Measles

The Lancet

Volumn 390, Issue 10111, 2017, Pages 2490-2502

  Moss, William J ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEASLES RUBELLA VACCINE; MEASLES VACCINE;

BLINDNESS; CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME; DISEASE BURDEN; DISEASE CLEARANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; MEASLES; MEASLES VACCINATION; MEASLES VIRUS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PNEUMONIA; POINT OF CARE TESTING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RUBELLA; DISEASE ERADICATION; GLOBAL HEALTH; METABOLISM;

DISEASE ERADICATION; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMANS; MEASLES; MEASLES VACCINE; MEASLES VIRUS;

EID: 85021425116     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31463-0     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Nambulli, S, Sharp, CR, Acciardo, AS, Drexler, JF, Duprex, WP, Mapping the evolutionary trajectories of morbilliviruses: what, where and whither. Curr Opin Virol 16 (2016), 95–105.
2. Black, FL, Measles endemicity in insular populations: critical community size and its evolutionary implication. J Theor Biol 11 (1966), 207–211.
3. Keeling, MJ, Grenfell, BT, Disease extinction and community size: modeling the persistence of measles. Science 275 (1997), 65–67.
4. Meeting of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication, November 2015. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 91 (2016), 61–71.
5. Moss, WJ, Strebel, P, Biological feasibility of measles eradication. J Infect Dis 204 (2011), S47–S53.
6. Moss, WJ, Griffin, DE, Measles. Lancet 379 (2012), 153–164.
7. Shanks, GD, Waller, M, Briem, H, Gottfredsson, M, Age-specific measles mortality during the late 19th-early 20th centuries. Epidemiol Infect 143 (2015), 3434–3441.
8. Mulders, MN, Rota, PA, Icenogle, JP, et al. Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network Support for Elimination Goals, 2010–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65 (2016), 438–442.
9. Patel, MK, Gacic-Dobo, M, Strebel, PM, et al. Progress toward regional measles elimination—worldwide, 2000–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65 (2016), 1228–1233.
10. Simons, E, Ferrari, M, Fricks, J, et al. Assessment of the 2010 global measles mortality reduction goal: results from a model of surveillance data. Lancet 379 (2012), 2173–2178.
11. Liu, L, Oza, S, Hogan, D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 385 (2015), 430–440.
12. McLean, AR, Anderson, RM, Measles in developing countries. Part I. Epidemiological parameters and patterns. Epidemiol Infect 100 (1988), 111–133.
13. McLean, AR, Anderson, RM, Measles in developing countries. Part II. The predicted impact of mass vaccination. Epidemiol Infect 100 (1988), 419–442.
14. Ferrari, MJ, Grenfell, BT, Strebel, PM, Think globally, act locally: the role of local demographics and vaccination coverage in the dynamic response of measles infection to control. Phill Trans Royal Soc London B, 368, 2013, 20120141.
15. Remington, PL, Hall, WN, Davis, IH, Herald, A, Gunn, RA, Airborne transmission of measles in a physician's office. JAMA 253 (1985), 1574–1577.
16. Hope, K, Boyd, R, Conaty, S, Maywood, P, Measles transmission in health care waiting rooms: implications for public health response. West Pacific Surv Resp J 3 (2012), 33–38.
17. Sartwell, PE, The incubation period and the dynamics of infectious disease. Am J Epidemiol 83 (1966), 204–206.
18. Lessler, J, Reich, NG, Brookmeyer, R, Perl, TM, Nelson, KE, Cummings, DA, Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 9 (2009), 291–300.
19. Fitzgerald, TL, Durrheim, DN, Merritt, TD, Birch, C, Tran, T, Measles with a possible 23 day incubation period. Commun Dis Intel Quart Report 36 (2012), E277–E280.
20. Riddell, MA, Moss, WJ, Hauer, D, Monze, M, Griffin, DE, Slow clearance of measles virus RNA after acute infection. J Clin Virol 39 (2007), 312–317.
21. Fill, MM, Sweat, D, Morrow, H, et al. Notes from the field: measles outbreak of unknown source - Shelby County, Tennessee, April–May 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65 (2016), 1039–1040.
22. Dietz, K, The estimation of the basic reproduction number for infectious diseases. Stat Method Med Res 2 (1993), 23–41.
23. Anderson, R MR, Infectious Diseases of Humans, 1991, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
24. Wallinga, J, Heijne, JC, Kretzschmar, M, A measles epidemic threshold in a highly vaccinated population. PLoS Med, 2, 2005, e316.
25. Jones-Engel, L, Engel, GA, Schillaci, MA, et al. Considering human-primate transmission of measles virus through the prism of risk analysis. Am J Primatol 68 (2006), 868–879.
26. Fine, PE, Clarkson, JA, Measles in England and Wales—I: An analysis of factors underlying seasonal patterns. Int J Epidemiol 11 (1982), 5–14.
27. Ferrari, MJ, Grais, RF, Bharti, N, et al. The dynamics of measles in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature 451 (2008), 679–684.
28. Albrecht, P, Ennis, FA, Saltzman, EJ, Krugman, S, Persistence of maternal antibody in infants beyond 12 months: mechanism of measles vaccine failure. J Pediatr 91 (1977), 715–718.
29. Leuridan, E, Hens, N, Hutse, V, Ieven, M, Aerts, M, Van Damme, P, Early waning of maternal measles antibodies in era of measles elimination: longitudinal study. BMJ, 340, 2010, 1626.
30. Waaijenborg, S, Hahne, SJ, Mollema, L, et al. Waning of maternal antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in communities with contrasting vaccination coverage. J Infect Dis 208 (2013), 10–16.
31. Durrheim, DN, Crowcroft, NS, Strebel, PM, Measles—the epidemiology of elimination. Vaccine 32 (2014), 6880–6883.
32. Sugerman, DE, Barskey, AE, Delea, MG, et al. Measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population, San Diego, 2008: role of the intentionally undervaccinated. Pediatrics 125 (2010), 747–755.
33. Phadke, VK, Bednarczyk, RA, Salmon, DA, Omer, SB, Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States: A review of measles and pertussis. JAMA 315 (2016), 1149–1158.
34. De Serres, G, Boulianne, N, Defay, F, et al. Higher risk of measles when the first dose of a 2-dose schedule of measles vaccine is given at 12-14 months versus 15 months of age. Clin Infect Dis 55 (2012), 394–402.
35. Defay, F, De Serres, G, Skowronski, DM, et al. Measles in children vaccinated with 2 doses of MMR. Pediatrics 132 (2013), e1126–e1133.
36. Tatsuo, H, Ono, N, Tanaka, K, Yanagi, Y, SLAM (CDw150) is a cellular receptor for measles virus. Nature 406 (2000), 893–897.
37. Muhlebach, MD, Mateo, M, Sinn, PL, et al. Adherens junction protein nectin-4 is the epithelial receptor for measles virus. Nature 480 (2011), 530–553.
38. Tahara, M, Ohno, S, Sakai, K, et al. The receptor-binding site of the measles virus hemagglutinin protein itself constitutes a conserved neutralizing epitope. J Virol 87 (2013), 3583–3586.
39. Plattet, P, Alves, L, Herren, M, Aguilar, HC, Measles virus fusion protein: structure, function and inhibition. Viruses, 8, 2016, 112.
40. WHO. Measles virus nomenclature update: 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 87 (2012), 73–81.
41. Mulders, MN, Truong, AT, Muller, CP, Monitoring of measles elimination using molecular epidemiology. Vaccine 19 (2001), 2245–2249.
42. Moss, WJ, Scott, S, Ndhlovu, Z, et al. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load during acute measles. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28 (2009), 63–65.
43. Perry, RT, Murray, JS, Gacic-Dobo, M, et al. Progress toward regional measles elimination—worldwide, 2000–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64 (2015), 1246–1251.
44. Penedos, AR, Myers, R, Hadef, B, Aladin, F, Brown, KE, Assessment of the utility of whole genome sequencing of measles virus in the characterisation of outbreaks. PloS One, 10, 2015, e0143081.
45. Gardy, JL, Naus, M, Amlani, A, et al. Whole-genome sequencing of measles virus genotypes H1 and D8 during outbreaks of infection following the 2010 Olympic Winter Games reveals viral transmission routes. J Infect Dis 212 (2015), 1574–1578.
46. Beaty, SM, Lee, B, Constraints on the genetic and antigenic variability of measles virus. Viruses, 8, 2016, 109.
47. Enders, JF, Peebles, TC, Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 86 (1954), 277–286.
48. Fulton, BO, Sachs, D, Beaty, SM, et al. Mutational analysis of measles virus suggests constraints on antigenic variation of the glycoproteins. Cell Reports 11 (2015), 1331–1338.
49. de Swart, RL, Ludlow, M, de Witte, L, et al. Predominant infection of CD150+ lymphocytes and dendritic cells during measles virus infection of macaques. PLoS Pathog, 3, 2007, e178.
50. Ludlow, M, de Vries, RD, Lemon, K, et al. Infection of lymphoid tissues in the macaque upper respiratory tract contributes to the emergence of transmissible measles virus. J Gen Virol 94 (2013), 1933–1944.
51. Singh, BK, Li, N, Mark, AC, Mateo, M, Cattaneo, R, Sinn, PL, Cell-to-cell contact and nectin-4 govern spread of measles virus from primary human myeloid cells to primary human airway epithelial cells. J Virol 90 (2016), 6808–6817.
52. Ludlow, M, McQuaid, S, Milner, D, de Swart, RL, Duprex, WP, Pathological consequences of systemic measles virus infection. J Pathol 235 (2015), 253–265.
53. Leonard, VH, Sinn, PL, Hodge, G, et al. Measles virus blind to its epithelial cell receptor remains virulent in rhesus monkeys but cannot cross the airway epithelium and is not shed. J Clin Invest 118 (2008), 2448–2458.
54. de Vries, RD, Mesman, AW, Geijtenbeek, TB, Duprex, WP, de Swart, RL, The pathogenesis of measles. Curr Opin Virol 2 (2012), 248–255.
55. Lin, WH, Kouyos, RD, Adams, RJ, Grenfell, BT, Griffin, DE, Prolonged persistence of measles virus RNA is characteristic of primary infection dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109 (2012), 14989–14994.
56. Kimura, A, Tosaka, K, Nakao, T, Measles rash. I. Light and electron microscopic study of skin eruptions. Arch Virol 47 (1975), 295–307.
57. Nakatsu, Y, Takeda, M, Ohno, S, Shirogane, Y, Iwasaki, M, Yanagi, Y, Measles virus circumvents the host interferon response by different actions of the C and V proteins. J Virol 82 (2008), 8296–8306.
58. Bellini, WJ, Helfand, RF, The challenges and strategies for laboratory diagnosis of measles in an international setting. J Infect Dis 187 (2003), S283–S290.
59. Young, MK, Nimmo, GR, Cripps, AW, Jones, MA, Post-exposure passive immunisation for preventing measles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 2014 Cd010056.
60. Good, RA, Zak, SJ, Disturbances in gamma globulin synthesis as experiments of nature. Pediatrics 18 (1956), 109–149.
61. Permar, SR, Klumpp, SA, Mansfield, KG, et al. Role of CD8(+) lymphocytes in control and clearance of measles virus infection of rhesus monkeys. J Virol 77 (2003), 4396–4400.
62. Permar, SR, Klumpp, SA, Mansfield, KG, et al. Limited contribution of humoral immunity to the clearance of measles viremia in rhesus monkeys. J Infect Dis 190 (2004), 998–1005.
63. Griffin, DE, Ward, BJ, Jauregui, E, Johnson, RT, Vaisberg, A, Immune activation during measles: interferon-gamma and neopterin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in complicated and uncomplicated disease. J Infect Dis 161 (1990), 449–453.
64. Moss, WJ, Ryon, JJ, Monze, M, Griffin, DE, Differential regulation of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10 during measles in Zambian children. J Infect Dis 186 (2002), 879–887.
65. von Pirquet, C, Das Verhalten der kutanen Tuberkulin-reaktion während der Masern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 34 (1908), 1297–1300.
66. Griffin, DE, Measles virus-induced suppression of immune responses. Immunol Rev 236 (2010), 176–189.
67. Ryon, JJ, Moss, WJ, Monze, M, Griffin, DE, Functional and phenotypic changes in circulating lymphocytes from hospitalized Zambian children with measles. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 (2002), 994–1003.
68. de Vries, RD, McQuaid, S, van Amerongen, G, et al. Measles immune suppression: lessons from the macaque model. PLoS Pathog, 8, 2012, e1002885.
69. Abt, M, Gassert, E, Schneider-Schaulies, S, Measles virus modulates chemokine release and chemotactic responses of dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 90 (2009), 909–914.
70. de Vries, RD, de Swart, RL, Measles immune suppression: functional impairment or numbers game?. PLoS Pathog, 10, 2014, e1004482.
71. Tamashiro, VG, Perez, HH, Griffin, DE, Prospective study of the magnitude and duration of changes in tuberculin reactivity during uncomplicated and complicated measles. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6 (1987), 451–454.
72. Akramuzzaman, SM, Cutts, FT, Wheeler, JG, Hossain, MJ, Increased childhood morbidity after measles is short-term in urban Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 151 (2000), 723–735.
73. Mina, MJ, Metcalf, CJ, de Swart, RL, Osterhaus, AD, Grenfell, BT, Long-term measles-induced immunomodulation increases overall childhood infectious disease mortality. Science 348 (2015), 694–699.
74. Aaby, P, Assumptions and contradictions in measles and measles immunization research: is measles good for something?. Soc Sci Med 41 (1995), 673–686.
75. Do, VA, Biering-Sorensen, S, Fisker, AB, et al. Effect of an early dose of measles vaccine on morbidity between 18 weeks and 9 months of age: a randomized, controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau. J Infect Dis, 2017, 10.1093/infdis/jiw512 published online Jan 10.
76. Higgins, JP, Soares-Weiser, K, Lopez-Lopez, JA, et al. Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review. BMJ, 355, 2016, i5170.
77. Kandasamy, R, Voysey, M, McQuaid, F, et al. Non-specific immunological effects of selected routine childhood immunisations: systematic review. BMJ, 355, 2016, i5225.
78. Choe, YJ, Hu, JK, Song, KM, et al. Evaluation of an expanded case definition for vaccine-modified measles in a school outbreak in South Korea in 2010. Jpn J Infect Dis 65 (2012), 371–375.
79. Morley, D, Severe measles in the tropics. I. BMJ 1 (1969), 297–300.
80. Moss, WJ, Cutts, F, Griffin, DE, Implications of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic for control and eradication of measles. Clin Infect Dis 29 (1999), 106–112.
81. Hutchins, SS, Papania, MJ, Amler, R, et al. Evaluation of the measles clinical case definition. J Infect Dis 189 (2004), S153–S159.
82. Stevens, GA, Bennett, JE, Hennocq, Q, et al. Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys. Lancet Glob Health 3 (2015), e528–e536.
83. Perry, RT, Halsey, NA, The clinical significance of measles: a review. J Infect Dis 189 (2004), S4–16.
84. Enders, JF, Mc, CK, Mitus, A, Cheatham, WJ, Isolation of measles virus at autopsy in cases of giant-cell pneumonia without rash. N Engl J Med 261 (1959), 875–881.
85. Foster, A, Sommer, A, Childhood blindness from corneal ulceration in Africa: causes, prevention, and treatment. Bull World Health Organ 64 (1986), 619–623.
86. Ogbuanu, IU, Zeko, S, Chu, SY, et al. Maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes associated with measles during pregnancy: Namibia, 2009–2010. Clin Infect Dis 58 (2014), 1086–1092.
87. Griffin, DE, Measles virus and the nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol 123 (2014), 577–590.
88. Hardie, DR, Albertyn, C, Heckmann, JM, Smuts, HE, Molecular characterisation of virus in the brains of patients with measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE). Virol J, 10, 2013, 283.
89. Wendorf, KA, Winter, K, Zipprich, J, et al. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: the devastating measles complication is more common than we think. Clin Infect Dis, 2017, 10.1093/cid/cix302 published online April 6.
90. Campbell, H, Andrews, N, Brown, KE, Miller, E, Review of the effect of measles vaccination on the epidemiology of SSPE. Int J Epidemiol 36 (2007), 1334–1348.
91. Wolfson, LJ, Grais, RF, Luquero, FJ, Birmingham, ME, Strebel, PM, Estimates of measles case fatality ratios: a comprehensive review of community-based studies. Int J Epidemiol 38 (2009), 192–205.
92. Maltezou, HC, Wicker, S, Measles in health-care settings. Am J Infect Cont 41 (2013), 661–663.
93. Helfand, RF, Heath, JL, Anderson, LJ, Maes, EF, Guris, D, Bellini, WJ, Diagnosis of measles with an IgM capture EIA: the optimal timing of specimen collection after rash onset. J Infect Dis 175 (1997), 195–199.
94. Cohen, BJ, Doblas, D, Andrews, N, Comparison of plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) and measles virus-specific IgG ELISA for assessing immunogenicity of measles vaccination. Vaccine 26 (2008), 6392–6397.
95. Hayford, KT, Al-Emran, HM, Moss, WJ, Shomik, MS, Bishai, D, Levine, OS, Validation of an anti-measles virus-specific IgG assay with oral fluid samples for immunization surveillance in Bangladesh. J Virol Meth 193 (2013), 512–518.
96. Uzicanin, A, Lubega, I, Nanuynja, M, et al. Dried blood spots on filter paper as an alternative specimen for measles diagnostics: detection of measles immunoglobulin M antibody by a commercial enzyme immunoassay. J Infect Dis 204 (2011), S564–S569.
97. Warrener, L, Slibinskas, R, Chua, KB, et al. A point-of-care test for measles diagnosis: detection of measles-specific IgM antibodies and viral nucleic acid. Bull World Health Organ 89 (2011), 675–682.
98. Shonhai, A, Warrener, L, Mangwanya, D, et al. Investigation of a measles outbreak in Zimbabwe, 2010: potential of a point of care test to replace laboratory confirmation of suspected cases. Epidemiol Infect 143 (2015), 3442–3450.
99. WHO. Measles vaccines: WHO position paper—April 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 92 (2017), 205–227.
100. Huiming, Y, Chaomin, W, Meng, M, Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 2005 Cd001479.
101. Barnard, DL, Inhibitors of measles virus. Antiv Chem Chemother 15 (2004), 111–119.
102. Kabra, SK, Lodha, R, Antibiotics for preventing complications in children with measles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8, 2013 Cd001477.
103. Polack, FP, Hoffman, SJ, Crujeiras, G, Griffin, DE, A role for nonprotective complement-fixing antibodies with low avidity for measles virus in atypical measles. Nat Med 9 (2003), 1209–1213.
104. Fulginiti, VA, Eller, JJ, Downie, AW, Kempe, CH, Altered reactivity to measles virus. Atypical measles in children previously immunized with inactivated measles virus vaccines. JAMA 202 (1967), 1075–1080.
105. WHO. Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). Safety of high titre measles vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rev 67 (1992), 357–361.
106. Moss, WJ, Scott, S, The immunological basis for immunization serie. Module 7: Measles—Update 2009, 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva.
107. Gans, HA, Arvin, AM, Galinus, J, Logan, L, DeHovitz, R, Maldonado, Y, Deficiency of the humoral immune response to measles vaccine in infants immunized at age 6 months. JAMA 280 (1998), 527–532.
108. WHO. Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, October 2016—conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 91 (2016), 561–568.
109. WHO. Framework for verifying elimination of measles and rubella. Wkly Epidemiol Rev 88 (2013), 89–99.
110. Orenstein, WA, Seib, K, Beyond vertical and horizontal programs: a diagonal approach to building national immunization programs through measles elimination. Expert Rev Vaccine 15 (2016), 791–793.
111. Cutts, FT, Izurieta, HS, Rhoda, DA, Measuring coverage in MNCH: design, implementation, and interpretation challenges associated with tracking vaccination coverage using household surveys. PLoS Med, 10, 2013, e1001404.
112. Schuster, M, Eskola, J, Duclos, P, Review of vaccine hesitancy: Rationale, remit and methods. Vaccine 33 (2015), 4157–4160.
113. Jarrett, C, Wilson, R, O'Leary, M, Eckersberger, E, Larson, HJ, Strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy—a systematic review. Vaccine 33 (2015), 4180–4190.
114. Cochi, SL, Freeman, A, Guirguis, S, Jafari, H, Aylward, B, Global polio eradication initiative: lessons learned and legacy. J Infect Dis 210 (2014), S540–S546.
115. Edens, C, Collins, ML, Ayers, J, Rota, PA, Prausnitz, MR, Measles vaccination using a microneedle patch. Vaccine 31 (2013), 3403–3409.
116. Edens, C, Collins, ML, Goodson, JL, Rota, PA, Prausnitz, MR, A microneedle patch containing measles vaccine is immunogenic in non-human primates. Vaccine 33 (2015), 4712–4718.
117. Metcalf, CJ, Farrar, J, Cutts, FT, et al. Use of serological surveys to generate key insights into the changing global landscape of infectious disease. Lancet 388 (2016), 728–730.
118. Bogoch, II, Brady, OJ, Kraemer, MU, et al. Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet 387 (2016), 335–336.
119. Takahashi, S, Metcalf, CJ, Ferrari, MJ, et al. Reduced vaccination and the risk of measles and other childhood infections post-Ebola. Science 347 (2015), 1240–1242.
120. Ortega-Sanchez, IR, Vijayaraghavan, M, Barskey, AE, Wallace, GS, The economic burden of sixteen measles outbreaks on United States public health departments in 2011. Vaccine 32 (2014), 1311–1317.
121. Orenstein WA HA, Nkowane B, Olive JM, Reingold A. Measles and Rubella Global Strategic Plan 2012–2020. Mid-term review, 2016.