Lev-Ran, S., Imtiaz, S., Taylor, B.J., Shield, K.D., Rehm, J., Le Foll, B., Gender differences in health-related quality of life among cannabis users: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 123:1–3 (2012), 190–200.
57. Lopez-Quintero, C., de los Cobos, J.P., Hasin, D.S., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Grant, B.F., Blanco, C., Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 115:1–2 (2011), 120–130.
58. Lozano, O.M., Rojas, A.J., Fernandez Calderon, F., Psychiatric comorbidity and severity of dependence on substance users: How it impacts on their health-related quality of life?. Journal of Mental Health 26:2 (2017), 119–126.
59. Lynskey, M., Hall, W., The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review. Addiction 95:11 (2000), 1621–1630.
60. Manson, S.M., Beals, J., Klein, S.A., Croy, C.D., Team, A.S., Social epidemiology of trauma among 2 American Indian reservation populations. American Journal of Public Health 95:5 (2005), 851–859.
61. Matochik, J.A., Eldreth, D.A., Cadet, J.L., Bolla, K.I., Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 77:1 (2005), 23–30.
62. McCarthy, M., Konkle, A., When is a sex difference not a sex difference. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 26:2 (2005), 85–102.
63. Meir, M.H., Caspi, A., Amble, R.A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R.S., Moffitt, T.E., Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109:4 (2012), E2657–64.
64. Melchior, M., Choquet, M., Le Strat, Y., Hassler, C., Gorwood, P., Parental alcohol dependence, socioeconomic disadvantage and alcohol and cannabis dependence among young adults in the community. European Psychiatry 26:1 (2011), 13–17.
65. Motel, S., 6 facts about marijuana in FactTank: News in the numbers. 2015, Pew Research Center, Washington, DC.
66. National Congress of American Indians. Policy insights brief: Statistics on violence against Native women. 2014, National Congress of American Indians, Washington DC.
67. Oetzel, J., Duran, B., Intimate partner violence in American Indian and/or Alaska Native communities: A social ecological framework of determinants and interventions. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 11:3 (2004), 49–68.
68. Price, J.L., Drevets, W.C., Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1 (2010), 192–216.
69. Rabin, R.A., George, T.P., A review of co-morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: Possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co-use. The American Journal on Addictions 24:2 (2015), 105–116.
70. Ramanathan, S., Balasubramanian, N., Krishnadas, R., Macroeconomic environment during infancy as a possible risk factor for adolescent behavioral problems. JAMA Psychiatry 70:2 (2013), 218–225.
71. Raynal, P., Chabrol, H., Association between schizotypal and borderline personality disorder traits, and cannabis use in young adults. Addictive Behaviors 60 (2016), 144–147.
72. Ream, G.L., Benoit, E., Johnson, B.D., Dunlap, E., Smoking tobacco along with marijuana increases symptoms of cannabis dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 95:3 (2008), 199–208.
73. Reboussin, B.A., Green, K.M., Milam, A.J., Neighborhood environment and urban African American marijuana use during high school. Journal of Urban Health 91:6 (2014), 1189–1201.
74. Renard, J., Krebs, M.O., Jay, T.M., Long-term cognitive impairments induced by chronic cannabinoid exposure during adolescence. Psychopharmacology 225:4 (2016), 781–790.
75. Research Triangle Institute. SUDAAN language manual, release 11.0. 2014, Research Triangle Institute, Triangle Park, NC.
76. Rubino, T., Parolaro, D., Sex-dependent vulnerability to cannabis abuse in adolescence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 2015, 56.
77. Rumbaugh Whitesell, N., Beals, J., Big Crow, C., Mitchell, C.M., Novins, D.K., Epidemiology and etiology of substance use among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Risk, protection, and implications for prevention. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 38:5 (2012), 376–382.
78. Sanchis-Segura, C., Becker, J.B., Why we should consider sex (and study sex differences) in addiction research. Addiction Biology 21:5 (2016), 995–1006.
79. Schauer, G.L., Rosenberry, Z.R., Peters, E.N., Marijuana and tobacco co-administration in blunts, spliffs, and mulled cigarettes: A systematic literature review. Addictive Behaviors 64 (2016), 200–211.
80. Shea, M., McGregor, I.S., Mallet, P.E., Repeated cannabinoid exposure during perinatal, adolescent or early adult ages produces similar longlasting deficits in object recognition and reduced social interaction in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology 20:5 (2006), 611–621.
81. Shin, L.M., Liberzon, I., The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1 (2010), 169–191.
82. Sinclair, C.F., Foushee, H.R., Pevear, J.S., Scarinci, I.C., Carroll, W.R., Patterns of blunt use among rural young adult African-American men. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 42:1 (2012), 61–64.
83. Sinclair, C.F., Foushee, H.R., Scarinci, I.C., Carroll, W.R., Perceptions of harm to health from cigarettes, blunts, and marijuana among young adult African American men. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 24:3 (2013), 1266–1275.
84. Solowij, N., Stephens, R.S., Roffman, R.A., Babor, T., Kadden, R., Miller, M., Vendetti, J., Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA 287:9 (2002), 1123–1131.
85. Solowji, N., Battisti, R.A., The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: A review. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 1:1 (2008), 81–98.
86. Stinson, F.S., Ruan, W.J., Pickering, R., Grant, B.F., Cannabis use disorders in the USA: Prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine 36:10 (2006), 1447–1460.
87. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760 DAWN series D-39, 2013, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD.
88. Teesson, M., Salde, T., Swift, W., Mills, K., Memedovics, S., Mewton, L., Hall, W., Prevalence, correlates and comorbidity of DSM-IV cannabis use and cannabis use disorders in Australia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46:12 (2012), 1182–1192.
89. Timberlake, D.S., A comparison of drug use and dependence between blunt smokers and other cannabis users. Substance Use and Misuse 44:3 (2009), 401–415.
90. Tucker, J.S., Pollard, M.S., de la Haye, K., Kennedy, D.P., Green, H.D., Neighborhood characteristics and the initiation of marijuana use and binge drinking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 128:1–2 (2013), 83–89.
91. Tull, M.T., McDermott, M.J., Gratz, K.L., Marijuana dependence moderates the effect of posttraumatic stress disorder on trauma cue reactivity in substance dependent patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 159 (2016), 219–226.
92. United Nations Office of Drug Control, World drug report. 2015, United Nations Office of Drug Control, Vienna, Austria.
93. Volkow, N.D., Baler, R.D., Compton, W.M., Weiss, S.R.B., Adverse health effects of marijuana use. New England Journal of Medicine 371:9 (2014), 2219–2227.
94. Whitbeck, L.B., Adams, G.W., Hoyt, D.R., Chen, X., Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. American Journal of Community Psychology 33:3–4 (2004), 119–130.
95. Wolf, E.J., Miller, M.W., Krueger, R.F., Lyons, M.J., Tsuang, M.T., Koenen, K.C., Posttraumatic stress disorder and the genetic structure of comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119:2 (2010), 320–330.
96. Wu, L.T., Zhu, H., Swartz, M.S., Trends in cannabis use disorders among racial/ethnic population groups in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 165 (2016), 181–190.
97. Young, R.S., Joe, J.R., Some thoughts about the epidemiology of alcohol and drug use among American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 8:3 (2009), 223–241.
98. Zer-Aviv, T.M., Segev, A., Akirav, I., Cannabinoids and post-traumatic stress disorder: Clinical and preclinical evidence for treatment and prevention. Behavioural Pharmacology 27:7 (2016), 561–569.
99. Zhu, H., Wu, L.T., Trends and correlates of cannabis-involved emergency department visits: 2004 to 2011. Journal of Addiction Medicine 10:6 (2016), 429–436.