Vegetated land cover near residence is associated with reduced allostatic load and improved biomarkers of neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune functions

Environmental Research

Volumn 158, Issue , 2017, Pages 508-521

  Egorov, Andrey I ^a   Griffin, Shannon M ^b   Converse, Reagan R ^c   Styles, Jennifer N ^a,b   Sams, Elizabeth A ^a   Wilson, Anthony ^b   Jackson, Laura E ^a   Wade, Timothy J ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

Allostatic load; Chronic stress; Depression; Green space; Health effect biomarkers

Indexed keywords

AMYLASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DOPAMINE; EPINEPHRINE; FIBRINOGEN; INTERLEUKIN 8; NORADRENALIN; PRASTERONE; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ANATOMY; BIOMARKER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DEMOGRAPHY; DIABETES; GREENSPACE; HORMONE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LAND COVER; MENTAL HEALTH; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SALIVA; SERUM; SMOOTHING;

ADULT; AGE; ALLERGY; ALLOSTASIS; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BLOOD SAMPLING; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HOME; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; MALE; METABOLISM; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NORTH CAROLINA; OBESITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESIDENTIAL AREA; SALIVA ANALYSIS; TREE; VEGETATION; AGED; BASAL METABOLIC RATE; BLOOD; DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENT; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROSECRETION; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

CHAPEL HILL; DURHAM [NORTH CAROLINA]; NORTH CAROLINA; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALLOSTASIS; BASAL METABOLISM; BIOMARKERS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; NORTH CAROLINA; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85022188905     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.009     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Alcock, I., White, M.P., Wheeler, B.W., Fleming, L.E., Depledge, M.H., Longitudinal effects on mental health of moving to greener and less green urban areas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (2014), 1247–1255.
2. Ambade, V., Arora, M., Singh, P., Somani, B., Basannar, D., Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine level estimation in depression: does it help?. Med. J. Armed Forces India 65 (2009), 216–220.
3. Aspinall, P., Mavros, P., Coyne, R., Roe, J., The urban brain: analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile eeg. Br. J. Sports Med. 49 (2015), 272–276.
4. Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Kolt, G.S., Mental health benefits of neighbourhood green space are stronger among physically active adults in middle-to-older age: evidence from 260,061 australians. Prev. Med. 57 (2013), 601–606.
5. Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X., Kolt, G.S., Is neighborhood green space associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes? Evidence from 267,072 australians. Diabetes Care 37 (2014), 197–201.
6. Baek, J., Sanchez, B.N., Berrocal, V.J., Sanchez-Vaznaugh, E.V., Distributed lag models: examining associations between the built environment and health. Epidemiology 27 (2016), 116–124.
7. Barazzoni, R., Zanetti, M., Davanzo, G., Kiwanuka, E., Carraro, P., Tiengo, A., et al. Increased fibrinogen production in type 2 diabetic patients without detectable vascular complications: correlation with plasma glucagon concentrations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (2000), 3121–3125.
8. Barron, E., Lara, J., White, M., Mathers, J.C., Blood-borne biomarkers of mortality risk: systematic review of cohort studies. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0127550.
9. Beyer, K.M., Kaltenbach, A., Szabo, A., Bogar, S., Nieto, F.J., Malecki, K.M., Exposure to neighborhood green space and mental health: evidence from the survey of the health of wisconsin. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11 (2014), 3453–3472.
10. Bind, M.A., Baccarelli, A., Zanobetti, A., Tarantini, L., Suh, H., Vokonas, P., et al. Air pollution and markers of coagulation, inflammation, and endothelial function: associations and epigene-environment interactions in an elderly cohort. Epidemiology 23 (2012), 332–340.
11. Bind, M.A., Peters, A., Koutrakis, P., Coull, B., Vokonas, P., Schwartz, J., Quantile regression analysis of the distributional effects of air pollution on blood pressure, heart rate variability, blood lipids, and biomarkers of inflammation in elderly american men: the normative aging study. Environ. Health Perspect. 124 (2016), 1189–1198.
12. Borrell, L.N., Dallo, F.J., Nguyen, N., Racial/ethnic disparities in all-cause mortality in u.S. Adults: the effect of allostatic load. Public Health Rep. 125 (2010), 810–816.
13. Brantley, H.L., Hagler, G.S., Deshmukh, P.J., Baldauf, R.W., Field assessment of the effects of roadside vegetation on near-road black carbon and particulate matter. Sci. Total Environ. 468–469 (2014), 120–129.
14. Cavusoglu, E., Marmur, J.D., Yanamadala, S., Chopra, V., Hegde, S., Nazli, A., et al. Elevated baseline plasma il-8 levels are an independent predictor of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Atherosclerosis 242 (2015), 589–594.
15. Chesney, E., Goodwin, G.M., Fazel, S., Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review. World Psychiatry.: Off. J. World Psychiatr. Assoc. 13 (2014), 153–160.
16. Clark, M.S., Bond, M.J., Hecker, J.R., Environmental stress, psychological stress and allostatic load. Psychol., Health Med. 12 (2007), 18–30.
17. Clatworthy, J., Hinds, J., M., Camic, P., Gardening as a mental health intervention: a review. Ment. Health Rev. J. 18 (2013), 214–225.
18. Clements, M.S., Armstrong, B.K., Moolgavkar, S.H., Lung cancer rate predictions using generalized additive models. Biostatistics 6 (2005), 576–589.
19. Cohen, A.A., Milot, E., Yong, J., Seplaki, C.L., Fülöp, T., Bandeen-Roche, K., et al. A novel statistical approach shows evidence for multi-system physiological dysregulation during aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 134 (2013), 110–117.
20. Cohen, A.A., Milot, E., Li, Q., Legault, V., Fried, L.P., Ferrucci, L., Cross-population validation of statistical distance as a measure of physiological dysregulation during aging. Exp. Gerontol. 57 (2014), 203–210.
21. Cohen, A.A., Li, Q., Milot, E., Leroux, M., Faucher, S., Morissette-Thomas, V., et al. Statistical distance as a measure of physiological dysregulation is largely robust to variation in its biomarker composition. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0122541.
22. Cozma, S., Dima-Cozma, L.C., Ghiciuc, C.M., Pasquali, V., Saponaro, A., Patacchioli, F.R., Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: subclinical indicators of stress as cardiometabolic risk. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. = Rev. Bras. De. Pesqui. Med. e Biol., 50, 2017, e5577.
23. Dadvand, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Esnaola, M., Forns, J., Basagana, X., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., et al. Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112 (2015), 7937–7942.
24. Dadvand, P., Bartoll, X., Basagana, X., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Martinez, D., Ambros, A., et al. Green spaces and general health: roles of mental health status, social support, and physical activity. Environ. Int. 91 (2016), 161–167.
25. Dehghan, A., van Hoek, M., Sijbrands, E.J., Hofman, A., Witteman, J.C., High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 31 (2008), 361–362.
26. Demerath, E., Towne, B., Blangero, J., Siervogel, R.M., The relationship of soluble icam-1, vcam-1, p-selectin and e-selectin to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy men and women. Ann. Human. Biol. 28 (2001), 664–678.
27. Dormann, C., McPherson, J., Araújo, M., Bivand, R., Bolliger, J., Carl, G., et al. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. Ecography 30 (2007), 609–628.
28. Dunlop, B.W., Nemeroff, C.B., The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch. General. Psychiatry 64 (2007), 327–337.
29. Dzhambov, A.M., Dimitrova, D.D., Dimitrakova, E.D., Association between residential greenness and birth weight: systematic review and meta-analysis. Urban For. Urban Green. 13 (2014), 621–629.
30. Egorov, A.I., Naumova, E.N., Tereschenko, A.A., Kislitsin, V.A., Ford, T.E., Daily variations in effluent water turbidity and diarrhoeal illness in a russian city. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 13 (2003), 81–94.
31. Evrin, P.E., Nilsson, S.E., Oberg, T., Malmberg, B., Serum c-reactive protein in elderly men and women: association with mortality, morbidity and various biochemical values. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 65 (2005), 23–31.
32. Fuertes, E., Markevych, I., von Berg, A., Bauer, C.P., Berdel, D., Koletzko, S., et al. Greenness and allergies: evidence of differential associations in two areas in germany. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 68 (2014), 787–790.
33. Fuertes, E., Markevych, I., Bowatte, G., Gruzieva, O., Gehring, U., Becker, A., et al. Residential greenness is differentially associated with childhood allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization in seven birth cohorts. Allergy 71 (2016), 1461–1471.
34. Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Martinez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., Plasencia, A., et al. Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12 (2015), 4354–4379.
35. Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Martinez, D., Dadvand, P., Rojas-Rueda, D., Plasencia, A., et al. Residential green spaces and mortality: a systematic review. Environ. Int. 86 (2016), 60–67.
36. Goshen, I., Yirmiya, R., Interleukin-1 (il-1): a central regulator of stress responses. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 30 (2009), 30–45.
37. Gu, H.F., Ma, J., Gu, K.T., Brismar, K., Association of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (icam1) with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Front. Endocrinol., 3, 2012, 179.
38. Gu, S., Wang, W., Wang, F., Huang, J.H., Neuromodulator and emotion biomarker for stress induced mental disorders. Neural Plast., 2016, 2016, 2609128.
39. Haapakoski, R., Mathieu, J., Ebmeier, K.P., Alenius, H., Kivimaki, M., Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha and c-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain, Behav., Immun. 49 (2015), 206–215.
40. Hajat, A., Allison, M., Diez-Roux, A.V., Jenny, N.S., Jorgensen, N.W., Szpiro, A.A., et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and markers of inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial activation: a repeat-measures analysis in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (mesa). Epidemiology 26 (2015), 310–320.
41. Haluza, D., Schonbauer, R., Cervinka, R., Green perspectives for public health: a narrative review on the physiological effects of experiencing outdoor nature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11 (2014), 5445–5461.
42. Hansen, A.M., Lund, R., Bruunsgaard, H., Rod, N.H., Garde, A.H., Molbo, D., et al. Social gradient in allostatic load among danish men and women in late midlife. J. Aging Health 26 (2014), 72–87.
43. Hanski, I., von Hertzen, L., Fyhrquist, N., Koskinen, K., Torppa, K., Laatikainen, T., et al. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 (2012), 8334–8339.
44. Hansson, G.K., Hermansson, A., The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat. Immunol. 12 (2011), 204–212.
45. Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., De Vries, S., Frumkin, H., Nature and health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 35 (2014), 207–228.
46. Hwang, A.C., Peng, L.N., Wen, Y.W., Tsai, Y.W., Chang, L.C., Chiou, S.T., et al. Predicting all-cause and cause-specific mortality by static and dynamic measurements of allostatic load: a 10-year population-based cohort study in taiwan. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 15 (2014), 490–496.
47. James, P., Hart, J.E., Banay, R.F., Laden, F., Exposure to greenness and mortality in a nationwide prospective cohort study of women. Environ. Health Perspect. 124 (2016), 1344–1352.
48. Jimenez-Fernandez, S., Gurpegui, M., Diaz-Atienza, F., Perez-Costillas, L., Gerstenberg, M., Correll, C.U., Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatment: results from a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychiatry 76 (2015), 1658–1667.
49. Johnson, B.D., Kip, K.E., Marroquin, O.C., Ridker, P.M., Kelsey, S.F., Shaw, L.J., et al. Serum amyloid a as a predictor of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcome in women: the national heart, lung, and blood institute-sponsored women's ischemia syndrome evaluation (wise). Circulation 109 (2004), 726–732.
50. Jung, C.C., Liang, H.H., Lee, H.L., Hsu, N.Y., Su, H.J., Allostatic load model associated with indoor environmental quality and sick building syndrome among office workers. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e95791.
51. Juster, R.P., McEwen, B.S., Lupien, S.J., Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35 (2010), 2–16.
52. Juster, R.P., Sindi, S., Marin, M.F., Perna, A., Hashemi, A., Pruessner, J.C., et al. A clinical allostatic load index is associated with burnout symptoms and hypocortisolemic profiles in healthy workers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36 (2011), 797–805.
53. Kaptoge, S., Di Angelantonio, E., Pennells, L., Wood, A.M., White, I.R., Gao, P., et al. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. New Engl. J. Med. 367 (2012), 1310–1320.
54. Kapur, S., Mann, J.J., Role of the dopaminergic system in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 32 (1992), 1–17.
55. Karlamangla, A.S., Miller-Martinez, D., Lachman, M.E., Tun, P.A., Koretz, B.K., Seeman, T.E., Biological correlates of adult cognition: midlife in the united states (midus). Neurobiol. Aging 35 (2014), 387–394.
56. Koenig, W., Sund, M., Frohlich, M., Fischer, H.G., Lowel, H., Doring, A., et al. C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the monica (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) augsburg cohort study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 99 (1999), 237–242.
57. Kunutsor, S.K., Kurl, S., Zaccardi, F., Laukkanen, J.A., Baseline and long-term fibrinogen levels and risk of sudden cardiac death: a new prospective study and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 245 (2016), 171–180.
58. Laursen, T.M., Musliner, K.L., Benros, M.E., Vestergaard, M., Munk-Olsen, T., Mortality and life expectancy in persons with severe unipolar depression. J. Affect. Disord. 193 (2016), 203–207.
59. Lovasi, G.S., O'Neil-Dunne, J.P., Lu, J.W., Sheehan, D., Perzanowski, M.S., Macfaden, S.W., et al. Urban tree canopy and asthma, wheeze, rhinitis, and allergic sensitization to tree pollen in a new york city birth cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 121 (2013), 494–500.
60. Lowry, C.A., Smith, D.G., Siebler, P.H., Schmidt, D., Stamper, C.E., Hassell, J.E. Jr., et al. The microbiota, immunoregulation, and mental health: implications for public health. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 3 (2016), 270–286.
61. Luscher, T.F., Landmesser, U., von Eckardstein, A., Fogelman, A.M., High-density lipoprotein: vascular protective effects, dysfunction, and potential as therapeutic target. Circ. Res. 114 (2014), 171–182.
62. Maninger, N., Wolkowitz, O.M., Reus, V.I., Epel, E.S., Mellon, S.H., Neurobiological and neuropsychiatric effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) and dhea sulfate (dheas). Front. Neuroendocrinol. 30 (2009), 65–91.
63. Marzi, C., Huth, C., Herder, C., Baumert, J., Thorand, B., Rathmann, W., et al. Acute-phase serum amyloid a protein and its implication in the development of type 2 diabetes in the kora s4/f4 study. Diabetes Care 36 (2013), 1321–1326.
64. McEwen, B.S., Stellar, E., Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 153 (1993), 2093–2101.
65. McEwen, B.S., Sex, stress and the hippocampus: allostasis, allostatic load and the aging process. Neurobiol. Aging 23 (2002), 921–939.
66. McEwen, B.S., Biomarkers for assessing population and individual health and disease related to stress and adaptation. Metab.: Clin. Exp. 64 (2015), S2–S10.
67. Mhuireach, G., Johnson, B.R., Altrichter, A.E., Ladau, J., Meadow, J.F., Pollard, K.S., et al. Urban greenness influences airborne bacterial community composition. Sci. Total Environ. 571 (2016), 680–687.
68. Milot, E., Morissette-Thomas, V., Li, Q., Fried, L.P., Ferrucci, L., Cohen, A.A., Trajectories of physiological dysregulation predicts mortality and health outcomes in a consistent manner across three populations. Mech. Ageing Dev. 141–142 (2014), 56–63.
69. Moret, C., Briley, M., The importance of norepinephrine in depression. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 7 (2011), 9–13.
70. Nater, U.M., Rohleder, N., Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 (2009), 486–496.
71. Naumova, E.N., Macneill, I.B., Time-distributed effect of exposure and infectious outbreaks. Environmetrics 20 (2008), 235–248.
72. Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Khreis, H., Triguero-Mas, M., Gascon, M., Dadvand, P., Fifty shades of green: pathway to healthy urban living. Epidemiology 28 (2017), 63–71.
73. Ohlsson, C., Labrie, F., Barrett-Connor, E., Karlsson, M.K., Ljunggren, O., Vandenput, L., et al. Low serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly swedish men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95 (2010), 4406–4414.
74. Ohlsson, C., Vandenput, L., Tivesten, A., Dhea and mortality: what is the nature of the association?. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 145 (2015), 248–253.
75. Petrovic, D., Pivin, E., Ponte, B., Dhayat, N., Pruijm, M., Ehret, G., et al. Sociodemographic, behavioral and genetic determinants of allostatic load in a swiss population-based study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 67 (2016), 76–85.
76. Pickard, B.R., Daniel, J., Mehaffey, M., Jackson, L.E., Neale, A., Enviroatlas: a new geospatial tool to foster ecosystem services science and resource management. Ecosyst. Serv. 14 (2015), 45–55.
77. Pope, D., Tisdall, R., Middleton, J., Verma, A., van Ameijden, E., Birt, C., et al. Quality of and access to green space in relation to psychological distress: results from a population-based cross-sectional study as part of the euro-urhis 2 project. Eur. J. Public Health, 2015.
78. Reber, S.O., Siebler, P.H., Donner, N.C., Morton, J.T., Smith, D.G., Kopelman, J.M., et al. Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the environmental bacterium mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 (2016), E3130–E3139.
79. Reklaitiene, R., Grazuleviciene, R., Dedele, A., Virviciute, D., Vensloviene, J., Tamosiunas, A., et al. The relationship of green space, depressive symptoms and perceived general health in urban population. Scand. J. Public Health 42 (2014), 669–676.
80. Robinette, J.W., Charles, S.T., Almeida, D.M., Gruenewald, T.L., Neighborhood features and physiological risk: an examination of allostatic load. Health Place 41 (2016), 110–118.
81. Roe, J.J., Thompson, C.W., Aspinall, P.A., Brewer, M.J., Duff, E.I., Miller, D., et al. Green space and stress: evidence from cortisol measures in deprived urban communities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10 (2013), 4086–4103.
82. Schnabel, R.B., Yin, X., Larson, M.G., Yamamoto, J.F., Fontes, J.D., Kathiresan, S., et al. Multiple inflammatory biomarkers in relation to cardiovascular events and mortality in the community. Arterioscler., Thromb., Vasc. Biol. 33 (2013), 1728–1733.
83. Seeman, T.E., Singer, B.H., Rowe, J.W., Horwitz, R.I., McEwen, B.S., Price of adaptation–allostatic load and its health consequences. Macarthur studies of successful aging. Arch. Intern. Med. 157 (1997), 2259–2268.
84. Tamosiunas, A., Grazuleviciene, R., Luksiene, D., Dedele, A., Reklaitiene, R., Baceviciene, M., et al. Accessibility and use of urban green spaces, and cardiovascular health: findings from a kaunas cohort study. Environ. Health.: Glob. Access Sci. Source, 13, 2014, 20.
85. Taylor, M.S., Wheeler, B.W., White, M.P., Economou, T., Osborne, N.J., Research note: urban street tree density and antidepressant prescription rates—a cross-sectional study in london, uk. Landsc. Urban Plan. 136 (2015), 174–179.
86. Thompson, C.W., Roe, J., Aspinall, P., Mitchell, R., Clow, A., Miller, D., More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: evidence from salivary cortisol patterns. Landsc. Urban Plan. 105 (2012), 221–229.
87. Tivesten, A., Vandenput, L., Carlzon, D., Nilsson, M., Karlsson, M.K., Ljunggren, O., et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate predict the 5-year risk of coronary heart disease events in elderly men. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 64 (2014), 1801–1810.
88. Tong, Z., Baldauf, R.W., Isakov, V., Deshmukh, P., Zhang, K.M., Roadside vegetation barrier designs to mitigate near-road air pollution impacts. Sci. Total Environ. 541 (2016), 920–927.
89. Tousoulis, D., Papageorgiou, N., Androulakis, E., Siasos, G., Latsios, G., Tentolouris, K., et al. Diabetes mellitus-associated vascular impairment: novel circulating biomarkers and therapeutic approaches. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 62 (2013), 667–676.
90. Triguero-Mas, M., Dadvand, P., Cirach, M., Martinez, D., Medina, A., Mompart, A., et al. Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: relationships and mechanisms. Environ. Int. 77 (2015), 35–41.
91. Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R.F., Losito, B.D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M.A., Zelson, M., Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 11 (1991), 201–230.
92. Van Den Berg, A.E., Custers, M.H., Gardening promotes neuroendocrine and affective restoration from stress. J. Health Psychol., 2010.
93. Villeneuve, P.J., Jerrett, M., Su, J.G., Burnett, R.T., Chen, H., Wheeler, A.J., et al. A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in ontario, canada. Environ. Res. 115 (2012), 51–58.
94. Walker, E.R., McGee, R.E., Druss, B.G., Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 72 (2015), 334–341.
95. Webster, T., Vieira, V., Weinberg, J., Aschengrau, A., Method for mapping population-based case-control studies: an application using generalized additive models. Int. J. Health Geogr., 5, 2006, 26.
96. WHO. 2016. Urban green spaces and health - a review of evidence. Copenhagen:World Health Organization.
97. Wilson E.O., 1984. Biophilia:Harvard University Press.
98. Yufu, K., Okada, N., Ebata, Y., Murozono, Y., Shinohara, T., Nakagawa, M., et al. Plasma norepinephrine is an independent predictor of adverse cerebral and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients without structural heart disease. J. Cardiol. 64 (2014), 225–230.
99. Zakynthinos, E., Pappa, N., Inflammatory biomarkers in coronary artery disease. J. Cardiol. 53 (2009), 317–333.
100. Zamani, P., Schwartz, G.G., Olsson, A.G., Rifai, N., Bao, W., Libby, P., et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, death, and recurrent nonfatal coronary events after an acute coronary syndrome in the miracl study. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2, 2013, e003103.
101. Zengin, E., Bickel, C., Schnabel, R.B., Zeller, T., Lackner, K.J., Rupprecht, H.J., et al. Risk factors of coronary artery disease in secondary prevention–results from the atherogene–study. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0131434.
102. Zewinger, S., Drechsler, C., Kleber, M.E., Dressel, A., Riffel, J., Triem, S., et al. Serum amyloid a: high-density lipoproteins interaction and cardiovascular risk. Eur. Heart J. 36 (2015), 3007–3016.