Indigenous peoples and REDD+ safeguards: Rights as resistance or as disciplinary inclusion in the green economy?

Journal of Human Rights and the Environment

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 170-217

  Dehm, Julia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF LAW   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon offsets; Forests; Indigenous peoples; REDD+; Tenure reform; UNFCCC

Indexed keywords

EID: 85019648188     PISSN: 17597188     EISSN: 17597196     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4337/jhre.2016.02.01     Document Type: Article

References (276)

1. Johan Eliasch, Climate Change: Financing Global Forests: The Eliasch Review (Earthscan, 2008), 9.
2. Kate Wilkinson, ‘Payment for “Ecosystem Services” and the “Green Economy”: Green-washing or Something New?’ (2014) 5(2) Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 168
3. Jim Thomas, ‘RIO+20: Toward a New Green Economy or a Green-washed Old Economy?’, Grist 24 March 2011
4. Peter Ferguson, ‘The Green Economy Agenda: Business as Usual or Transformational Discourse?’ (2015) 24(1) Environmental Politics 17
5. Nicola Bullard and Tadzio Müller, ‘Beyond the “Green Economy”: System Change, Not Climate Change?’ (2012) 55(1) Development 54
6. Dan Brockington, ‘A Radically Conservative Vision? The Challenge of UNEP’s Towards a Green Economy’ (2012) 43(1) Development and Change 409
7. Joanna Boehnert, ‘The Green Economy: Reconceptualising the Natural Commons as Natural Capital’ (2016) 10(4) Environmental Communication 395.
8. UN-REDD Programme, Frequently Asked Questions and Answers The UN-REDD Programme and REDD+, November 2010,
9. Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the Forest Day side event at the 17th Conference of the Parties (COP) in Durban in December 2011, transcribed by the author from CIFOR, ‘Closing Remarks Forest Day 5, 2011’
10. David Brown, Frances Seymour and Leo Peskett, ‘How Do We Achieve REDD Co-benefits and Avoid Doing Harm?’ in Arild Angelsen (ed), Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications (CIFOR, 2008).
11. Larry Lohmann, ‘Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privitization and Power’ (The Dag Hammarskjöld Centre, 2006)
12. Steffen Böhm and Siddhartha Dabhi (eds), Upsetting the Offset: The Political Economy of Carbon Markets (May Fly Books, 2009)
13. Sarah-Jane Clifton, ‘A Dangerous Obsession: The Evidence Against Carbon Trading and for Real Solutions to Avoid a Climate Crunch’ (Friends of the Earth, England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2009)
14. Ronnie Hall, ‘REDD Myths: A Critical Review of Proposed Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries’ (Friends of the Earth International, 2008)
15. Rebecca Pearse and Julia Dehm, ‘In the REDD: Australia’s Carbon Offset Project in Central Kalimantan’ (Friends of the Earth International 2011)
16. Ashley Dawson, ‘Climate Justice: The Emerging Movement Against Green Capitalism’ (2010) 109(2) South Atlantic Quarterly 313
17. Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate (Simon & Schuster, 2014).
18. Rebecca Pearse and Steffen Böhm, ‘Ten Reasons Why Carbon Markets Will Not Bring About Radical Emissions Reduction’ (2014) 5(4) Carbon Management 325
19. ‘“Wild Money”: The Human Rights Consequences of Illegal Logging and Corruption in Indonesia’s Forestry Sector’ (Human Rights Watch, 2009)
20. Adianto P. Simamora, ‘Illegal Logging “Must End” Before REDD takes Effect’, The Jakarta Post 13 April 2010 .
21. Lambert Schneider, ‘Assessing the Additionality of CDM Projects: Practical Experiences and Lessons Learned’ (2009) 9 Climate Policy 242.
22. Pearse and Dehm, above (n 12) 14.
23. Simon Bullock, Mike Childs and Tom Picken, ‘A Dangerous Distraction: Why Offsetting is Failing the Climate and People: The Evidence’ (Friends of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2009).
24. Tamra Gilbertson and Oscar Reyes, ‘Carbon Trading: How It Works and Why It Fails’ (Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 2009).
25. Gregory C Unruh, ‘Understanding Carbon Lock-In’ (2000) 28 Energy Policy 817.
26. Tom Griffiths, ‘Seeing “RED”? “Avoided Deforestation”, and the Rights of Indigenous and Local Communities’ (Forest Peoples Programme, June 2007).
27. Andrea Alforte et al., ‘Communities as Counterparties: Preliminary Review of Concessions and Conflict in Emerging and Frontier Market Concessions’ (Rights and Resources Iniatitive 2014)
28. James Fairhead, Melissa Leach and Ian Scoones, ‘Green Grabbing: A New Appropriation of Nature?’ (2012) 39(2) Journal of Peasant Studies 237
29. Indigenous Environment Network, ‘REDD: Reaping Profits from Evictions, Land Grabs, Deforestation and Destruction of Biodiversity’ (Indigneous Enviornment Network, 2009)
30. Indigenous Environment Network, ‘No to CO2lonialism! Indigenous Peoples’ Guide: False Solutions to Climate Change’ (2009) .
31. Call to Action to Reject REDD+ and Extractive Industries; To Confront Capitalism and Defend Life and Territories (December 2014)
32. Potentially Worse Than Ongoing “Land Grab” As UN, World Bank Prepare for Carbon Trading Under REDD+’ (Rights and Resources Initiative, 19 March 2014), .
33. Jutta Kill, ‘REDD: A Gallery of Conflicts, Contradictions and Lies’ (World Rainforest Movement, 2014)
34. Michael L Brown, Redeeming REDD+: Policies, Incentives, and Social Feasibility for Avoided Deforestation (Routledge and Earthscan 2013).
35. Tom Griffiths, ‘Seeing “REDD”? Forests, Climate Change Mitigation and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’, updated version (Forest Peoples’ Programme, 2009).
36. Tom Griffiths, ‘Seeing “RED”? “Avoided Deforestation”, and the Rights of Indigenous and Local Communities’ (Forest Peoples Programme, June 2007), 1.
37. Tom Griffiths, ‘Seeing ‘REDD’? Forests, Climate Change Mitigation and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Updated Version’ (Forest Peoples Programme, 2009), 1.
38. The World Bank, ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Takes Aim at Deforestation’ (Press Release, 11 December 2007) and The World Bank, The World Bank Carbon Funds and Facilities .
39. The World Bank, ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Takes Aim at Deforestation’ (Press Release, 11 December 2007) and The World Bank, The World Bank Carbon Funds and Facilities 43
40. Climate Justice Now! ‘What’s Missing From the Climate Talks? Justice!’ (Press Release, 14 December 2007) .
41. Chris Lang, ‘FoEI: Forests Are More than Carbon’, REDD-Monitor 29 October 2008 .
42. Chris Lang, ‘Global Forest Coalition Attacks REDD’, REDD-Monitor 6 October 2008
43. Ronnie Hall, ‘REDD Myths: A Critical Review of Proposed Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries’ (Friends of the Earth International, 2008).
44. Ronnie Hall, ‘REDD Myths: A Critical Review of Proposed Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries’ (Friends of the Earth International, 2008)
45. Ronnie Hall, ‘REDD Myths: A Critical Review of Proposed Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries’ (Friends of the Earth International, 2008)
46. ‘The Most Inconvenient Truth of All: Climate Change and Indigenous People’ (Survival International 2009), 9.
47. Leo Peskett et al., ‘Making REDD Work for the Poor’ (Poverty Environment Partnership (PEP), 2008) .
48. David Brown, Frances Seymour and Leo Peskett, ‘How Do We Achieve REDD Co-benefits and Avoid Doing Harm?’ in Arild Angelsen (ed), Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications (CIFOR, 2008), 109.
49. UN-REDD, ‘Framework Document’ (FAO, UNDP, UNEP, 20 June 2008 2008)
50. ‘Honest Engagement: Transparency and Civil Society Participation in REDD’ (Global Witness, 2008) .
51. Kate Dooley, ‘An Overview of Selected REDD Proposals’ (FERN/Forest Peoples Program, 2008)
52. Lorenzo Cotula and James Mayers, ‘Tenure in REDD Start-point or Afterthought?’ (International Institute for Environment and Development, 2009).
53. Kathleen Lawlor and David Huberman, ‘Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and Human Rights’ in Jessica Campese et al. (eds), Rights-based Approaches: Exploring Issues and Opportunities for Conservation (CIFOR and IUCN, 2009).
54. ‘Briefing Document: Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change/REDD: An Overview of Current Discussions and Main Issues’ (IUCN, 2010), 9.
55. Saturnino Borras and Jennifer Franco, ‘From Threat to Opportunity? Problems with the Idea of a “Code of Conduct” for LandGrabbing’ (2010) 13 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal 507.
56. ‘REDD “2nd MAY REVOLT” at the UNPFII (REDD, CDM)’
57. ‘PROTEST: Indigenous Peoples “2nd MAY REVOLT” at the UNPFII (United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues)’ 12 May 2008,
58. Victoria Tauli-Corpuz and Aqqaluk Lynge, Impact of Climate Change Mitigation Measures on Indigenous Peoples and their Territories and Lands, UNPFII, Seventh Session, E/C.19/2008/10, 20 March 2008.
59. Victoria Tauli-Corpuz and Aqqaluk Lynge, Impact of Climate Change Mitigation Measures on Indigenous Peoples and their Territories and Lands, UNPFII, Seventh Session, E/C.19/2008/10, 20 March 2008
60. Transcribed by the author from ‘REDD “2nd MAY REVOLT” at the UNPFII (REDD, CDM)’ .
61. Transcribed by the author from ‘REDD “2nd MAY REVOLT” at the UNPFII (REDD, CDM)’
62. ‘PROTEST: Indigenous Peoples “2nd MAY REVOLT” at the UNPFII (United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues)’ 12 May 2008, .
63. UNPFII ‘Permanent Forum Hails General Assembly Adoption of Indigenous Rights Declaration, Pledges to Make it “a Living Document” as Seventh Session Concludes: On Special Theme, Says Indigenous Way of Life Threatened by Climate Change, Calls for Indigenous Participation in All Aspects of International Debate on Issue’ (Media Release, 2 May 2008), .
64. Victoria Tauli-Corpuz and Lars-Ander Baer, Results of the Copenhagen meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Implications for Indigenous Peoples’ Local Adaptation and Mitigation Measures, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 9th session, E/C.19/2010/18 (2 March 2010)
65. Hassan Id Balkassm and Paimaneh Hasteh, Study on the Extent to which Climate Change Policies and Projects Adhere to the Standards set Forth in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Note by the Secretariat, UNPFII, Ninth Session, E/C.19/ 2010/7 (2 February 2010)
66. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Relating to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, UNPFII, Twelfth session, E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013).
67. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Note by the Secretariat, UN ESCOR, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 12th sess, Agenda Item 5, UN Doc E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013) [26].
68. Jutta Kill, ‘REDD: A Gallery of Conflicts, Contradictions and Lies’ (World Rainforest Movement, 2014)
69. Erin O Sills et al., REDD+ on the Ground: A Case Book of Sub-National Initiatives Across the Globe (Bogar: CIFOR, 2014).
70. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Note by the Secretariat, UN ESCOR, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 12th sess, Agenda Item 5, UN Doc E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013), [25].
71. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Note by the Secretariat, UN ESCOR, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 12th sess, Agenda Item 5, UN Doc E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013), [59]
72. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Note by the Secretariat, UN ESCOR, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 12th sess, Agenda Item 5, UN Doc E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013), [24]
73. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Note by the Secretariat, UN ESCOR, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 12th sess, Agenda Item 5, UN Doc E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013), [59]
74. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Note by the Secretariat, UN ESCOR, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 12th sess, Agenda Item 5, UN Doc E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013), [59]
75. SBSTA, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries: Approaches to Stimulate Action: Draft Conclusions Prepared by the Chair, FCCC/SBSTA/2008/L.23 (10 December 2008)
76. Chris Lang, ‘Rights Struck from Draft Text on REDD’, REDD-Monitor 9 December 2008 .
77. Chris Lang, ‘UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Intervenes on REDD in Poznan’, REDD-Monitor 2 December 2008 .
78. Chris Lang, ‘Indigenous Peoples Censored at Poznan’, REDD-Monitor 15 December 2008
79. ‘REDD: Indigenous Peoples Not Allowed to Speak at UNFCCC-10 Dec 2008’ .
80. Carola Betzold and Anaïd Flesken, ‘Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Negotiation: Evidence from Biodiversity and Climate Change’, in Thoko Kaime (ed), International Climate Law and Policy: Cultural Legitimacy in Adaptation and Mitigation (Routledge, 2014), 63-83.
81. UNFCCC, Issues Relating to Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities for the Development and Application of Methodologies: Submissions from Parties, FCCC/SBSTA/2009/ MISC.1 (10 March 2009), Add.1 (17 April 2009) and Add.2 (27 June 2009).
82. Chris Lang, ‘How Kevin Conrad Dismissed NGO Requests Not to Weaken Safeguards in the REDD Text in Cancun’, REDD-Monitor 5 January 2011 .
83. Maria Eugenia Recio, ‘The Warsaw Framework and the Future of REDD+’ (2014) 24(1) Yearbook of International Environmental Law 37.
84. Chris Lang, ‘REDD Safeguards: What Are They?’, REDD-Monitor 20 March 2015.
85. Daniela Rey and Steve Swan, ‘A Country-Led Safeguards Approach: Guidelines for National REDD+ Programmes’ (SNV The Netherlands Development Organisation, REDD+ Programme, 2014)
86. Florence Daviet and Gaia Larsen, ‘Safeguarding Forests and People: A Framework for Designing a National System to Implement REDD+ Safeguards’ (World Resources Institute, 2012)
87. D Ray et al., ‘A Guide to Understanding and Implementing the UNFCCC REDD+ Safeguards’ (Client Earth, 2013).
88. Pillar Five of Indonesia REDD+ Strategy, ‘REDD+ National Strategy’ (Indonesian REDD+ Task Force, 2012)
89. David M Mwayafu and James W Kisekka, ‘Promoting and Implementing REDD+ Safeguards at a National Level in East Africa’ (REDD.net, 2012)
90. David M Mwayafu and James W Kisekka, ‘Promoting and Implementing REDD+ Safeguards at a National Level in East Africa’ (REDD.net, 2012)
91. IUCN World Parks Congress, ‘Durban Action Plan’ (Revised Version, March 2004),
92. Thomas Greiber et al., ‘Conservation with Justice: A Rights-based Approach’ (IUCN 2009).
93. Jessica Campese, ‘Rights-based Approaches to Conservation: An Overview of Concepts and Questions’, in Jessica Campese et al. (eds), Rights-based Approaches: Exploring Issues and Opportunities for Conservation (CIFOR and IUCN, 2009).
94. ‘Preliminary Study on the Safeguards Policies of Bilateral Donors to REDD Programs in Indonesia’ (HuMa, 2010).
95. Marcus Colchester and Maurizio Farhan Ferrari, ‘Making FPIC Work: Challenges and Prospects for Indigenous Peoples’ (Forest Peoples Programme, 2007), 2
96. Margaret A Young, ‘REDD+ and Interacting Legal Regimes’, in Christina Voigt (ed), Research Handbook on REDD-plus and International Law (Edward Elgar, 2016)
97. Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) Readiness Fund, Common Approach to Environmental and Social Safeguards for Multiple Delivery Partners, 9 June 2011, rev. 10 August 2011,
98. ‘World Bank: Dangerous Rollback in Environmental and Social Protections’ Human Rights Watch, 4 August 2015, .
99. UN-REDD Programme and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Guidelines on Stakeholder Engagement in REDD+ Readiness with a Focus on the Participation of Indigenous Peoples and Other Forest-Dependent Communities, 20 April 2012,
100. UN-REDD Programme, Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed Consent and Legal Companion (January 2013).
101. Feja Lesniewska, ‘UNFCCC REDD+ COP Decisions: The Cumulative Effect on Forest Related Law Processes’ (2013) 15 International Community Law Review 103, 121
102. Feja Lesniewska, ‘UNFCCC REDD+ COP Decisions: The Cumulative Effect on Forest Related Law Processes’ (2013) 15 International Community Law Review 103, 119-120
103. Ambreena Manji, The Politics of Land Reform in Africa: From Communal Tenure to Free Markets (Zed Books, 2006).
104. Tania Murray Li, ‘Practices of Assembledge and Community Forest Management’ (2007) 36(2) Economy and Society 263.
105. Tania Murray Li, ‘Indigeneity, Capitalism, and the Management of Dispossession’ (2010) 51(3) Current Anthropology 385, 386
106. Patrick Anderson, ‘Free, Prior, and Informed Consent in REDD+: Principles and Approches for Policy and Project Development’ (RECOFTC (The Centre for People and Forests) and GIZ, 2011), 17.
107. Luciana Porter-Bolland et al., ‘Community Managed Forests and Forest Protected Areas: An Assessment of their Conservation Effectiveness Across the Tropics’ (2012) 268 Forest Ecology and Management 6.
108. CIFOR, ‘Deforestation Much Higher in Protected Areas than Forests Run by Local Communities, 23 August 2011, .
109. David Brown, Frances Seymour and Leo Peskett, ‘How Do We Achieve REDD Cobenefits and Avoid Doing Harm?’, in Arild Angelsen (ed), Moving Ahead With REDD: Issues, Options and Implications (CIFOR, 2008).
110. Leo Peskett et al., ‘Making REDD Work for the Poor’ (Poverty Environment Partnership, 2008)
111. ‘Consolidation Report: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Indonesia’ (Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, 2008)
112. Eliasch, above (n 2), 2008, 192
113. Cotula and Mayers, above (n 49).
114. ‘Legal Issues Guidebook to the Clean Development Mechanism’ (Baker & McKenzie and UNEP, 2004), 90.
115. Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (Columbia University Press, 2004), 40.
116. Patrick Anderson, ‘Free, Prior, and Informed Consent in REDD+: Principles and Approches for Policy and Project Development’ (RECOFTC (The Centre for People and Forests) and GIZ, 2011).
117. Stephen Herz, Antonio La Vina and Jonathan Sohn, ‘Development Without Conflict: The Business Case for Community Consent’ (World Resources Initiative, 2007)
118. Irene Sosa, ‘License to Operate: Indigenous Relations and Free, Prior, Informed Consent in the Mining Industry’ (Sustainalytics, 2011) .
119. ‘The Right to Decide: The Importance of Respecting Free, Prior and Informed Consent’ (Amazon Watch Briefing Paper) .
120. Herz, Vina and Sohn, above (n 121), 6
121. Anderson, 2011, above (n 112), 47.
122. UN-REDD, ‘UN-REDD Programme Operational Guidance: Engagement of Indigenous Peoples & Other Forest Dependent Communities’ (UN-REDD, 23 March 2009), 3.
123. Simon West, ‘“Command without Control”: Are Market Mechanisms Capable of Delivering Ecological Integrity to REDD?’ (2010) 6(3) Law, Environment and Development Journal 298
124. NH Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 27.
125. Eliasch, above (n 2), 35.
126. Baker & McKenzie, ‘Background Analysis of REDD Regulatory Frameworks’ (The Terrestrial Carbon Group and UN-REDD 2009), 40.
127. Cecilia Luttrell, Kate Schreckenberg and Leo Peskett, ‘The Implications of Carbon Financing for Pro-poor Community Forestry’ (Overseas Development Institute, 2007)
128. William D Sunderlin, Anne M Larson and Peter Cronkleton, ‘Forest Tenure Rights and REDD+: From Inertia to Policy Solutions’, in Arild Angelsen (ed), Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options (Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2009), 141
129. Caleb Stevens et al., ‘Securing Rights, Combating Climate Change’ (World Resources Institute and Rights and Resources Iniatitive 2014).
130. IISD, ‘RRI Dialogue Bulletin: Summary of the Sixteenth RRI Dialogue on Forests, Governance and Climate Change: Investments, Communities and Climate Change’ (Lima, Peru, 2 October 2014) Vol 173, No 8.
131. Anu Lounela, ‘Climate Change Disputes and Justice in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia’ (2015)56(1) Asia Pacfiic Viewpoint 62.
132. Anu Lounela, ‘Climate Change Disputes and Justice in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia’ (2015)56(1) Asia Pacfiic Viewpoint, 266.
133. Saskia Sassen, Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Harvard University Press, 2014)
134. Saskia Sassen, ‘A Savage Sorting of Winners and Losers: Contemporary Versions of Primitive Accumulation’ (2010) 7(1) Globalisations 23.
135. Fairhead, Leach and Scoones, above (n 23), 247.
136. Alforte et al., above (n 22).
137. Mari Mulyani and Paul Jepson, ‘Social Learning through a REDD+ “Village Agreement”: Insights from the KFCP in Indonesia’ (2015) 56(1) Asia Pacfiic Viewpoint 79 and Howell (n 148). 141
138. Tania Murray Li, ‘Fixing Non-market Subjects: Governing Land and Population in the Global South’ (2014) 18 Foucault Studies 34.
139. Tania Murray Li, ‘Fixing Non-market Subjects: Governing Land and Population in the Global South’ (2014) 18 Foucault Studies, 46.
140. Tania Murray Li, ‘Fixing Non-market Subjects: Governing Land and Population in the Global South’ (2014) 18 Foucault Studies, 38
141. Tania Murray Li, ‘Articulating Indigneous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot’ (2000) 42(1) Comparative Studies in Society and History 149
142. Tania Murray Li, 2014, above (n 141), 39.
143. Karuna Mantena, Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism (Princeton University Press, 2010), 2.
144. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1977)
145. Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 76.
146. Signe Howell, ‘“No RIGHTS No REDD”: Some Implications of a Turn Towards CoBenefits’ (2014) 41(2) Forum for Development Studies 253
147. Kill, above (n 65)
148. Paul Kanyinke Sena, Myrna Cunningham and Bertie Xavier, Indigenous People’s Rights and Safeguards in Projects Related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Note by the Secretariat, UN ESCOR, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 12th sess, Agenda Item 5, UN Doc E/C.19/2013/7 (5 February 2013) para 26.
149. ‘Status of Forest Carbon Rights and Implications for Communities, the Carbon Trade and REDD+ Investments’ (Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2014), 1-2
150. Tania Murray Li, Land’s End: Capitalist Relations on an Indigenous Frontier (Duke University Press, 2014), 9.
151. César Rodríguez-Garavito, ‘Ethnicity.gov: Global Governance, Indigenous Peoples, and the Right to Prior Consultation in Social Minefields’ (2011) 18(1) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 263
152. MR El-Ghoney, ‘Land Reform Development Challenges of 1963-2003 Continue into Twenty-First Century’ FAO,
153. Deborah Barry, Anne M Larson and Carol J Pierce Colfer, ‘Forest Tenure Reform: An Orphan with Only Uncles’, in Anne M Larson et al. (eds), Forests for People: Community Rights and Forest Tenure Reform (Earthscan, 2010) 23.
154. David Williams, ‘Constructing the Economic Space: The World Bank and the Making of Homo Oeconomicus’ (1999) 28(1) Millennium Journal of International Studies 79
155. Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (Black Swan, 2000), 53.
156. Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (Black Swan, 2000), 54-5.
157. Barry, Larson and Colfer, above (n 153), 22
158. Arun Agrawal and Elinor Ostrom, ‘Collective Action, Property Rights, and Decentralisation in Resource Use in India and Nepal’ (2001)29(4) Politics and Society 485
159. Barry, Larson and Colfer, above (n 153), title and 39.
160. Barry, Larson and Colfer, 2010, above (n 153).
161. Richard Flaman, ‘Decentralisation: A Sampling of Definitions’ (UNDP Working Paper, 1999).
162. Moira Moeliono, Eva Wollenberg and Godwin Limberg (eds), The Decentralization of Forest Governance: Politics, Economics and the Fight for Control of Forests in Indonesian Borneo (Earthscan 2009)
163. Christopher Barr et al. (eds), Decentralization of Forest Administration in Indonesia: Implications for Forest Sustainability, Economic Development and Community Livelihoods (Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2006)
164. Luke Arnold, ‘Deforestation in Decentralised Indonesia: What’s Law Got to Do With It?’ (2008) 4(2) Law, Environment and Development Journal 75.
165. Luis Eslava, ‘Decentralization of Development and Nation-Building Today: Reconstructing Colombia from the Margins of Bogotá’ (2009) 2(1) The Law and Development Review 282
166. UNDP, ‘Factors to Consider in Designing Decentralized Governance Policies and Programmes to Achieve Sustainable People-Centered Development’ (Management Development and Governance Division, February 1998)
167. Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (Zone Books, 2015), 131-4.
168. Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (Zone Books, 2015), 132
169. Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (Zone Books, 2015), 132
170. Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (Zone Books, 2015), 133
171. Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (Zone Books, 2015), 133.
172. Daniel W Bromley and Michael M Cernea, ‘The Management of Common Property Natural Resources’ (The World Bank 1989).
173. Garrett Hardin, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ (1968) 162(3859) Science 1243
174. Bromley and Cernea, above (n 170).
175. Bromley and Cernea, above (n 170).
176. George Caffentzis, ‘The Future of “The Commons”: Neoliberalism’s “Plan B” or the Original Disaccumulation of Capital?’ (2010) 69 New Formations 23, 40
177. The World Bank Group’s Common Property Resource Management Network: Guide to CPRNet .
178. The World Bank Group’s Common Property Resource Management Network: Guide to CPRNet
179. Paul Dragos Aligica, Institutional Diversity and Political Economy: The Ostroms and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2014)
180. Paul Dragos Aligica and Peter J Boettke, Challenging Institutional Analysis and Development: The Bloomington School (Routledge, 2009)
181. Michael D McGinnis (ed), Polycentric Governance and Development: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis (University of Michigan Press, 1999).
182. Caffentzis, above (n 174), 33.
183. Michael Goldman, ‘“Customs in Common”: The Epistemic World of the Commons Scholars’ (1997) 26(1) Theory and Society 1, 15.
184. ‘Making Land Work: Reconciling Customary Land and Development in the Pacific’ (AusAID, Commonwealth of Australia, 2008).
185. Caffentzis, above (n 174), 2010.
186. Annalisa Savaresi and Elisa Morgera, ‘Ownership of Land, Forest and Carbon’, in John Costenbader (ed), Legal Frameworks for REDD: Design and Implementation at the National Level (IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 77, 2009) 15
187. Rebecca Pearse, ‘Don’t Cry for Carbon in Kalimantan’, New Matilda, 2 July 2013
188. Stephen Howes, ‘KFCP: Begun with a Bang, Ending with a Whimper’, Dev Policy Blog, 1 July 2013 .
189. Mulyani and Jepson, 2015, above (n 140)
190. Lounela, 2015, above (n 134).
191. ‘Australia Indonesia Partnership’, ‘Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP): Design Document’ (2009)
192. Pearse and Dehm, above (n 12), 16
193. Marcus Colchester, ‘Beyond Tenure: Rights-based Approaches to Peoples and Forests. Some Lessons from the Forest Peoples Programme’ (Paper presented at the International Conference on Poverty Reduction in Forests: Tenure, Markets and Policy Reforms, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-7 September 2007 2007), 4.
194. World Bank, ESS7 (consultation draft), para 19.
195. World Bank, ESS7 (consultation draft), 254.
196. World Bank, ESS7 (consultation draft), 255-6.
197. World Bank, ESS7 (consultation draft).
198. World Bank, ESS7 (consultation draft).
199. Howell, above (n 148), 263
200. Lounela, above (n 140), 74.
201. Karen Engle, ‘Indigneous Rights Claims in International Law: Self-determination, Culture, and Development’, in David Armstrong (ed), Routledge Handbook of International Law (Routledge, 2009) 331
202. Karen Engle, The Elusive Promise of Indigenous Development: Rights, Culture, Strategy (Duke University Press, 2010)
203. Karen Engle, ‘On Fragile Architecture: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of Human Rights’ (2011) 22(2) The European Journal of International Law 141
204. Isabelle Schulte-Tenckhoff and Adil Hasan Khan, ‘The Permanent Quest for a Mandate: Assessing the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues’ (2011) 20(3) Griffith Law Review 673
205. Isabelle Schulte-Tenckhoff, ‘Treaties, Peoplehood, and Self-determination: Understanding the Language of Indigenous Rights’ in Elvira Pulitano (ed), Indigenous Rights in the Age of the Declaration (Cambridge University Press, 2012) 64
206. Irene Watson and Sharon Venne, ‘Talking Up Indigenous Peoples’ Original Intent in a Space Dominated by State Interventions’ in Elvira Pulitano (ed), Indigenous Rights in the Age of the Declaration (Cambridge University Press, 2012) 87.
207. S James Anaya, ‘Divergent Discourses About International Law, Indigenous Peoples, and Rights over Land and Natural Resources: Towards a Realist Trend’ (2005) 16(2) Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 237
208. S James Anaya, ‘Indigneous Rights Norms in Contemporary International Law’ (1991) 8 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 1
209. S James Anaya, ‘The Capacity of International Law to Advance Ethnic or Nationality Rights Claims’ (1991) 13(3) Human Rights Quarterly 403
210. James Anaya, ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Participatory Rights in Relation to Decisions about Natural Resource Extraction: The More Fundemental Issue of what Rights Indigneous Peoples Have in Land and Resources’ (2005) 22(1) Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 7
211. Schulte-Tenckhoff, 2012 (n 201), 64.
212. Schulte-Tenckhoff, 2012 (n 201), 67.
213. Karen Engle, The Elusive Promise of Indigenous Development: Rights, Culture, Strategy (Duke University Press, 2010), 10.
214. Karen Engle, The Elusive Promise of Indigenous Development (n 201), Chs 6 and 7.
215. Douglas E Sanders, ‘Indigenous Peoples: Issues of Definition’ (1999)8(1) International Journal of Cultural Property 4.
216. Erica-Irene Daes and Asbjorn Eide, Working Paper on the Relationship and Distinction between the Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities and those of Indigenous Peoples, Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/10 (19 July 2000)
217. Jose R Martinez Cobo, Study on the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7 and Add. 1-4 (1986).
218. Jose R Martinez Cobo, Study on the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7 and Add. 1-4 (1986).
219. Erica-Irene A Daes, Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Fifteenth Session. E/CN. 4/Sub 2/1997/19 (13 August 1997) [25].
220. Patrick Thornberry, Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights (Juris Publishing and Manchester University Press, 2002), 57.
221. Patrick Thornberry, Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights (Juris Publishing and Manchester University Press, 2002), 51-2
222. Patrick Thornberry, Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights (Juris Publishing and Manchester University Press, 2002), 51-2
223. Adil Hasan Khan, ‘How is the Subject of International Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Made? Or, When the Openness of Law Becomes its Other’ (Paper presented at the ‘Sculpting the Human’ Association for the Study of Law, Culture and Humanities, Birkbeck, University of London, 2013)
224. Adil Hasan Khan, ‘How is the Subject of International Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Made? Or, When the Openness of Law Becomes its Other’ (Paper presented at the ‘Sculpting the Human’ Association for the Study of Law, Culture and Humanities, Birkbeck, University of London, 2013).
225. Kathleen Birrell, ‘Indigeneity: Before and Beyond the Law’, in Austin Sarat (ed), Special Issue Interdisciplinary Legal Studies: The Next Generation (Emerald, 2010), 219
226. Chris Tennant, ‘Indigenous Peoples, International Institutions, and the International Legal Literature from 1945-1993’ (1994) 16(1) Human Rights Quarterly 12
227. Chris Tennant, ‘Indigenous Peoples, International Institutions, and the International Legal Literature from 1945-1993’ (1994) 16(1) Human Rights Quarterly, 12.
228. Chris Tennant, ‘Indigenous Peoples, International Institutions, and the International Legal Literature from 1945-1993’ (1994) 16(1) Human Rights Quarterly, 17.
229. Erica-Irene Daes, ‘Indigenous Peoples: Keepers of Our Past, Custodians of Our Future’ (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 2008).
230. Benjamin J Richardson, ‘The Ties that Bind: Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Governance’ (2008) 4 CLPE Research Paper Series, 3.
231. Cherie Metcalf, ‘Indigenous Rights and the Environment: Evolving International Law’ (2003-2004) 35(1) Ottawa Law Review 101
232. Klaus Bosselmann, ‘The Right to Self-determination and International Environmental Law: An Intergrative Approach’ (1997) 1 New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law 1
233. Laura Westra, Environmental Justice and the Rights of Indigneous Peoples: International and Domestic Legal Perspectives (Earthscan, 2008).
234. Astrid Ulloa, The Ecological Native: Indigenous Peoples’ Movements and Eco-Governmentality in Colombia (Routledge, 2005).
235. Alcida Rita Ramos, ‘The Hyperreal Indian’ (1994) 14(2) Critique of Anthropology 153.
236. Bradford Morse, ‘Indigenous Rights as a Mechanism to Promote Sustainability’, in Laura Westra, Klaus Bosselmann and Richard Westra (eds), Reconciling Human Existence with Ecological Integrity (Earthscan, 2008) 160.
237. Brundtland Commission Report, Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development (Cambridge University Press, 1987), 114-15.
238. Arun Agrawal and Clark C Gibson, ‘Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation’ (1999) 27(4) World Development 629
239. Timothy Neale, ‘Contest and Consent: The Legacy of the Wild Rivers Act 2005 (QLD)’ (2012) 8(3) Indigenous Law Bulletin 6.
240. Tania Murray Li, ‘Masyarakat Adat, Difference, and the Limits of Recognition in Indonesia’s Forest Zone’ (2001) 35(3) Modern Asian Studies 645
241. Bosselmann, above (n 235), 1.
242. Larry Lohmann, ‘Green Orientalism’ (The Corner House, 1993)
243. Engle, 2009, above (n 201), 343.
244. Engle, 2009, above (n 201), 170.
245. Engle, 2009, above (n 201), 173.
246. World Bank, Operational Directive 4.20: Indigenous Peoples (September 1991)
247. World Bank, Operational Policy 4.10: Indigenous Peoples (July 2005), accessed 10 February 2015
248. Proposed Social and Environmental Safeguard 7 (ESS7), .
249. D Ray et al., ‘A Guide to Understanding and Implementing the UNFCCC REDD+ Safeguards’ (Client Earth, 2013), 40.
250. D Ray et al., ‘A Guide to Understanding and Implementing the UNFCCC REDD+ Safeguards’ (Client Earth, 2013), 40
251. D Ray et al., above (n 262), 41
252. James Anaya, Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya, Human Rights Council, 12th session, A/HRC/12/34 (15 July 2009) [36]-[57]. Note, this report and its conclusions are endorsed in the ILA, ‘Final Report’, (2012) 3-7
253. James Anaya, Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya, Human Rights Council, 12th session, A/HRC/12/34 (15 July 2009) [36]-[57]. Note, this report and its conclusions are endorsed in the ILA, ‘Final Report’, (2012) 3-7.
254. James Anaya, Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya, Human Rights Council, 12th session, A/HRC/12/34 (15 July 2009) [36]-[57]. Note, this report and its conclusions are endorsed in the ILA, ‘Final Report’, (2012) 3-7.
255. James Anaya, Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya, Human Rights Council, 12th session, A/HRC/12/34 (15 July 2009) [36]-[57]. Note, this report and its conclusions are endorsed in the ILA, ‘Final Report’, (2012) 3-7.
256. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya, Human Rights Council, 21st session, A/HRC/21/47 (6 July 2012) [49]
257. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya, Human Rights Council, 21st session, A/HRC/21/47 (6 July 2012) [49].
258. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya: Extractive Industries and Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights Council, 24th session, A/HRC/24/41 (1 July 2013).
259. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya: Extractive Industries and Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights Council, 24th session, A/HRC/24/41 (1 July 2013).
260. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya: Extractive Industries and Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights Council, 24th session, A/HRC/24/41 (1 July 2013)
261. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, James Anaya: Extractive Industries and Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights Council, 24th session, A/HRC/24/41 (1 July 2013).
262. David Gray Carlson, ‘How to Do Things with Hegel’ (1999-2000) 78 Texas Law Review 1377
263. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
264. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
265. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 45
266. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
267. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
268. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 46
269. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 35
270. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
271. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
272. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 297
273. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49
274. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
275. Angela Mitropoulos, Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia (Minor Compositions, 2012), 19-49.
276. Lara Montesinos Coleman, ‘The Making of Docile Dissent: Neoliberalism and Resistance in Columbia and Beyond’ (2013) 7 International Political Sociology 170, 170.