Impact of Saharan dust on North Atlantic marine stratocumulus clouds: Importance of the semidirect effect

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 17, Issue 10, 2017, Pages 6305-6322

  Amiri Farahani, Anahita ^a   Allen, J Robert ^a   Neubauer, David ^b   Lohmann, Ulrike ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b ETH Zurich   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; CALIPSO; CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; DUST; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; SATELLITE SENSOR; SEASONAL VARIATION; STRATOCUMULUS;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); NORTH AFRICA;

EID: 85019724220     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-6305-2017     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Ackerman, A. S., Toon, O. B., Taylor, J. P., Johnson, D. W., Hobbs, P. V., and Ferek, R. J.: Effects of Aerosols on Cloud Albedo: Evaluation of Twomeys Parameterization of Cloud Susceptibility Using Measurements of Ship Tracks, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2684-2695, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)0572684:EOAOCA2.0.CO;2, 2000.
2. Allen, R. J. and Sherwood, S. C.: Aerosol-cloud semi-direct effect and land-sea temperature contrast in a GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07702, doi:10.1029/2010GL042759, 2010.
3. Amiridis, V., Wandinger, U., Marinou, E., Giannakaki, E., Tsekeri, A., Basart, S., Kazadzis, S., Gkikas, A., Taylor, M., Baldasano, J., and Ansmann, A.: Optimizing CALIPSO Saharan dust retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12089-12106, doi:10.5194/acp-13-12089-2013, 2013.
4. Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X.: Clouds and Aerosols, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2013.
5. Brenguier, J.-L., Pawlowska, H., Schöller, L., Preusker, R., Fischer, J., and Fouquart, Y.: Radiative Properties of Boundary Layer Clouds: Droplet Effective Radius versus Number Concentration, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 803-821, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)0570803:RPOBLC2.0.CO;2, 2000.
6. Brioude, J., Cooper, O. R., Feingold, G., Trainer, M., Freitas, S. R., Kowal, D., Ayers, J. K., Prins, E., Minnis, P., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G. J., and Hsie, E.-Y.: Effect of biomass burning on marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8841-8856, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8841-2009, 2009.
7. Chen, T., Rossow, W. T., and Zhang, Y. C.: Radiative effects of cloud-Type variatios, J. Climate, 13, 264-286, 2000.
8. Chen, Y.-C., Christensen, M. W., Stephens, G. L., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Satellite-based estimate of global aerosol-cloud radiative forcing by marine warm clouds, Nat. Geosci., 7, 643-646, 2014.
9. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
10. Doherty, O. M. and Evan, A. T.: Identification of a new dust-stratocumulus indirect effect over the tropical North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6935-6942, doi:10.1002/2014GL060897, 2014.
11. Evan, A. T., Dunion, J., Foley, J. A., Heidinger, A. K., and Velden, C. S.: New evidence for a relationship between Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and African dust outbreaks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19813, doi:10.1029/2006GL026408, 2006.
12. Evan, A. T., Foltz, G. R., Zhang, D., and Vimont, D. J.: Influence of African dust on ocean-Atmosphere variability in the tropical Atlantic, Nat. Geosci., 4, 762-765, doi:10.1038/ngeo1276, 2011.
13. Goudie, A. S. and Middleton, N. J.: Saharan dust storms: nature and consequences, Earth-Sci. Rev., 56, 179-204, doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00067-8, 2001.
14. Gryspeerdt, E., Quaas, J., and Bellouin, N.: Constraining the aerosol influence on cloud fraction, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 3566-3583, doi:10.1002/2015JD023744, 2016.
15. Hansen, J., Sato, M., and Ruedy, R.: Radiative forcing and climate response, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6831-6864, 1997.
16. Hartmann, D. L., Ockert-Bell, M. E., and Michelsen, M. L.: The effect of cloud type on earths energy balance-Global analysis, J. Climate, 5, 1281-1304, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1992)0051281:TEOCTO2.0.CO;2, 1992.
17. Huang, J., Minnis, P., Lin, B., Wang, T., Yi, Y., Hu, Y., Sun-Mack, S., and Ayers, K.: Possible influences of Asian dust aerosols on cloud properties and radiative forcing observed from MODIS and CERES, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, l06824, doi:10.1029/2005GL024724, 2006.
18. Huang, J., Wang, T., Wang, W., Li, Z., and Yan, H.: Climate effects of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semiarid regions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 11398-11416, doi:10.1002/2014JD021796, 2014.
19. Hui, W., Cook, B., Rvai, S., and Fuentes, J. D.: Dust-rainfall feedbacks in the West African Sahel, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05202, doi:10.1029/2008WR006885, 2008.
20. Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, J., Kinne, S., Bauer, S., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Grini, A., Horowitz, L., Koch, D., Krol, M. C., Landing, W., Liu, X., Mahowald, N., Miller, R., Morcrette, J.-J., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Zender, C. S.: Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7781-7816, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011, 2011.
21. Inness, A., Baier, F., Benedetti, A., Bouarar, I., Chabrillat, S., Clark, H., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P., Engelen, R. J., Errera, Q., Flemming, J., George, M., Granier, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Huijnen, V., Hurtmans, D., Jones, L., Kaiser, J. W., Kapsomenakis, J., Lefever, K., Leitão, J., Razinger, M., Richter, A., Schultz, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Suttie, M., Stein, O., Thépaut, J.-N., Thouret, V., Vrekoussis, M., Zerefos, C., and the MACC team: The MACC reanalysis: An 8 yr data set of atmospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4073-4109, doi:10.5194/acp-13-4073-2013, 2013.
22. Johnson, B. T., Shine, K. P., and Forster, P. M.: The semidirect aerosol effect: Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1407-1422, doi:10.1256/qj.03.61, 2004.
23. Kaufman, Y. J., Boucher, O., Tanré, D., Chin, M., Remer, L. A., and Takemura, T.: Aerosol anthropogenic component estimated from satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, L17804, doi:10.1029/2005GL023125, 2005.
24. Kishcha, P., da Silva, A., Starobinets, B., Long, C., Kalashnikova, O., and Alpert, P.: Saharan dust as a causal factor of hemispheric asymmetry in aerosols and cloud cover over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Int. J. Remote Sens., 13, 3423-3445, doi:10.1080/01431161.2015.1060646, 2015.
25. Koch, D. and Del Genio, A. D.: Black carbon semi-direct effects on cloud cover: review and synthesis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7685-7696, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7685-2010, 2010.
26. Kok, J. F., Ridley, D. A., Zhou, Q., Miller, R. L., Zhao, C., Heald, C. L., Ward, D. S., Albani, S., and Haustein, K.: Smaller desert dust cooling effect estimated from analysis of dust size and abundance, Nat. Geosci., 10, 274-278, doi:10.1038/NGEO2912, 2017.
27. Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Remer, L. A., and Martins, J. V.: Measurement of the Effect of Amazon Smoke on Inhibition of Cloud Formation, Science, 303, 1342-1345, doi:10.1126/science.1089424, 2004.
28. Li, R., Min, Q.-L., and Harrison, L.: A Case Study: The Indirect Aerosol Effects of Mineral Dust onWarm Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci, 67, 805-816, 2010.
29. Liu, J. and Li, Z.: Estimation of cloud condensation nuclei concentration from aerosol optical quantities: influential factors and uncertainties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 471-483, doi:10.5194/acp-14-471-2014, 2014.
30. Loeb, N. G., Kato, S., Loukachine, K., and Manalo-Smith, N.: Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earths Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Terra Satellite. Part I: Methodology, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 3506-3526, doi:10.1175/JTECH1712.1, 2005.
31. Loeb, N. G., Wielicki, B. A., Su, W., Loukachine, K., Sun, W., Wong, T., Priestley, K. J., Matthews, G., Miller, W. F., and Davies, R.: Multi-Instrument Comparison of Top-of-Atmosphere Reflected Solar Radiation, J. Climate, 20, 575-591, doi:10.1175/JCLI4018.1, 2007.
32. Mahowald, N. and Kiehl, L.: Mineral aerosol and cloud interactions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1475, doi:10.1029/2002GL016762, 2003.
33. McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Frisch, A. S., Turner, D. D., Miller, M. A., Chiu, J. C., Min, Q., and Ogren, J. A.: An assessment of aerosol-cloud interactions in marine stratus clouds based on surface remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D09203, doi:10.1029/2008JD011006, 2009.
34. Medeiros, B. and Stevens, B.: Revealing differences in GCM representations of low clouds, Clim. Dynam., 36, 385-399, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0694-5, 2011.
35. Prospero, J. M.: Long-Range Transport of Mineral Dust in the Global Atmosphere: Impact of African Dust on the Environment of the Southeastern United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 3396-3403, 1999.
36. Quaas, J., Boucher, O., and Lohmann, U.: Constraining the total aerosol indirect effect in the LMDZ and ECHAM4 GCMs using MODIS satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 947-955, doi:10.5194/acp-6-947-2006, 2006.
37. Quaas, J., Boucher, O., Bellouin, N., and Kinne, S.: Satellite-based estimate of the direct and indirect aerosol climate forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, d05204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008962, 2008.
38. Randall, D. A., Rossow, W. T., and Zhang, Y. C.: Stratocumulus cloud deepening through entrainment, Tellus A, 36, 446-457, 1984.
39. Redemann, J., Vaughan, M. A., Zhang, Q., Shinozuka, Y., Russell, P. B., Livingston, J. M., Kacenelenbogen, M., and Remer, L. A.: The comparison of MODIS-Aqua (C5) and CALIOP (V2 & V3) aerosol optical depth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3025-3043, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3025-2012, 2012.
40. Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., Mattoo, S., Chu, D. A., Martins, J. V., Li, R.-R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R. C., Kleidman, R. G., Eck, T. F., Vermote, E., and Holben, B. N.: The MODIS Aerosol Algorithm, Products, and Validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947-973, doi:10.1175/JAS3385.1, 2005.
41. Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y., and Lahav, R.: Desert dust suppressing precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 5975-5980, doi:10.1073/pnas.101122798, 2001.
42. Rosenfeld, D., Chemke, R., Prather, K., Suski, K., Comstock, J. M., Schmid, B., Tomlinson, J., and Jonsson, H.: Polluting of winter convective clouds upon transition from ocean inland over central California: Contrasting case studies, Atmos. Res., 135, 112-127, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.006, 2014.
43. Slingo, A.: Sensitivity of the Earths radiation budget to changes in low clouds, Nature, 343, 49-51, doi:10.1038/343049a0, 1990.
44. Stephens, G. L. and Greenwald, T. J.: Observations of the Earths radiation budget in relation to atmospheric hydrology. Part II: Cloud effects and cloud feedback, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96, 15325-15340, doi:10.1029/91JD00972, 1991.
45. Stier, P.: Limitations of passive remote sensing to constrain global cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6595-6607, doi:10.5194/acp-16-6595-2016, 2016.
46. Tsamalis, C., Chédin, A., Pelon, J., and Capelle, V.: The seasonal vertical distribution of the Saharan Air Layer and its modulation by the wind, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11235-11257, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11235-2013, 2013.
47. Wang, W., Huang, J., Minnis, P., Hu, Y., Li, J., Huang, Z., Ayers, J. K., and Wang, T.: Dusty cloud properties and radiative forcing over dust source and downwind regions derived from ATrain data during the Pacific Dust Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, d00H35, doi:10.1029/2010JD014109, 2010.
48. Wielicki, B. A., Barkstrom, B. R., Harrison, E. F., Lee, III, R. B., Smith, G. L., and Cooper, J. E.: Clouds and the Earths Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing System Experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 853-868, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)0770853:CATERE2.0.CO;2, 1996.
49. Wilcox, E. M.: Stratocumulus cloud thickening beneath layers of absorbing smoke aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11769-11777, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11769-2010, 2010.
50. Winker, D. M., Hunt, W. H., and McGill, M. J.: Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135, 2007.
51. Winker, D. M., Pelon, J., Coakley, Jr., J. A., Ackerman, S. A., Charlson, R. J., Colarco, P. R., Flamant, P., Fu, Q., Hoff, R. M., Kittaka, C., Kubar, T. L., Le Treut, H., McCormick, M. P., Mégie, G., Poole, L., Powell, K., Trepte, C., Vaughan, M. A., and Wielicki, B. A.: The CALIPSO Mission: A Global 3D View of Aerosols and Clouds, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1211-1229, doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3009.1, 2010.
52. Young, S. A. and Vaughan, M. A.: The Retrieval of Profiles of Particulate Extinction from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Data: Algorithm Description, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 1105, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1221.1, 2009.