Tropical sprue in 2014: The new face of an old disease

Current Gastroenterology Reports

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2014, Pages

  Ghoshal, Uday C ^a   Srivastava, Deepakshi ^a   Verma, Abhai ^a   Ghoshal, Ujjala ^a  

^a SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Chronic diarrhea; Malabsorption; Malnutrition; Postinfectious IBS; Small bowel bacterial overgrowth; Syndrome

Indexed keywords

CYANOCOBALAMIN; FOLIC ACID; RIFAXIMIN; TETRACYCLINE;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; CLINICAL FEATURE; COLON DISEASE; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSBIOSIS; EPIDEMIC; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; INTESTINE MUCOSA; IRRITABLE COLON; MALNUTRITION; MORBIDITY; NEUROENDOCRINE DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; STEATORRHEA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TROPICAL SPRUE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; BACTERIA; COMPLICATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; GASTROENTERITIS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; MICROBIOLOGY; SMALL INTESTINE; SPRUE, TROPICAL;

BACTERIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMANS; INTESTINE, SMALL; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; SPRUE, TROPICAL;

EID: 84900562107     PISSN: 15228037     EISSN: 1534312X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11894-014-0391-3     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. •• Mathan VI, Baker SJ. Epidemic tropical sprue and other epidemics of diarrhea in South Indian villages. Am J Clin Nutr. 1968;21:1077-87.
2. .• Ranjan P, Ghoshal UC, Aggarwal R, Pandey R, Misra A, Naik S, et al. Etiological spectrum of sporadic malabsorption syndrome in northern Indian adults at a tertiary hospital. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004;23:94-8. (Pubitemid 38868677)
3. Yadav P, Das P, Mirdha BR, Gupta SD, Bhatnagar S, Pandey RM, et al. Current spectrum of malabsorption syndrome in adults in India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2011;30:22-8.
4. Dutta AK, Balekuduru A, Chacko A. Spectrum of malabsorption in India - tropical sprue is still the leader. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011;59:420-2.
5. •• Ghoshal UC, Mehrotra M, Kumar S, Ghoshal U, Krishnani N, Misra A, et al. Spectrum of malabsorption syndrome among adults and factors differentiating celiac disease and tropicalmalabsorption. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136:451-9.
6. Ayrey F. Outbreaks of sprue during the Burma Campaign. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1947;41:377-406.
7. • Lim ML. A perspective on tropical sprue. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2001;3:322-7.
8. Korpe PS, Petri Jr WA. Environmental enteropathy: critical implications of a poorly understood condition. Trends Mol Med. 2012;18:328-36.
9. Westergaard H. Tropical sprue. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2004;7:7-11. (Pubitemid 38923714)
10. Bhat P, Shantakumari S, Rajan D, Mathan VI, Kapadia CR, Swarnabai C, et al. Bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract in southern Indian control subjects and patients with tropical sprue. Gastroenterology. 1972;62:11-21.
11. Banwell JG, Gorbach SL, Mitra R, Cassells JS, Mazumder DN, Thomas J, et al. Tropical sprue and malnutrition in West Bengal. II. Fluid and electrolyte transport in the small intestine. Am J Clin Nutr. 1970;23:1559-68.
12. .• Baker SJ, Mathan VI. Syndrome of tropical sprue in South India. Am J Clin Nutr. 1968;21:984-93.
13. Crombie A. Particulars regarding the prevalence of diarrhea at Simla in 1880. Indian Med Gaz. 1880;15:313.
14. Keele KD, Bound JP. Sprue in India. Brit Med J. 1946;1:77-81.
15. Walters JH. Dietetic deficiency syndromes in Indian soldiers. Lancet. 1947;1:861-5.
16. Stefanini M. Clinical features and pathogenesis of tropical sprue; observations on a series of cases among Italian prisoners of war in India. Medicine (Baltimore). 1948;27:379-427.
17. Baker SJ, Mathan VI. Trop med couf roy coil physicians. London: Pitman. I; 1967.
18. Sheeby TW. Digestive disease as a national problem. VI. Enteric disease among United States troops in Vietnam. Gastroenterology. 1968;55:105-12.
19. Kendall MJ, Bayley TJ. Temperate sprue. Postgrad Med J. 1971;47: 680-3.
20. .• Ghoshal UC. Is the ghost of tropical sprue re-surfacing after its obituary? J Assoc Physicians India. 2011;59:409-10.
21. Aswakul P, Prachayakul V. Tropical sprue: two cases report and review of literature. Has anything changed in the past 40 years? J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96 Suppl 2:S266-9.
22. Batheja MJ, Leighton J, Azueta A, Heigh R. The face of tropical sprue in 2010. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2010;4:168-72.
23. • Ghoshal UC, Ranjan P. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: the past, the present and the future. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26 Suppl 3:94-101.
24. Gwee KA, Graham JC, McKendrick MW, Collins SM, Marshall JS, Walters SJ, et al. Psychometric scores and persistence of irritable bowel after infectious diarrhoea. Lancet. 1996;347:150-3. (Pubitemid 26025154)
25. McKendrick MW, Read NW. Irritable bowel syndrome - post salmonella infection. J Infect. 1994;29:1-3. (Pubitemid 24243103)
26. Neal KR, Hebden J, Spiller R. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. BMJ. 1997;314:779-82. (Pubitemid 27117047)
27. Gwee KA, Leong YL, Graham C, McKendrick MW, Collins SM, Walters SJ, et al. The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut. 1999;44:400-6. (Pubitemid 29119338)
28. Ilnyckyj A, Balachandra B, Elliott L, Choudhri S, Duerksen DR. Post-traveler 's diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:596-9. (Pubitemid 36348531)
29. Borgaonkar MR, Ford DC, Marshall JK, Churchill E, Collins SM. The incidence of irritable bowel syndrome among community subjects with previous acute enteric infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:1026-32. (Pubitemid 44030833)
30. Wang LH, Fang XC, Pan GZ. Bacillary dysentery as a causative factor of irritable bowel syndrome and its pathogenesis. Gut. 2004;53:1096-101.
31. Okhuysen PC, Jiang ZD, Carlin L, Forbes C, DuPont HL. Post-diarrhea chronic intestinal symptoms and irritable bowel syndrome in North American travelers to Mexico. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1774-8. (Pubitemid 39237507)
32. Ji S, Park H, Lee D, Song YK, Choi JP, Lee SI. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Shigella infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:381-6. (Pubitemid 40469337)
33. Dupont AW. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9:378-84.
34. Ghoshal UC, Park H, Gwee KA. Bugs and irritable bowel syndrome: the good, the bad and the ugly. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:244-51.
35. Park JH, Park DI, Kim HJ, Cho YK, Sohn CI, Jeon WK, et al. The relationship between small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal permeability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Liver. 2009;3:174-9.
36. Dunlop SP, Hebden J, Campbell E, Naesdal J, Olbe L, Perkins AC, et al. Abnormal intestinal permeability in subgroups of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1288-94. (Pubitemid 43829995)
37. .•• Kumar S, Ghoshal UC, Jayalakshmi K, Roy R, Misra A, Khetrapal CL. Abnormal small intestinal permeability in patients with idiopathic malabsorption in tropics (tropical sprue) does not change even after successful treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:161-9.
38. Ramakrishna BS, Venkataraman S, Mukhopadhya A. Tropical malabsorption. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:779-87. (Pubitemid 46101924)
39. .•• Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Ayyagari A, Ranjan P, Krishnani N, Misra A, et al. Tropical sprue is associated with contamination of small bowel with aerobic bacteria and reversible prolongation of orocecal transit time. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18:540-7. (Pubitemid 36645288)
40. Haboubi NY, Lee GS, Montgomery RD. Duodenal mucosal morphometry of elderly patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: response to antibiotic treatment. Age Ageing. 1991;20:29-32.
41. .• Walker MM. What is tropical sprue? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18:887-90. (Pubitemid 37056166)
42. Mathias JR, Clench MH. Review: pathophysiology of diarrhea caused by bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. Am J Med Sci. 1985;289:243-8. (Pubitemid 16051588)
43. Bouhnik Y, Alain S, Attar A, Flourie B, Raskine L, Sanson-Le Pors MJ, et al. Bacterial populations contaminating the upper gut in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1327-31. (Pubitemid 29214649)
44. Bala L, Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Tripathi P, Misra A, Gowda GA, et al. Malabsorption syndrome with and without small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a study on upper-gut aspirate using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 2006;56:738-44. (Pubitemid 44477656)
45. Klipstein FA, Engert RF, Short HB. Enterotoxigenicity of colonising coliform bacteria in tropical sprue and blind-loop syndrome. Lancet. 1978;2:342-4. (Pubitemid 9007373)
46. Thomson S. The role of certain varieties of bacterium coli in gastroenteritis of babies. J Hyg (Lond). 1955;53:357-67.
47. Cohen R, Kalser MH, Arteaga I, Yawn E, Frazier D, Leite CA, et al. Microbial intestinal flora in acute diarrheal disease. JAMA. 1967;201:835-40.
48. Gorbach SL, Banwell JG, Chatterjee BD, Jacobs B, Sack RB. Acute undifferentiated human diarrhea in the tropics. I. Alterations in intestinal micrflora. J Clin Invest. 1971;50:881-9.
49. Nagwani PL, Naik SR, Srivastava PN, Sachdeva S, Chuttani HK. Salivary and gastric secretions in patients with tropical sprue. Digestion. 1980;20:383-8. (Pubitemid 10059303)
50. Jarnum S, Jeejeebhoy KN. Dysgammaglobulinaemia in tropical sprue. Br Med J. 1968;4:416-7.
51. Sazawal S, Black RE, Bhan MK, Bhandari N, Sinha A, Jalla S. Zinc supplementation in young children with acute diarrhea in India. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:839-44.
52. Schiemann U, Born C, Brenner-Maucher U, Folwaczny C. Chronic diarrhea after a journey to Sri Lanka. Z Gastroenterol. 2002;40: 979-82. (Pubitemid 36040349)
53. Hoge CW, Shlim DR, Rajah R, Triplett J, Shear M, Rabold JG, et al. Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal. Lancet. 1993;341:1175-9. (Pubitemid 23137113)
54. Shlim DR, Cohen MT, Eaton M, Rajah R, Long EG, Ungar BL. An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991;45: 383-9.
55. Cook GC. Aetiology and pathogenesis of postinfective tropical malabsorption (tropical sprue). Lancet. 1984;1:721-3. (Pubitemid 14171154)
56. Mathan M, Mathan VI, Swaminathan SP, Yesudoss S. Pleomorphic virus-like particles in human faeces. Lancet. 1975;1:1068-9.
57. Brunetto AL, Pearson AD, Laker MF, Craft AW. Intestinal permeability tests and integrity of the small intestinal mucosa. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:307-8.
58. Zhou Q, Zhang B, Verne GN. Intestinal membrane permeability and hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain. 2009;146:41-6.
59. Spiller RC, Jenkins D, Thornley JP, Hebden JM, Wright T, Skinner M, et al. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2000;47:804-11.
60. Marshall JK, Thabane M, Garg AX, Clark W, Meddings J, Collins SM. Intestinal permeability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome after a waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Walkerton, Ontario. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1317-22. (Pubitemid 40040078)
61. Ukabam SO, Clamp JR, Cooper BT. Abnormal small intestinal permeability to sugars in patients with Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum and colon. Digestion. 1983;27:70-4. (Pubitemid 13041629)
62. Bjarnason I, Peters TJ. In vitro determination of small intestinal permeability: demonstration of a persistent defect in patients with coeliac disease. Gut. 1984;25:145-50. (Pubitemid 14131407)
63. Quigley E. Gut permeability in irritable bowel syndrome: more leaks add to slightly inflamed bowel syndrome conspiracy theory. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:728-30.
64. Jayalakshmi K, Ghoshal UC, Kumar S, Misra A, Roy R, Khetrapal CL. Assessment of small intestinal permeability using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2009;18:27-32.
65. Cook GC, Menzies IS. Intestinal absorption and unmediated permeation of sugars in post-infective tropical malabsorption (tropical sprue). Digestion. 1986;33:109-16. (Pubitemid 16175698)
66. .•• Ghoshal UC, Kumar S, Misra A, Choudhuri G. Pathogenesis of tropical sprue: a pilot study of antroduodenal manometry, duodenocaecal transit time and fat-induced ileal brake. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137:63-72.
67. Bloom SR. An enteroglucagon tumour. Gut. 1972;13:520-3.
68. Christofides ND, Modlin IM, Fitzpatrick ML, Bloom SR. Effect of motilin on the rate of gastric emptying and gut hormone release during breakfast. Gastroenterology. 1979;76:903-7. (Pubitemid 9176406)
69. Besterman HS, Cook GC, Sarson DL, Christofides ND, Bryant MG, Gregor M, et al. Gut hormones in tropical malabsorption. Br Med J. 1979;2:1252-5. (Pubitemid 10205148)
70. Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Das K, Misra A. Utility of hydrogen breath tests in diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in malabsorption syndrome and its relationship with oro-cecal transit time. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2006;25:6-10. (Pubitemid 46622224)
71. Ramakrishna BS, Mathan VI. Water and electrolyte absorption by the colon in tropical sprue. Gut. 1982;23:843-6. (Pubitemid 12018512)
72. Ramakrishna BS, Mathan VI. Role of bacterial toxins, bile acids, and free fatty acids in colonic watermalabsorption in tropical sprue. Dig Dis Sci. 1987;32:500-5. (Pubitemid 17071229)
73. Ramakrishna BS, Mathan VI. Absorption of water and sodium and activity of adenosine triphosphatases in the rectalmucosa in tropical sprue. Gut. 1988;29:665-8.
74. Banwell JG, Gorbach SL. Tropical sprue. Gut. 1969;10:328-33.
75. Pawlak R, Parrott SJ, Raj S, Cullum-Dugan D, Lucus D. How prevalent is vitamin B(12) deficiency among vegetarians? Nutr Rev. 2013;71:110-7.
76. Hogan WJ, Soergel KH, Arnaud SB. Transient selective vitamin B12 malabsorption in an adult. Ann Intern Med. 1964;60:665-72.
77. Guerra R, Wheby MS, Bayless TM. Long-termantibiotic therapy in tropical sprue. Ann Intern Med. 1965;63:619-34.
78. Booth CC, Heath J. The effect of E. coli on the absorption of vitamin B12. Gut. 1962;3:70-3.
79. Paulk Jr EA, Farrar Jr WE. Diverticulosis of the small intestine and megaloblastic anemia: intestinal microflora and absorption before and after tetracycline administration. Am J Med. 1964;37:473-80.
80. Kapadia CR, Bhat P, Jacob E, Baker SJ. Vitamin B12 absorption - a study of intraluminal events in control subjects and patients with tropical sprue. Gut. 1975;16:988-93.
81. Rickles FR, Klipstein FA, Tomasini J, Corcino JJ, Maldonado N. Long-termfollow-up of antibiotic-treated tropical sprue. Ann Intern Med. 1972;76:203-10.
82. Horta EO, Maldonado N, Fradera J, Santini Jr R, Velez-Garcia E. Response of tropical sprue to poorly absorbed sulfonamides and oxytetracycline. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971;24:1327-36.
83. Tomkins AM, Smith T, Wright SG. Assessment of early and delayed responses in vitamin B12 absorption during antibiotic therapy in tropical malabsorption. Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1978;55:533-9. (Pubitemid 9073632)
84. Bayless TM, Swanson VL, Wheby MS. Jejunal histology and clinical status in tropical sprue and other chronic diarrheal disorders. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971;24:112-6.
85. Dukowicz AC, Lacy BE, Levine GM. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a comprehensive review. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2007;3:112-22. (Pubitemid 46712476)
86. Trehan I, Shulman RJ, Ou CN, Maleta K, Manary MJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rifaximin, a nonabsorbable antibiotic, in the treatment of tropical enteropathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2326-33.
87. Jeejeebhoy KN, Desai HG, Noronha JM, Antia FP, Parekh DV. Idiopathic tropical diarrhea with or without steatorrhea (tropical malabsorption syndrome). Gastroenterology. 1966;51:333-44.
88. Rodriguez-Molina R, Asenjo CF, Cancio M. Steatorrhea in tropical sprue patients in Puerto Rico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1957;6:780-5.
89. Aubert A, Gornet JM, Hammel P, Levy P, O'Toole D, Ruszniewski P, et al. Diffuse primary fat replacement of the pancreas: an unusual cause of steatorrhea. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2007;31:303-6. (Pubitemid 46555717)
90. Shilling M, Matt L, Rubin E, Visitacion MP, Haller NA, Grey SF, et al. Antimicrobial effects of virgin coconut oil and its medium-chain fatty acids on Clostridium difficile. J Med Food. 2013;16: 1079-85.
91. Kumar S, Ghoshal UC, Jayalakshmi K, Roy R, Misra A, Khetrapal CL. Abnormal small intestinal permeability in patients with idiopathic malabsorption in tropics (tropical sprue) does not change even after successful treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:161-9.