Renal sodium avidity in heart failure: From pathophysiology to treatment strategies

European Heart Journal

Volumn 38, Issue 24, 2017, Pages 1872-1882

  Mullens, Wilfried ^a,b   Verbrugge, Frederik Hendrik ^a   Nijst, Petra ^a,b   Tang, Wai Hong Wilson ^c  

^a DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY   (Belgium)

^b HASSELT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Diuretic; Glomerulus; Heart failure; Kidney; Natriuresis; Sodium

Indexed keywords

DIURETIC AGENT; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM BLOCKER; SACUBITRIL; SODIUM; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALSARTAN; VASODILATOR AGENT; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; DIURETIC THERAPY; GLOMERULUS; HENLE LOOP; HOMEOSTASIS; KIDNEY COLLECTING TUBULE; KIDNEY DISTAL TUBULE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; MACULA DENSA; NEPHRON; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL SODIUM AVIDITY; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SODIUM EXCRETION; ULTRAFILTRATION; ACUTE DISEASE; CARDIORENAL SYNDROME; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; KIDNEY CIRCULATION; KIDNEY TUBULE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

ACUTE DISEASE; CARDIO-RENAL SYNDROME; DIURETICS; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES; PHENOTYPE; RENAL CIRCULATION; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; SODIUM; SODIUM POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTER INHIBITORS;

EID: 85021356334     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx035     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Costanzo MR, Jessup M. Treatment of congestion in heart failure with diuretics and extracorporeal therapies: effects on symptoms, renal function, and prognosis. Heart Fail Rev 2012; 17: 313-324.
2. Metra M, Davison B, Bettari L, Sun H, Edwards C, Lazzarini V, Piovanelli B, Carubelli V, Bugatti S, Lombardi C, Cotter G, Dei Cas L. Is worsening renal function an ominous prognostic sign in patients with acute heart failure The role of congestion and its interaction with renal function. Circ Heart Fail 2012; 5: 54-62.
3. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Sokos G, Taylor DO, Starling RC, et al. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 589-596.
4. Chaney E, Shaw A. Pathophysiology of fluid retention in heart failure. Contribution Nephrol 2010; 164: 46-53.
5. Suckling RJ, He FJ, Markandu ND, MacGregor GA. Dietary salt influences postprandial plasma sodium concentration and systolic blood pressure. Kidney Int 2012; 81: 407-411.
6. Boron WF. BE. Medical Physiology: a cellular and molecular approach. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
7. Ezekowitz J, McAlister FA, Humphries KH, Norris CM, Tonelli M, Ghali WA, et al. The association among renal insufficiency, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes in 6, 427 patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1587-1592.
8. Heywood JT, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Mathur VS, Wigneswaran JR, Wynne J, et al. High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118, 465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database. J Cardiac Fail 2007; 13: 422-430.
9. Hebert K, Dias A, Delgado MC, Franco E, Tamariz L, Steen D, et al. Epidemiology and survival of the five stages of chronic kidney disease in a systolic heart failure population. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12: 861-865.
10. Damman K, Masson S, Hillege HL, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Rossignol P, et al. Tubular damage and worsening renal function in chronic heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2013; 1: 417-424.
11. Cleland JG, Teerlink JR, Senior R, Nifontov EM, Mc Murray JJ, Lang CC, et al. The effects of the cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, on cardiac function in systolic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, doseranging phase 2 trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 676-683.
12. Dupont M, Shrestha K, Singh D, Awad A, Kovach C, Scarcipino M, et al. Lack of significant renal tubular injury despite acute kidney injury in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 597-604.
13. Damman K, Masson S, Hillege HL, Maggioni AP, Voors AA, Opasich C, et al. Clinical outcome of renal tubular damage in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2705-2712.
14. Forman DE, Butler J, Wang Y, Abraham WT, O'connor CM, Gottlieb SS, et al. Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 61-67.
15. Hillege HL, Girbes AR, de Kam PJ, Boomsma F, de Zeeuw D, Charlesworth A, et al. Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000; 102: 203-210.
16. Verbrugge FH, Nijst P, Dupont M, Reynders C, Penders J, Tang WH, et al. Prognostic value of glomerular filtration changes versus natriuretic response in decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection. J Card Fail 2014; 20: 817-824.
17. Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Vaccarino V, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Bradford WD, et al. Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients > or = 65 years of age with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 1110-1113.
18. Dupont M. Mullens W. Finucan M. Taylor D.O. Starling R.C. Tang W.H, Determinants of dynamic changes in serum creatinine in acute decompensated heart failure: The importance of blood pressure reduction during treatment, Eur J Heart Fail, 2013, 15, 433-440.
19. Dupont M, Mullens W, Finucan M, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Tang WH. Determinants of dynamic changes in serum creatinine in acute decompensated heart failure: the importance of blood pressure reduction during treatment. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 433-440.
20. Tang WH, Mullens W. Cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Heart 2010; 96: 255-260.
21. Mullens W, Nijst P. Cardiac output and renal dysfunction: definitely more than impaired flow. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 2209-2212.
22. Hanberg JS, Sury K, Wilson FP, Brisco MA, Ahmad T, Ter Maaten JM, et al. Reduced cardiac index is not the dominant driver of renal dysfunction in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 2199-2208.
23. Testani JM, Chen J, McCauley BD, Kimmel SE, Shannon RP. Potential effects of aggressive decongestion during the treatment of decompensated heart failure on renal function and survival. Circulation 2010; 122: 265-272.
24. Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Steels P, Grieten L, Swennen Q, Tang WH, et al. The kidney in congestive heart failure: 'are natriuresis, sodium, and diuretics really the good, the bad and the ugly' Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16: 133-142.
25. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Tang WH. Prompt reduction in intra-abdominal pressure following large-volume mechanical fluid removal improves renal insufficiency in refractory decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail 2008; 14: 508-514.
26. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med 2014; 4: 176-188.
27. Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Steels P, Grieten L, Malbrain M, Tang WH, et al. Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 485-495.
28. Gibson DG, Marshall JC, Lockey E. Assessment of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption during water diuresis in patients with heart disease. Br Heart J 1970; 32: 399-405.
29. Lewy JE, Windhager EE. Peritubular control of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1968; 214: 943-954.
30. Gottschalk CW, Mylle M. Micropuncture study of pressures in proximal tubules and peritubular capillaries of the rat kidney and their relation to ureteral and renal venous pressures. Am J Physiol 1956; 185: 430-439.
31. Haddy FJ, Scott J, Fleishman M, Emanuel D. Effect of change in renal venous pressure upon renal vascular resistance, urine and lymph flow rates. Am J Physiol 1958; 195: 97-110.
32. Lebrie SJ, Mayerson HS. Influence of elevated venous pressure on flow and composition of renal lymph. Am J Physiol 1960; 198: 1037-1040.
33. Lassiter WE, Gottschalk CW, Mylle M. Micropuncture study of net transtubular movement of water and urea in nondiuretic mammalian kidney. Am J Physiol 1961; 200: 1139-1147.
34. Gottschalk CW, Lassiter WE, Mylle M, Ullrich Kj, Schmidt-Nielsen B, O'dell R, Pehling G. Micropuncture study of composition of loop of Henle fluid in desert rodents. Am J Physiol 1963; 204: 532-535.
35. Gottschalk CW. Micropuncture studies of tubular function in the mammalian kidney. Folia Med Neerl 1962; 5: 11-30.
36. Star RA, Nonoguchi H, Balaban R, Knepper MA. Calcium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate as second messengers for vasopressin in the rat inner medullary collecting duct. J Clin Investig 1988; 81: 1879-1888.
37. Park F, Mattson DL, Skelton MM, Cowley AW Jr. Localization of the vasopressin V1a and V2 receptors within the renal cortical and medullary circulation. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: R243-R251.
38. Ali SS, Olinger CC, Sobotka PA, Dahle TG, Bunte MC, Blake D, et al. Loop diuretics can cause clinical natriuretic failure: a prescription for volume expansion. Congest Heart Fail 2009; 15: 1-4.
39. Schnermann J. Juxtaglomerular cell complex in the regulation of renal salt excretion. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: R263-R279.
40. Lote CJ, Snape BM. Collecting duct dlow rate as a determinant of equilibration between urine and renal papilla in the rat in the presence of a maximal antidiuretic hormone concentration. J Physiol 1977; 270: 533-544.
41. Allen GG, Barratt LJ. Effect of aldosterone on the transepithelial potential difference of the rat distal tubule. Kidney Int 1981; 19: 678-686.
42. Woodhall PB, Tisher CC. Response of the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to vasopressin in the rat. J Clin Investig 1973; 52: 3095-3108.
43. Jamison RL, Oliver RE. Disorders of urinary concentration and dilution. Am J Med 1982; 72: 308-322.
44. Leviel F, Hubner CA, Houillier P, Morla L, El Moghrabi S, Brideau G, et al. The Na-dependent chloride-bicarbonate exchanger SLC4A8 mediates an electroneutral Na reabsorption process in the renal cortical collecting ducts of mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 1627-1635.
45. Verbrugge FH, Steels P, Grieten L, Nijst P, Tang WH, Mullens W. Hyponatremia in acute decompensated heart failure: depletion versus dilution. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65: 480-492.
46. Schrier RW. Aldosterone 'escape' vs 'breakthrough'. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6: 61.
47. Tang WH, Vagelos RH, Yee YG, Benedict CR, Willson K, Liss CL, et al. Neurohormonal and clinical responses to high-versus low-dose enalapril therapy in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 70-78.
48. Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Bertrand PB, Nijst P, Penders J, Dens J, et al. Determinants and impact of the natriuretic response to diuretic therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and volume overload. Acta Cardiol 2015; 70: 265-273.
49. Singh D, Shrestha K, Testani JM, Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Mullens W, et al. Insufficient natriuretic response to continuous intravenous furosemide is associated with poor long-term outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure. J Cardiac Fail 2014; 20: 392-399.
50. Testani JM, Brisco MA, Turner JM, Spatz ES, Bellumkonda L, Parikh CR, et al. Loop diuretic efficiency: a metric of diuretic responsiveness with prognostic importance in acute decompensated heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7: 261-270.
51. Kim GH. Long-term adaptation of renal ion transporters to chronic diuretic treatment. Am J Nephrol 2004; 24: 595-605.
52. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. New insights into combinational drug therapy to manage congestion in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2014; 11: 1-9.
53. Martens P, Nijst P, Mullens W. Current approach to decongestive therapy in acute heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2015; 12: 367-378.
54. Testani JM, Coca SG, McCauley BD, Shannon RP, Kimmel SE. Impact of changes in blood pressure during the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure on renal and clinical outcomes. Eur J Heart Fail 2011; 13: 877-884.
55. Dupont M, Mullens W, Finucan M, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Tang WH. Determinants of dynamic changes in serum creatinine in acute decompensated heart failure: the importance of blood pressure reduction during treatment. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 433-440.
56. Valente MA, Voors AA, Damman K, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Massie BM, O'connor CM, et al. Diuretic response in acute heart failure: clinical characteristics and prognostic significance. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 1284-1293.
57. Voors AA, Davison BA, Teerlink JR, Felker GM, Cotter G, Filippatos G, et al. Diuretic response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: characteristics and clinical outcome-an analysis from RELAX-AHF. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16: 1230-1240.
58. Aronson D, Burger AJ. Diuretic response: clinical and hemodynamic predictors and relation to clinical outcome. J Card Fail 2015.
59. Ter Maaten JM, Dunning AM, Valente MA, Damman K, Ezekowitz JA, Califf RM, et al. Diuretic response in acute heart failure-an analysis from ASCEND-HF. Am Heart J 2015; 170: 313-321 e4.
60. Kumar D, Bagarhatta R. Fractional excretion of sodium and its association with prognosis of decompensated heart failure patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9: 1-9.
61. Testani JM, Hanberg JS, Cheng S, Rao V, Onyebeke C, Laur O, et al. Rapid and highly accurate prediction of poor loop diuretic natriuretic response in patients with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2016; 9: e002370.
62. Kramer BK, Schweda F, Riegger GA. Diuretic treatment and diuretic resistance in heart failure. Am J Med 1999; 106: 90-96.
63. Murray MD, Deer MM, Ferguson JA, Dexter PR, Bennett SJ, Perkins SM, et al. Open-label randomized trial of torsemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure. Am J Med 2001; 111: 513-520.
64. Cosin J, Diez J. Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4: 507-513.
65. Muller K, Gamba G, Jaquet F, Hess B. Torasemide vs. furosemide in primary care patients with chronic heart failure NYHA II to IV-efficacy and quality of life. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5: 793-801.
66. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, Redfield MM, Stevenson LW, Goldsmith SR, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 797-805.
67. Francis GS, Siegel RM, Goldsmith SR, Olivari MT, Levine TB, Cohn JN. Acute vasoconstrictor response to intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Activation of the neurohumoral axis. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 1-6.
68. Cooper HA, Dries DL, Davis CE, Shen YL, Domanski MJ. Diuretics and risk of arrhythmic death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999; 100: 1311-1315.
69. Gotsman I, Keren A, Lotan C, Zwas DR. Changes in uric acid levels and allopurinol use in chronic heart failure: association with improved survival. J Card Fail 2012; 18: 694-701.
70. Loon NR, Wilcox CS, Unwin RJ. Mechanism of impaired natriuretic response to furosemide during prolonged therapy. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 682-689.
71. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. Randomized aldactone evaluation study investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709-717.
72. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 11-21.
73. Zahedi K, Barone S, Xu J, Soleimani M. Potentiation of the effect of thiazide derivatives by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: molecular mechanisms and potential clinical implications. PLoS One 2013; 8: e79327.
74. Amlal H, Soleimani M. Pendrin as a novel target for diuretic therapy. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28: 521-526.
75. Soleimani M, Barone S, Xu J, Shull GE, Siddiqui F, Zahedi K, et al. Double knockout of pendrin and Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) causes severe salt wasting, volume depletion, and renal failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 13368-13373.
76. Hanley T, Platts MM. Acetazolamide (diamox) in the treatment of congestive heart-failure. Lancet 1956; 270: 357-359.
77. Knauf H, Mutschler E. Sequential nephron blockade breaks resistance to diuretics in edematous states. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997; 29: 367-372.
78. Mebazaa A, Parissis J, Porcher R, Gayat E, Nikolaou M, Boas FV, et al. Short-term survival by treatment among patients hospitalized with acute heart failure: the global ALARM-HF registry using propensity scoring methods. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37: 290-301.
79. Cotter G, Metzkor E, Kaluski E, Faigenberg Z, Miller R, Simovitz A, et al. Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema. Lancet 1998; 351: 389-393.
80. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Skouri HN, Starling RC, Young JB, et al. Sodium nitroprusside for advanced low-output heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 200-207.
81. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Sokos G, Starling RC, Young JB, et al. Usefulness of Isosorbide Dinitrate and Hydralazine as add-on therapy in patients discharged for advanced decompensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 1113-1119.
82. Chen HH, Anstrom KJ, Givertz MM, Stevenson LW, Semigran MJ, Goldsmith SR, et al. Low-dose dopamine or low-dose nesiritide in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction: the ROSE acute heart failure randomized trial. JAMA 2013; 310: 2533-2543.
83. Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Mitrovic V, Peacock WF, Filippatos G. Ularitide for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure: from preclinical to clinical studies. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 715-723.
84. Elsner D, Muders F, Muntze A, Kromer EP, Forssmann WG, Riegger GA. Efficacy of prolonged infusion of urodilatin [ANP-(95-126)] in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1995; 129: 766-773.
85. Kentsch M, Ludwig D, Drummer C, Gerzer R, Muller-Esch G. Haemodynamic and renal effects of urodilatin bolus injections in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur J Clin Investig 1992; 22: 662-669.
86. Mitrovic V, Seferovic PM, Simeunovic D, Ristic AD, Miric M, Moiseyev VS, et al. Haemodynamic and clinical effects of ularitide in decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2823-2832.
87. Mitrovic V, Luss H, Nitsche K, Forssmann K, Maronde E, Fricke K, et al. Effects of the renal natriuretic peptide urodilatin (ularitide) in patients with decompensated chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose trial. Am Heart J 2005; 150: 1239.
88. Teerlink JR, Cotter G, Davison BA, Felker GM, Filippatos G, Greenberg BH, et al. Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 29-39.
89. Metra M, Ponikowski P, Cotter G, Davison BA, Felker GM, Filippatos G, et al. Effects of serelaxin in subgroups of patients with acute heart failure: results from RELAX-AHF. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 3128-3136.
90. Voors AA, Dahlke M, Meyer S, Stepinska J, Gottlieb SS, Jones A, et al. Renal hemodynamic effects of serelaxin in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7: 994-1002.
91. Costanzo MR, Saltzberg MT, Jessup M, Teerlink JR, Sobotka PA, Ultrafiltration Versus Intravenous Diuretics For Patients Hospitalized For Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Investigators. Ultrafiltration is associated with fewer rehospitalizations than continuous diuretic infusion in patients with decompensated heart failure: results from UNLOAD. J Cardiac Fail 2010; 16: 277-284.
92. Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Givertz MM, O'connor CM, Bull DA, et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2296-2304.
93. Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, Jessup ML, Bart BA, Teerlink JR, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 675-683.
94. Testani JM, Kimmel SE, Dries DL, Coca SG. Prognostic importance of early worsening renal function after initiation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4: 685-691.
95. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2117-2128.
96. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N England J Med 2014; 371: 993-1004.
97. Buggey J, Mentz RJ, DeVore AD, Velazquez EJ. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition in heart failure: mechanistic action and clinical impact. J Cardiac Fail 2015; 21: 741-750.