Constructing the economic space: The World Bank and the making of Homo Oeconomicus

Millenium

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 79-99

  Williams, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 11544337095     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298990280011001     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. See. for example, J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) and Neil McKendrick, 'Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline', The Historical Journal 4, no. 1 (1961): 30-55.
2. See. for example, J.M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) and Neil McKendrick, 'Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline', The Historical Journal 4, no. 1 (1961): 30-55.
3. Tom Young, '"A Project to be Realised": Global Liberalism and Contemporary Africa', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 24, no. 3 (1995): 527-46.
4. For some of this history, see Christopher Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
5. For more details see David Williams, 'The Emergence and Implementation of the World Bank's "Good Governance" Agenda' (Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1997).
6. Ernst Haas, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
7. David Williams and Tom Young, 'Governance, the World Dank and Liberal Theory', Political Studies 42. no. 1 (1994): 84-100.
8. Here I have drawn on Subroto Roy. Philosophy of Economics: On the Scope of Reason in Economic Inquiry (London: Routledge, 1989), especially chap. 10, and Mark Blaug, The Methodology of Economics: Or How Economists Explain, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University, Press, 1992), especially chap. 6.
9. Here I have drawn on Subroto Roy. Philosophy of Economics: On the Scope of Reason in Economic Inquiry (London: Routledge, 1989), especially chap. 10, and Mark Blaug, The Methodology of Economics: Or How Economists Explain, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University, Press, 1992), especially chap. 6.
10. Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics, 8th ed. (London: Macmillan, 1962), 78-81.
11. Blaug. The Methodology of Economics, 141-44.
12. Nicholas Vriend, 'Rational Behavior and Economic Theory', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 29, no. 2 (1996): 263-85.
13. Ibid., 265.
14. Blaug, The Methodology of Economics, 230-32. For an empirical demonstration of this, see Bruno Frey, Werner Pommerhene, Friedrich Schneider, and Guy Gilbert, 'Consensus and Dissension Among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry', American Economic Review 74, no. 5 (1984): 986-94.
15. Blaug, The Methodology of Economics, 230-32. For an empirical demonstration of this, see Bruno Frey, Werner Pommerhene, Friedrich Schneider, and Guy Gilbert, 'Consensus and Dissension Among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry', American Economic Review 74, no. 5 (1984): 986-94.
16. As Blaug has argued, many economists are not concerned first and foremost with the empirical accuracy of their models.
17. Michael Freeden, Ideologies and Political Tlieory: A Conceptual Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
18. In particular, see Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage, 1994).
19. See Michael Shapiro, Reading 'Adam Smith': Desire, History and Value (London: Sage, 1993).
20. Albert Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before its Triumph, 20th Anniversary Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); and Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970).
21. Albert Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before its Triumph, 20th Anniversary Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); and Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970).
22. See Robert Goodin, Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) and John Harsanyi, 'Morality and the Theory of Rational Behaviour' in Utilitarianism and Beyond, eds. Amartaya Sen and Bernard Williams (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
23. See Robert Goodin, Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) and John Harsanyi, 'Morality and the Theory of Rational Behaviour' in Utilitarianism and Beyond, eds. Amartaya Sen and Bernard Williams (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
24. Albert Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958), 6.
25. Ragner Nurkse. Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953), 5.
26. There are some parallels between this and Keynesian economics, and some of the original growth models designed for developing countries were derived from Keynes's work. For a discussion of this see Keynes and Economic Development, ed. A.P. Thirwall (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987). There remains some dispute within economics over whether Keynes's macroeconomic theory can be given a neo-classical microeconomic foundation. See, for example, Axel Leijonhufved, On Keynesian Economics and the Economics of Keynes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968) and Takashi Negishi, Microeconomic Foundations of Keynesian Macroeconomics (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1979). Whatever the importance of this dispute, 'orthodox' development economists do seem to have thought that at least some macroeconomic problems could be understood using concepts drawn from microeconomics.
27. There are some parallels between this and Keynesian economics, and some of the original growth models designed for developing countries were derived from Keynes's work. For a discussion of this see Keynes and Economic Development, ed. A.P. Thirwall (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987). There remains some dispute within economics over whether Keynes's macroeconomic theory can be given a neo-classical microeconomic foundation. See, for example, Axel Leijonhufved, On Keynesian Economics and the Economics of Keynes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968) and Takashi Negishi, Microeconomic Foundations of Keynesian Macroeconomics (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1979). Whatever the importance of this dispute, 'orthodox' development economists do seem to have thought that at least some macroeconomic problems could be understood using concepts drawn from microeconomics.
28. There are some parallels between this and Keynesian economics, and some of the original growth models designed for developing countries were derived from Keynes's work. For a discussion of this see Keynes and Economic Development, ed. A.P. Thirwall (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987). There remains some dispute within economics over whether Keynes's macroeconomic theory can be given a neo-classical microeconomic foundation. See, for example, Axel Leijonhufved, On Keynesian Economics and the Economics of Keynes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968) and Takashi Negishi, Microeconomic Foundations of Keynesian Macroeconomics (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1979). Whatever the importance of this dispute, 'orthodox' development economists do seem to have thought that at least some macroeconomic problems could be understood using concepts drawn from microeconomics.
29. Eugene Black, The Diplomacy of Economic Development (New York: Atheneum, 1963), and Edward Mason and Robert Asher, The World Bank Since Bretton Woods (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1973).
30. Eugene Black, The Diplomacy of Economic Development (New York: Atheneum, 1963), and Edward Mason and Robert Asher, The World Bank Since Bretton Woods (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1973).
31. For a discussion of this, see John Toye, Dilemmas of Development (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987).
32. World Bank, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1981), 4.
33. Deepak Lal, The Poverty of 'Development Economics' (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1983), 105. Between 1984-1986 Lal worked in the research division of the World Bank.
34. See, for example, Arnold Heertje, ed., The Economic Role of the State (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), and John Harris, Janet Hunter, and Colin Lewis, eds., The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development (London: Routledge, 1995).
35. See, for example, Arnold Heertje, ed., The Economic Role of the State (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), and John Harris, Janet Hunter, and Colin Lewis, eds., The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development (London: Routledge, 1995).
36. Douglass North, Institutions. Institutional Change und Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 5.
37. World Bank, World Development Report 1991 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991), especially chap. 7, and World Bank, World Development Report 1997 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997).
38. World Bank, World Development Report 1991 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991), especially chap. 7, and World Bank, World Development Report 1997 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997).
39. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Glasgow Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 341
40. Ibid., 72-80.
41. Ibid., 30.
42. Ibid., 689-816.
43. Thorstein Veblen, 'The Preconceptions of the Classical Economists', in The Portable Veblen, ed. Max Lerner (New York: Viking, 1948), 242-43.
44. In addition to the works cited below for this reading of Smith, I have benefited particularly from Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue: The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Denis Meuret, 'A Political Geneaology of Political Economy', in Foucault's New Domains, eds. Mike Gane and Terry Johnson (London: Routledge, 1993); Charles Dazerman, 'Money Talks: The Rhetorical Project of The Wealth of Nations', in Economics and Language, eds. Willie Henderson, Tony Dudley-Evans, and Roger Blackhouse (London: Routledge, 1993); and Shapiro, Reading 'Adam Smith'. I have also benefited from locating this reading of Smith in a line of commentary on other thinkers who can be read as having a similarly transformative project. For Hobbes, see David Johnstone, The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), and for Locke, see James Tully, 'Governing Conduct' in Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe, ed. Edmund Leites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
45. In addition to the works cited below for this reading of Smith, I have benefited particularly from Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue: The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Denis Meuret, 'A Political Geneaology of Political Economy', in Foucault's New Domains, eds. Mike Gane and Terry Johnson (London: Routledge, 1993); Charles Dazerman, 'Money Talks: The Rhetorical Project of The Wealth of Nations', in Economics and Language, eds. Willie Henderson, Tony Dudley-Evans, and Roger Blackhouse (London: Routledge, 1993); and Shapiro, Reading 'Adam Smith'. I have also benefited from locating this reading of Smith in a line of commentary on other thinkers who can be read as having a similarly transformative project. For Hobbes, see David Johnstone, The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), and for Locke, see James Tully, 'Governing Conduct' in Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe, ed. Edmund Leites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
46. In addition to the works cited below for this reading of Smith, I have benefited particularly from Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue: The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Denis Meuret, 'A Political Geneaology of Political Economy', in Foucault's New Domains, eds. Mike Gane and Terry Johnson (London: Routledge, 1993); Charles Dazerman, 'Money Talks: The Rhetorical Project of The Wealth of Nations', in Economics and Language, eds. Willie Henderson, Tony Dudley-Evans, and Roger Blackhouse (London: Routledge, 1993); and Shapiro, Reading 'Adam Smith'. I have also benefited from locating this reading of Smith in a line of commentary on other thinkers who can be read as having a similarly transformative project. For Hobbes, see David Johnstone, The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), and for Locke, see James Tully, 'Governing Conduct' in Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe, ed. Edmund Leites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
47. In addition to the works cited below for this reading of Smith, I have benefited particularly from Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue: The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Denis Meuret, 'A Political Geneaology of Political Economy', in Foucault's New Domains, eds. Mike Gane and Terry Johnson (London: Routledge, 1993); Charles Dazerman, 'Money Talks: The Rhetorical Project of The Wealth of Nations', in Economics and Language, eds. Willie Henderson, Tony Dudley-Evans, and Roger Blackhouse (London: Routledge, 1993); and Shapiro, Reading 'Adam Smith'. I have also benefited from locating this reading of Smith in a line of commentary on other thinkers who can be read as having a similarly transformative project. For Hobbes, see David Johnstone, The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), and for Locke, see James Tully, 'Governing Conduct' in Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe, ed. Edmund Leites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
48. In addition to the works cited below for this reading of Smith, I have benefited particularly from Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue: The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Denis Meuret, 'A Political Geneaology of Political Economy', in Foucault's New Domains, eds. Mike Gane and Terry Johnson (London: Routledge, 1993); Charles Dazerman, 'Money Talks: The Rhetorical Project of The Wealth of Nations', in Economics and Language, eds. Willie Henderson, Tony Dudley-Evans, and Roger Blackhouse (London: Routledge, 1993); and Shapiro, Reading 'Adam Smith'. I have also benefited from locating this reading of Smith in a line of commentary on other thinkers who can be read as having a similarly transformative project. For Hobbes, see David Johnstone, The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), and for Locke, see James Tully, 'Governing Conduct' in Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe, ed. Edmund Leites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
49. In addition to the works cited below for this reading of Smith, I have benefited particularly from Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue: The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Denis Meuret, 'A Political Geneaology of Political Economy', in Foucault's New Domains, eds. Mike Gane and Terry Johnson (London: Routledge, 1993); Charles Dazerman, 'Money Talks: The Rhetorical Project of The Wealth of Nations', in Economics and Language, eds. Willie Henderson, Tony Dudley-Evans, and Roger Blackhouse (London: Routledge, 1993); and Shapiro, Reading 'Adam Smith'. I have also benefited from locating this reading of Smith in a line of commentary on other thinkers who can be read as having a similarly transformative project. For Hobbes, see David Johnstone, The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), and for Locke, see James Tully, 'Governing Conduct' in Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe, ed. Edmund Leites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
50. Smith, An Inquiry, 151.
51. Ibid., 139. Smith makes similar arguments about slavery, 387-90.
52. Ibid., 140. See also McKendrick, 'Josiah Wedgwood'.
53. Ibid., 140. See also McKendrick, 'Josiah Wedgwood'.
54. Ibid., 385.
55. Ibid., 386.
56. Ursula Vogel, 'When the Land Belonged to All: The Land Question in Eighteenth-Century Justifications of Private Property', Political Studies 36, no. 1 (1988): 102-22.
57. Smith, An Inquiry, 341.
58. Vriend, 'Rational Behavior'.
59. Nathan Rosenberg, 'Some Institutional Aspects of The Wealth of Nations', Journal of Political Economy 68, no. 6 (1960): 559.
60. Ibid., 559.
61. Smith, An Inquiry, 140.
62. This self-reflexiveness is the key concept in Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, Glasgow Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).
63. Ibid., 764.
64. Ibid., 786.
65. Donald Winch, 'Adam Smith's "Enduring Particular Result": A Political and Cosmopolitan Perspective', in Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, eds. Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 258-59.
66. In fact Smith never suggests this.
67. Bazerman, 'Money Talks'.
68. For a brief introduction, see Williams and Young, 'Governance'; Adrian Leftwich, 'Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World', Third World Quarterly 14, no. 3 (1993): 605-24, and Mark Robinson, 'Aid, Democracy and Political Conditionality in Sub-Saharan Africa', European Journal of Development Research 5, no. 1 (1993): 85-99.
69. For a brief introduction, see Williams and Young, 'Governance'; Adrian Leftwich, 'Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World', Third World Quarterly 14, no. 3 (1993): 605-24, and Mark Robinson, 'Aid, Democracy and Political Conditionality in Sub-Saharan Africa', European Journal of Development Research 5, no. 1 (1993): 85-99.
70. For a brief introduction, see Williams and Young, 'Governance'; Adrian Leftwich, 'Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World', Third World Quarterly 14, no. 3 (1993): 605-24, and Mark Robinson, 'Aid, Democracy and Political Conditionality in Sub-Saharan Africa', European Journal of Development Research 5, no. 1 (1993): 85-99.
71. For an overview of these programmes, and some case studies, see Paul Mosley, Jane Harrigan, and John Toye, Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-based Lending (London: Routledge, 1991).
72. Ibid., 56-60.
73. Carl Jayarajah and William Branson, Structural and Sectoral Adjustment: World Bank Experience, 1980-92 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995), 108-9.
74. For a graphic illustration of this, see Richard Jeffries, 'Ghana: The Political Economy of Personal Rule', in Contemporary West African States eds. Donal Cruise O'Brien, John Dunn, and Richard Rathbone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 75-98.
75. World Bank, 'Philippines: Agrarian Reform Communities Development Project', staff appraisal report number 15624-PH, October 24, 1996. The Staff Appraisal Reports referenced in this paper are not formally published by the bank, but are available to the public.
76. Ibid., 3-7.
77. Ibid., 73-77.
78. Ibid., 13, 78-80.
79. Sonia Johnson, Education and Training of Accountants in Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996), 1.
80. Ibid., 1.
81. Ibid., 27-29.
82. Peter Miller, 'Accounting and Objectivity: The Invention of Calculating Selves and Calculable Spaces', Annals of Scholarship 9, nos. 1/2 (1992): 61-86; Peter Miller and Ted O'Leary, 'Accounting and the Construction of the Governable Person', Accounting, Organisations and Society 12, no. 3 (1987): 235-65.
83. Peter Miller, 'Accounting and Objectivity: The Invention of Calculating Selves and Calculable Spaces', Annals of Scholarship 9, nos. 1/2 (1992): 61-86; Peter Miller and Ted O'Leary, 'Accounting and the Construction of the Governable Person', Accounting, Organisations and Society 12, no. 3 (1987): 235-65.
84. World Bank, 'Ghana: Community Water and Sanitation Project', staff appraisal report number 12406-GH, March 21, 1994.
85. Ibid., 8.
86. Ibid., 7.
87. Ibid., 81.
88. Ibid., 85.
89. World Bank, 'Republic of Ghana: Literacy and Functional Skills Project', staff appraisal report number 10164-GH, February 28, 1992.
90. Ibid., 1.
91. Ibid., i.
92. Ibid., 3.
93. Ibid., 35.
94. Buvan Bhatnagar and Aubrey Williams, introduction to Participatory Development and the World Bank: Potential Directions for Change, eds. Buvan Bhatnagar and Aubrey Williams (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992), 4, emphasis added.
95. See Oxfam, A Case for Reform: Fifty Years of the IMF and World Bank (Oxfam: Oxford, 1995); and John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (London: Earthscan, 1991), chap. 12.
96. See Oxfam, A Case for Reform: Fifty Years of the IMF and World Bank (Oxfam: Oxford, 1995); and John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (London: Earthscan, 1991), chap. 12.
97. For a different perspective on this, see Alan Fowler, 'Distant Obligations: Speculations on NGO Funding and the Global Market', Review of African Political Economy 55 (1992): 9-29.
98. Jonathan Dawson and Andy Jeans, Looking Beyond Credit: Business Development Services and the Promotion of Innovation Among Small Producers (London: Intermediate Technology, 1997), 10, emphasis in original.
99. Ibid., 13.
100. Ibid., 11.
101. Edward Millard, Financial Management of a Small Handicraft Business (Oxford: Oxfam, 1987).
102. Stephen Devereux and Henry Pares, Credit and Savings for Development (Oxford: Oxfam, 1990), 57-58.
103. See the case studies in the joint Oxfam/ACTIONAID pamphlet by Susan Johnson and Ben Rogaly, Microfinance and Poverty Reduction (Oxford: Oxfam, 1997).
104. Rogerio Pinto, Projectizing the Governance Approach to Civil Service Reform: An Institutional Environmental Assessment for the Sectoral Adjustment Loan in the Gambia (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1994), 10.
105. Ibid.
106. Ibid., 64-70.
107. Ibid., 71-89.
108. Ibid., 36.
109. World Bank, 'Philippines: Tax Computerization Project', staff appraisal report number 11355PH, March 31, 1993.
110. Ibid., 5.
111. Ibid., 2, 49-53.
112. Ibid., 13.
113. Ibid., 28.
114. World Bank, 'Republic of Ghana: Local Government Development Project', staff appraisal report number 12332GH, January 18, 1994.
115. Ibid., 79-84.
116. Ibid., 65.
117. Ibid., 91, 97-102.
118. See Michael Roemer and Joseph Stern, Cases in Economic Development: Projects, Policies and Strategies (London: Butterworths, 1981), and Tony Barnett, 'Evaluating the Gezira Scheme: Black Box or Pandora's Box?' Rural Development in Tropical Africa, eds. Judith Heyer, Pepe Roberts, and Gavin Williams (London: Macmillan, 1981).
119. See Michael Roemer and Joseph Stern, Cases in Economic Development: Projects, Policies and Strategies (London: Butterworths, 1981), and Tony Barnett, 'Evaluating the Gezira Scheme: Black Box or Pandora's Box?' Rural Development in Tropical Africa, eds. Judith Heyer, Pepe Roberts, and Gavin Williams (London: Macmillan, 1981).
120. For one example see Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994).
121. For some general issues, see the essays in Mark Hobart, ed., An Anthropological Critique of Development (London: Routledge, 1993), and Norman Long and Ann Long, eds., Battlefields of Knowledge: The Interlocking of Theory and Practice in Social Research and Development (London: Routledge, 1992).
122. For some general issues, see the essays in Mark Hobart, ed., An Anthropological Critique of Development (London: Routledge, 1993), and Norman Long and Ann Long, eds., Battlefields of Knowledge: The Interlocking of Theory and Practice in Social Research and Development (London: Routledge, 1992).
123. See Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, The Republican Legacy in International Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chap. 6.
124. See Jane Mansbridge, 'Self-interest in Political Life'. Political Theory 18, no. 1 (1990): 132-253.
125. Blaug, The Methodology of Economics. and John Davies, Exchange (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1992).
126. Blaug, The Methodology of Economics. and John Davies, Exchange (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1992).
127. Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), 242.