Post-infectious IBS, tropical sprue and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: The missing link

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 14, Issue 7, 2017, Pages 435-441

  Ghoshal, Uday C ^a   Gwee, Kok Ann ^b  

^a SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b Dept Medicine Endocrinol Diabet   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYANOCOBALAMIN; FOLIC ACID; RIFAXIMIN;

ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; BREATH ANALYSIS; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CASE STUDY; COLONY FORMING UNIT; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; GLUCOSE HYDROGEN BREATH TEST; HUMAN; IRRITABLE COLON; LACTULOSE HYDROGEN BREATH TEST; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; TROPICAL SPRUE; VALIDATION STUDY; ACUTE DISEASE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLIND LOOP SYNDROME; COMPLICATION; GASTROENTERITIS; MICROBIOLOGY; SMALL INTESTINE;

ACUTE DISEASE; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BLIND LOOP SYNDROME; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMANS; INTESTINE, SMALL; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; SPRUE, TROPICAL;

EID: 85021371474     PISSN: 17595045     EISSN: 17595053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.37     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Gwee, K. A., Lu, C. L., & Ghoshal, U. C. Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in Asia: something old, something new, something borrowed. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 24, 1601-1607 (2009).
2. Ghoshal, U. C., Park, H., & Gwee, K. A. Bugs and irritable bowel syndrome: the good, the bad and the ugly. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 25, 244-251 (2010).
3. Barbara, G., et al. The intestinal microenvironment and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 150, 1305-1318 (2016).
4. Drossman, D. A. in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders-Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (eds Drossman, D. A., et al.) 1-32 (Rome Foundation, 2016)
5. Drossman, D. A. in Rome IV multidimensional clinical profile for the functional gastrointestinal disorders 2nd edn (eds Drossman, D. A., et al.) (Rome Foundation, 2016).
6. Ghoshal, U. C., & Srivastava, D. Irritable bowel syndrome and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: meaningful association or unnecessary hype. World J. Gastroenterol. 20, 2482-2491 (2014).
7. Ghoshal, U. C., Srivastava, D., Verma, A., & Ghoshal, U. Tropical sprue in 2014: the new face of an old disease. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 16, 391 (2014).
8. Ghoshal, U. C., & Ranjan, P. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: the past, the present and the future. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26 (Suppl. 3), 94-101 (2011).
9. Posserud, I., Stotzer, P. O., Bjornsson, E. S., Abrahamsson, H., & Simren, M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 56, 802-808 (2007).
10. Kerckhoffs, A. P. et al. Critical evaluation of diagnosing bacterial overgrowth in the proximal small intestine. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42, 1095-1102 (2008).
11. Pyleris, E., et al. The prevalence of overgrowth by aerobic bacteria in the small intestine by small bowel culture: relationship with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sci. 57, 1321-1329 (2012).
12. Ghoshal, U. C., Srivastava, D., Ghoshal, U., & Misra, A. Breath tests in the diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in comparison with quantitative upper gut aspirate culture. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26, 753-760 (2014).
13. Erdogan, A., et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: duodenal aspiration versus glucose breath test. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 27, 481-489 (2015).
14. Pimentel, M., Chow, E. J., & Lin, H. C. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95, 3503-3506 (2000).
15. Nucera, G. et al. Abnormal breath tests to lactose, fructose and sorbitol in irritable bowel syndrome may be explained by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21, 1391-1395 (2005).
16. Walters, B., & Vanner, S. J. Detection of bacterial overgrowth in IBS using the lactulose H2 breath test: comparison with 14C D xylose and healthy controls. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100, 1566-1570 (2005).
17. Carrara, M., et al. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 12, 197-202 (2008).
18. Scarpellini, E., et al. Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study. J. Pediatr. 155, 416-420 (2009).
19. Mann, N. S., & Limoges-Gonzales, M. The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial vergrowth in irritable bowel syndrome. Hepatogastroenterology 56, 718-721 (2009).
20. Park, J. S. et al. Usefulness of lactulose breath test for the prediction of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome. Korean J. Gastroenterol. 56, 242-248 (in Korean) (2010).
21. Yu, D., Cheeseman, F., & Vanner, S. Combined oro caecal scintigraphy and lactulose hydrogen breath testing demonstrate that breath testing detects oro-caecal transit, not small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with IBS. Gut 60, 334-340 (2011).
22. Rana, S. V., Sharma, S., Kaur, J., Sinha, S. K., & Singh, K. Comparison of lactulose and glucose breath test for diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 85, 243-247 (2012).
23. Zhao, J., et al. A study of the methodological and clinical validity of the combined lactulose hydrogen breath test with scintigraphic oro-cecal transit test for diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in IBS patients. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 26, 794-802 (2014).
24. Lupascu, A., et al. Hydrogen glucose breath test to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a prevalence case-control study in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 1157-1160 (2005).
25. Cuoco, L., & Salvagnini, M. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: a retrospective study with rifaximin. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 52, 89-95 (2006).
26. Majewski, M., & McCallum, R. W. Results of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth testing in irritable bowel syndrome patients: clinical profiles and effects of antibiotic trial. Adv. Med. Sci. 52, 139-142 (2007).
27. Rana, S. V., Sinha, S. K., Sikander, A., Bhasin, D. K., & Singh, K. Study of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in North Indian patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a case control study. Trop. Gastroenterol. 29, 23-25 (2008).
28. Lombardo, L., Foti, M., Ruggia, O., & Chiecchio, A. Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 504-508 (2010).
29. Yakoob, J., et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and lactose intolerance contribute to irritable bowel syndrome symptomatology in Pakistan. Saudi J. Gastroenterol. 17, 371-375 (2011).
30. Sachdeva, S., Rawat, A. K., Reddy, R. S., & Puri, A. S. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in irritable bowel syndrome: frequency and predictors. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26 (Suppl. 3), 135-138 (2011).
31. Moraru, I. G., Portincasa, P., Moraru, A. G., Diculescu, M., & Dumitrascu, D. L. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth produces symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome which are improved by rifaximin. A pilot study. Rom. J. Intern. Med. 51, 143-147 (2013).
32. Moraru, I. G., et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is associated to symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Evidence from a multicentre study in Romania. Rom. J. Intern. Med. 52, 143-150 (2014).
33. Abbasi, M. H., Zahedi, M., Darvish Moghadam, S., Shafieipour, S., & Abbasi, M. H. B. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: the first study in Iran. Middle East J. Dig. Dis. 7, 36-40 (2014).
34. Ford, A. C., Spiegel, B. M., Talley, N. J., & Moayyedi, P. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-Analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 1279-1286 (2009).
35. Shah, E. D., Basseri, R. J., Chong, K., & Pimentel, M. Abnormal breath testing in IBS: a meta-Analysis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 55, 2441-2449 (2010).
36. Ghoshal, U. C., Srivastava, D., Misra, A., & Ghoshal, U. A proof of concept study showing antibiotics to be more effective in irritable bowel syndrome with than without small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 28, 281-289 (2016).
37. Shah, S. C., Day, L. W., Somsouk, M., & Sewell, J. L. Meta-Analysis: antibiotic therapy for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 38, 925-934 (2013).
38. Stewart, G. T. Post-dysenteric colitis. Br. Med. J. 18, 405-409 (1950).
39. Chaudhary, N. A., & Truelove, S. C. The irritable colon syndrome. A study of the clinical features, predisposing causes, and prognosis in 130 cases. Q. J. Med. 31, 307-322 (1962).
40. Gwee, K. A. et al. Psychometric scores and persistence of irritable bowel after infectious diarrhoea. Lancet 347, 150-153 (1996).
41. Neal, K. R., Hebden, J., & Spiller, R. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. BMJ 314, 779-782 (1997).
42. McKendrick, M. W., & Read, N. W. Irritable bowel syndrome-post salmonella infection. J. Infect. 29, 1-3 (1994).
43. Gwee, K. A., et al. The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut 44, 400-406 (1999).
44. Rodriguez, L. A., & Ruigomez, A. Increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome after bacterial gastroenteritis: cohort study. BMJ 318, 565-566 (1999).
45. Mearin, F., et al. Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome after a Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak: one-year follow up cohort study. Gastroenterology 129, 98-104 (2005).
46. Ilnyckyj, A., Balachandra, B., Elliott, L., Choudhri, S., & Duerksen, D. R. Post-Traveler's diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98, 596-599 (2003).
47. Dunlop, S. P., Jenkins, D., Neal, K. R., & Spiller, R. C. Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS. Gastroenterology 125, 1651-1659 (2003).
48. Parry, S. D. et al. Does bacterial gastroenteritis predispose people to functional gastrointestinal disorders? A prospective, community-based, case-control study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98, 1970-1975 (2003).
49. Wang, L. H., Fang, X. C., & Pan, G. Z. Bacillary dysentery as a causative factor of irritable bowel syndrome and its pathogenesis. Gut 53, 1096-1101 (2004).
50. Okhuysen, P. C., Jiang, Z. D., Carlin, L., Forbes, C., & DuPont, H. L. Post-diarrhea chronic intestinal symptoms and irritable bowel syndrome in North American travelers to Mexico. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 1774-1778 (2004).
51. Ji, S., et al. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Shigella infection. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 381-386 (2005).
52. Parry, S. D., Barton, J. R., & Welfare, M. R. Factors associated with the development of post-infectious functional gastrointestinal diseases: does smoking play a role? Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 1071-1075 (2005).
53. Kim, H. S., Kim, M. S., Ji, S. W., & Park, H. The development of irritable bowel syndrome after Shigella infection: 3 year follow up study. Korean J. Gastroenterol. 47, 300-305 (in Korean) (2006).
54. Marshall, J. K., et al. Incidence and epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome after a large waterborne outbreak of bacterial dysentery. Gastroenterology 131, 445-450 (2006).
55. Borgaonkar, M. R., Ford, D. C., Marshall, J. K., Churchill, E., & Collins, S. M. The incidence of irritable bowel syndrome among community subjects with previous acute enteric infection. Dig. Dis. Sci. 51, 1026-1032 (2006).
56. Stermer, E., Lubezky, A., Potasman, I., Paster, E., & Lavy, A. Is traveler's diarrhea a significant risk factor for the development of irritable bowel syndrome? A prospective study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43, 898-901 (2006).
57. Marshall, J. K., Thabane, M., Borgaonkar, M. R., & James, C. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome after a food-borne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis attributed to a viral pathogen. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 457-460 (2007).
58. Spence, M. J., & Moss-Morris, R. The cognitive behavioural model of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective investigation of patients with gastroenteritis. Gut 56, 1066-1071 (2007).
59. Hanevik, K., Dizdar, V., Langeland, N., & Hausken, T. Development of functional gastrointestinal disorders after Giardia lamblia infection. BMC Gastroenterol. 9, 27 (2009).
60. Zanini, B. et al. Incidence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional intestinal disorders following a water-borne viral gastroenteritis outbreak. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 891-899 (2012).
61. Cremon, C., et al. Salmonella gastroenteritis during childhood is a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome in adulthood. Gastroenterology 147, 69-77 (2014).
62. Persson, R., et al. The relationship between irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, chronic fatigue and overactive bladder syndrome: a controlled study 6 years after acute gastrointestinal infection. BMC Gastroenterol. 15, 66 (2015).
63. Wadhwa, A., et al. High risk of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 44, 576-582 (2016).
64. Schwille-Kiuntke, J., Mazurak, N., & Enck, P. Systematic review with meta-Analysis: post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome after travellers diarrhoea. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41, 1029-1037 (2015).
65. Dai, C., & Jiang, M. The incidence and risk factors of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-Analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 59, 67-72 (2012).
66. Thabane, M., Kottachchi, D. T., & Marshall, J. K. Systematic review and meta-Analysis: the incidence and prognosis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26, 535-544 (2007).
67. Halvorson, H. A., Schlett, C. D., & Riddle, M. S. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome-A meta-Analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 1894-1899 (2006).
68. Jung, I. S., Kim, H. S., Park, H., & Lee, S. I. The clinical course of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: a five-year follow up study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 43, 534-540 (2009).
69. Youn, Y. H., et al. Long-Term clinical course of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome after Shigellosis: a 10 year follow up study. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22, 490-496 (2016).
70. Mathan, V. I., & Baker, S. J. Epidemic tropical sprue and other epidemics of diarrhea in South Indian villages. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 21, 1077-1087 (1968).
71. Sheeby, T. W. Digestive disease as a national problem. VI. Enteric disease among United States troops in Vietnam. Gastroenterology 55, 105-112 (1968).
72. Girdwood, R. H. Fifty years after: some experiences of the medical care of prisoners of war. Scott. Med. J. 38, 120-124 (1968).
73. Kendall, M. J., & Bayley, T. J. Temperate sprue. Postgrad. Med. J. 47, 680-683 (1971).
74. Ghoshal, U. C. Is the ghost of tropical sprue re surfacing after its obituary? J. Assoc. Physicians India 59, 409-410 (2011).
75. Ghoshal, U. C., et al. Spectrum of malabsorption syndrome among adults & factors differentiating celiac disease & tropical malabsorption. Indian J. Med. Res. 136, 451-459 (2012).
76. Yadav, P., et al. Current spectrum of malabsorption syndrome in adults in India. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 30, 22-28 (2011).
77. Dutta, A. K., Balekuduru, A., & Chacko, A. Spectrum of malabsorption in India-Tropical sprue is still the leader. J. Assoc. Physicians India 59, 420-422 (2011).
78. McCarroll, M. G., Riddle, M. S., Gutierrez, R. L., & Porter, C. K. Infectious gastroenteritis as a risk factor for tropical sprue and malabsorption: a case-control study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 60, 3379-3385 (2015).
79. Kumar, S., et al. Abnormal small intestinal permeability in patients with idiopathic malabsorption in tropics (tropical sprue) does not change even after successful treatment. Dig. Dis. Sci. 56, 161-169 (2011).
80. Martinez, C., et al. Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: an organic disorder with structural abnormalities in the jejunal epithelial barrier. Gut 62, 1160-1168 (2013).
81. Mujagic, Z., et al. Small intestinal permeability is increased in diarrhoea predominant IBS, while alterations in gastroduodenal permeability in all IBS subtypes are largely attributable to confounders. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 40, 288-297 (2014).
82. Pimentel, M., et al. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 22-32 (2011).
83. Ghoshal, U. C., & Singh, R. Frequency and risk factors of functional gastro-intestinal disorders in a rural Indian population. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 32, 378-387 (2017).
84. Ghoshal, U. C., et al. Tropical sprue is associated with contamination of small bowel with aerobic bacteria and reversible prolongation of orocecal transit time. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 540-547 (2003).
85. Ghoshal, U. C., Kumar, S., Mehrotra, M., Lakshmi, C., & Misra, A. Frequency of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and chronic non-specific diarrhea. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 16, 40-46 (2003).
86. Andresen, V., et al. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI IBS) after infection with Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4: a cohort study with prospective follow up. United European Gastroenterol. J. 4, 121-131 (2016).