E-cigarette liquids: Constancy of content across batches and accuracy of labeling

Addictive Behaviors

Volumn 73, Issue , 2017, Pages 137-143

  Etter, Jean François ^a   Bugey, Aurélie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b Service of Consumer and Veterinary Affairs   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

E cigarette; E liquid; Electronic cigarette; Electronic nicotine delivery systems; Quality control

Indexed keywords

ANABASINE; DIETHYLENE GLYCOL; ETHYLENE GLYCOL; GLYCEROL; NICOTINE; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; ETHYLENE GLYCOL DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL LABELING; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE; HUMAN; INTERNET; LIMIT OF DETECTION; PH; SMOKING; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PACKAGING; STANDARDS;

ANABASINE; ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS; ETHYLENE GLYCOL; ETHYLENE GLYCOLS; GLYCEROL; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; NICOTINE; PRODUCT LABELING; PROPYLENE GLYCOL;

EID: 85019131678     PISSN: 03064603     EISSN: 18736327     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.012     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. AEMSA, E-liquid, manufacturing standards. 2013, American e-liquid manufacturing standards association (version 2.3.1).
2. AFNOR, Association française de normalisation. http://www.afnor.org, 2016.
3. Bahl, V., Lin, S., Xu, N., Davis, B., Wang, Y.H., Talbot, P., Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reproductive Toxicology 34:4 (2012), 529–537.
4. Bartschat, S., Mercer-Chalmers-Bender, K., Beike, J., Rothschild, M.A., Jubner, M., Not only smoking is deadly: Fatal ingestion of e-juice-a case report. International Journal of Legal Medicine 129:3 (2015), 481–486.
5. Bassett, R.A., Osterhoudt, K., Brabazon, T., Nicotine poisoning in an infant. The New England Journal of Medicine 370:23 (2014), 2249–2250.
6. Bauld, L., MacKintosh, A.M., Ford, A., McNeill, A., E-cigarette uptake amongst UK youth: Experimentation, but little or no regular use in nonsmokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 18:1 (2016), 102–103.
7. Brown, J., West, R., Smoking in England 2007–2014. Smoking in England, 2015 http://www.smokinginengland.info/latest-statistics/.
8. Cameron, J.M., Howell, D.N., White, J.R., Andrenyak, D.M., Layton, M.E., Roll, J.M., Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions. Tobacco Control 23:1 (2014), 77–78.
9. Chatham-Stephens, K., Law, R., Taylor, E. et al., Notes from the field: Calls to poison centers for exposures to electronic cigarettes—United States, September 2010-February 2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63:13 (2014), 292–293.
10. Chen, B.C., Bright, S.B., Trivedi, A.R., Valento, M., Death following intentional ingestion of e-liquid. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 53:9 (2015), 914–916.
11. Cheng, T., Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control 23:Suppl. 2 (2014), ii11–ii17.
12. Christensen, L.B., van't Veen, T., Bang, J., Three cases of attempted suicide by ingestion of nicotine liquid used in e-cigarettes. XXXIII International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) 28–31 May 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark Clinical Toxicology, 51, 2013, 252–378.
13. Davis, B., Dang, M., Kim, J., Talbot, P., Nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarette refill and do-it-yourself fluids. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 17:2 (2015), 134–141.
14. Delnevo, C.D., Giovenco, D.P., Steinberg, M.B. et al., Patterns of electronic cigarette use among adults in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 18:5 (2016), 715–719.
15. Eberlein, C.K., Frieling, H., Kohnlein, T., Hillemacher, T., Bleich, S., Suicide attempt by poisoning using nicotine liquid for use in electronic cigarettes. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(8), 2014, 891.
16. EDQM, European Pharmacopeia 7.0. 2012, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare, Strasbourg.
17. El-Hellani, A., El-Hage, R., Baalbaki, R. et al., Free-base and protonated nicotine in electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols. Chemical Research in Toxicology 28:8 (2015), 1532–1537.
18. Etter, J.F., Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users. BMC Public Health, 10, 2010, 231, 10.1186/1471-2458-1110-1231.
19. Etter, J.F., Throat hit in users of the electronic cigarette: an exploratory study. (Submitted manuscript). 2015.
20. Etter, J.F., A longitudinal study of cotinine in long-term daily users of e-cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 160 (2016), 218–221.
21. Etter, J.F., Bullen, C., Electronic cigarette: Users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction 106:11 (2011), 2017–2028.
22. Etter, J., Bullen, C., Cotinine levels in users of electronic cigarettes. European Respiratory Journal 38:5 (2011), 1219–1220.
23. Etter, J.F., Eissenberg, T., Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 147 (2015), 68–75.
24. Etter, J.F., Bullen, C., Flouris, A.D., Laugesen, M., Eissenberg, T., Electronic nicotine delivery systems: A research agenda. Tobacco Control 20:3 (2011), 243–248.
25. Etter, J.F., Zather, E., Svensson, S., Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction 108:9 (2013), 1671–1679.
26. EU, Directive 2014/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco and related products and repealing Directive 2001/37/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, 2014, 2014, April 29, L 127.
27. Famele, M., Ferranti, C., Abenavoli, C., Palleschi, L., Mancinelli, R., Draisci, R., The chemical components of electronic cigarette cartridges and refill fluids: Review of analytical methods. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 17:3 (2015), 271–279.
28. Farsalinos, K.E., Polosa, R., Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: A systematic review. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 5:2 (2014), 67–86.
29. FDA, Guidance for industry. Testing of glycerin for diethylene glycol, 2007 (Rockville MD, USA).
30. Goniewicz, M.L., Kuma, T., Gawron, M., Knysak, J., Kosmider, L., Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 15:1 (2013), 158–166.
31. Goniewicz, M.L., Knysak, J., Gawron, M. et al., Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control 23:2 (2014), 133–139.
32. Goniewicz, M., Hajek, P., McRobbie, H., Nicotine content of electronic cigarettes, its release in vapour, and its consistency across batches: Regulatory implications. Addiction 109:3 (2014), 500–507.
33. Goniewicz, M.L., Gupta, R., Lee, Y.H. et al., Nicotine levels in electronic cigarette refill solutions: A comparative analysis of products from the U.S., Korea, and Poland. The International Journal on Drug Policy 26:6 (2015), 583–588.
34. Hajek, P., Etter, J.F., Benowitz, N., Eissenberg, T., McRobbie, H., Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefits. Addiction 109:11 (2014), 1801–1810.
35. Herrington, J.S., Myers, C., Electronic cigarette solutions and resultant aerosol profiles. Journal of Chromatography. A 1418 (2015), 192–199.
36. ICH, ICH topic Q 3 B (R2) impurities in new drug products. Vol step 4 version. 2006, July (Geneva, Switzerland).
37. Kloosterman, K., Electronic cigarette kills toddler in Israel Green Prophet. http://www.greenprophet.com/2013/05/electronic-cigarette-kills-toddler-in-israel/, 2013 (May 29).
38. Kraut, J.A., Kurtz, I., Toxic alcohol ingestions: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3:1 (2008), 208–225.
39. Krishnan-Sarin, S., Morean, M.E., Camenga, D.R., Cavallo, D.A., Kong, G., E-cigarette use among high school and middle school adolescents in Connecticut. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 17:7 (2015), 810–818.
40. Mayer, B., How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-experiments in the nineteenth century. Archives of Toxicology 88:1 (2014), 5–7.
41. McCauley, L., Markin, C., Hosmer, D., An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest 141:4 (2012), 1110–1113.
42. OFSP, Lettre d'information n° 146: cigarettes électroniques. 2009, Office fédéral de la santé publique, Berne (May 2009).
43. Peace, M.R., Baird, T.R., Smith, N., Wolf, C.E., Poklis, J.L., Poklis, A., Concentration of nicotine and glycols in 27 electronic cigarette formulations. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 40:6 (2016), 403–407.
44. Pirschel, C., FDA announces federal regulations of E-cigarettes. ONS Connect, 31(6), 2016, 26.
45. Schep, L.J., Slaughter, R.J., Temple, W.A., Beasley, D.M., Diethylene glycol poisoning. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 47:6 (2009), 525–535.
46. Schuster, B., AAPCC and Poison Centers issue warning about electronic cigarette devices and liquid nicotine. 2014, 27 Nov, American Association of Poison Control Centers Accessed Nov. 27, 2014 http://www.aapcc.org/press/29/.
47. Stepanov, I., Fujioka, N., Bringing attention to e-cigarette pH as an important element for research and regulation. Tobacco Control 24:4 (2015), 413–414.
48. Trehy, M., Ye, W., Hadwiger, M. et al., Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 34 (2011), 1442–1458.
49. Uchiyama, S., Inaba, Y., Kunugita, N., Determination of acrolein and other carbonyls in cigarette smoke using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Journal of Chromatography. A 1217:26 (2010), 4383–4388.
50. United_States_Pharmacopeial_Convention, The United States Pharmacopeia: the National Formulary. 2008, United States Pharmacopeial Convention.
51. US_Pharmacopeial_Convention, (467) Residual solvents. United States Pharmacopeia 30, 2007, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA.
52. Varlet, V., Farsalinos, K., Augsburger, M., Thomas, A., Etter, J.F., Toxicity assessment of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12:5 (2015), 4796–4815.
53. WHO, Electronic nicotine delivery systems, including electronic cigarettes. Report by the convention secretariat. Conference of the parties to the WHO framework convention on tobacco control, 2012 (Geneva, Switzerland).
54. Williams, M., Villarreal, A., Bozhilov, K., Lin, S., Talbot, P., Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PloS One, 8(3), 2013, e57987.
55. Yingst, J.M., Veldheer, S., Hrabovsky, S., Nichols, T.T., Wilson, S.J., Foulds, J., Factors associated with electronic cigarette users' device preferences and transition from first generation to advanced generation devices. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 17:10 (2015), 1242–1246.