A comparison of drug use and dependence between blunt smokers and other cannabis users

Substance Use and Misuse

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 401-415

  Timberlake, David S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Blunt chasing; Blunt smoking; Cannabis dependence abuse; Ethnography; Nicotine dependence; Probability sample; Social norms

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; SMOKING; SOCIAL CONTROL, INFORMAL; TOBACCO USE DISORDER; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 61649109778     PISSN: 10826084     EISSN: 15322491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10826080802347651     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, D.C.
2. Amos, A., Wiltshire, S., Bostock, Y., Haw, S., McNeill, A. (2004). "You can't go without a fag. . . you need it for your hash" - a qualitative exploration of smoking, cannabis and young people. Addiction, 99(1):77-81.
3. Anthony, J. C. (2006). The epidemiology of cannabis dependence. In R. A. Roffman & R. S. Stephens (Eds.), Cannabis dependence: Its nature, consequences and treatment (pp. 58-105). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Aung, A. T., Pickworth, W. B., Moolchan, E. T. (2004). History of marijuana use and tobacco smoking topography in tobacco-dependent adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 29(4):699-706.
5. Baker, F., Ainsworth, S. R., Dye, J. T., Crammer, C., Thun, M. J., Hoffmann, D., et al. (2000). Health risks associated with cigar smoking. The Journal of American Medical Association, 284(6):735-740.
6. Breslau, N., Johnson, E. O., Hiripi, E., Kessler, R. (2001). Nicotine dependence in the United States: prevalence, trends, and smoking persistence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(9):810-816.
7. Castane, A., Valjent, E., Ledent, C., Parmentier, M., Maldonado, R., Valverde, O. (2002). Lack of CB1 cannabinoid receptors modifies nicotine behavioural responses, but not nicotine abstinence. Neuropharmacology, 43(5):857-867.
8. Chen, K., Kandel, D. B., Davies, M. (1997). Relationships between frequency and quantity of marijuana use and last year proxy dependence among adolescents and adults in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 46(1-2):53-67.
9. Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., Sanci, L., Patton, G.C. (2002). Cannabis dependence in young adults: An Australian population study. Addiction, 97(2): 187-194.
10. Compton, W. M., Grant, B. F., Colliver, J. D., Glantz, M. D., Stinson, F. S. (2004). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. The Journal of American Medical Association, 291(17):2114-2121.
11. Dunlap, E., Benoit, E., Sifaneck, S., Johnson, B. D. (2006). Social constructions of dependency by blunt smokers: Qualitative reports. International Journal of Drug Policy, 17:171-182.
12. Dunlap, E., Johnson, B. D., Benoit, E., Sifaneck, S. (2005). Sessions, cyphers, and parties: settings for informal social controls of blunt smoking. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 4(3-4):43-79.
13. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Lynskey, M. T., Madden, P. A. (2003). Early reactions to cannabis predict later dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(10):1033-1039.
14. Golub, A., Johnson, B. D., Dunlap, E. (2005). The growth in marijuana use among American youths during the 1990s and the extent of blunt smoking. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 4(3-4):1-21.
15. Golub, A., Johnson, B. D., Dunlap, E., Sifaneck, S. (2004). Projecting and monitoring the life course of the marijuana/blunts generation. Journal of Drug Issues, 34(2):361-388.
16. Golub, A. L., Johnson, B. D. (1999). Cohort changes in illegal drug use among arrestees in Manhattan: from the Heroin Injection Generation to the Blunts Generation. Substance Use Misuse, 34(13):1733-1763.
17. Gourlay, S. G., Forbes, A., Marriner, T., Pethica, D., McNeil, J. J. (1994). Prospective study of factors predicting outcome of transdermal nicotine treatment in smoking cessation. British Medical Journal, 309(6958):842-846.
18. Hall, W., Degenhardt, L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in developed and developing countries. Current Opinion Psychiatry, 20(4):393-397.
19. Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9):1119-1127.
20. Kelly, B. C. (2005). Bongs and blunts: notes from a suburban marijuana subculture. Journal of Ethnic Substance Abuse, 4(3-4):81-97.
21. King, L. A. (2004). EMCDDA insights: An overview of cannabis potency in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.eu.int
22. Lynskey, M. T., Coffey, C., Degenhardt, L., Carlin, J. B., Patton, G. (2003). A longitudinal study of the effects of adolescent cannabis use on high school completion. Addiction, 98(5):685-692.
23. Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Slutske, W. S., Madden, P. A., Nelson, E. C., et al. (2003). Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. The Journal of American Medical Association, 289(4):427-433.
24. Newcomb, M. D. (1992). Understanding the multidimensional nature of drug use and abuse: The role of consumption, risk factors, and protective factors. In M. Glantz & R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to Drug Abuse (255-297). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
25. NSDUH. (2004). Appendix D: Recoded Substance Dependence and Abuse Variable Documentation.
26. Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., Hall, W. (2002). Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. British Medical Journal, 325(7374):1195-1198.
27. Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Sawyer, S. M., Lynskey, M. (2005). Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence. Addiction, 100(10):1518-1525.
28. Rao, J. K., Scott, A. J. (1981). The analysis of categorical data from complex sample surveys: chi-squared tests of goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76:221-230.
29. Ream, G. L., Geoffrey, Johnson, B. D., Sifaneck, S., Dunlap, E. (2006). Distinguishing blunt users from joint users: A comparison of marijuana use subcultures. In S. Cole (Ed.), Street Drugs: New Research (pp. 245-273). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
30. Shiffman, S., Waters, A., Hickcox, M. (2004). The nicotine dependence syndrome scale: a multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6(2):327-348.
31. Sifaneck, S. J., Johnson, B. D., Dunlap, E. (2005). Cigars-for-blunts: choice of tobacco products by blunt smokers. Journal of Ethnicity Substance Abuse, 4(3-4):23-42.
32. Soldz, S., Huyser, D. J., Dorsey, E. (2003). The cigar as a drug delivery device: Youth use of blunts. Addiction, 98(10):1379-1386.
33. StataCorp. (2005). Stata statistical software. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
34. Timberlake, D. S., Haberstick, B. C., Hopfer, C. J., Bricker, J., Sakai, J. T., Lessem, J. M., et al. (2007). Progression from marijuana use to daily smoking and nicotine dependence in a national sample of U.S. adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend, 88(2-3):272-281.