Vision

The Biology of Sea Turtles

Volumn 3, Issue , 2013, Pages 31-58

  Fritsches, Kerstin A ^a   Warrant, Eric J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85018513566     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b13895     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Avens, L. and K. J. Lohmann. 2003. Use of multiple orientation cues by juvenile loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 4317-4325.
2. Bartol, S. M. 1999. Morphological, electrophysiological and behavioural investigation of the visual acuity of the juvenile loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). PhD thesis. Faculty of the School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.
3. Bartol, S. M. and J. A. Musick. 2001. Morphology and topographically organization of the retina of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Copeia 3: 718-725.
4. Bartol, S. M. and J. A. Musick. 2002. Sensory biology of sea turtles. In The Biology of Sea Turtles II, eds. P. L. Lutz, J. A. Musick, and J. Wyneken. pp. 79-102. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
5. Bartol, S., Musick, J., and A. Ochs. 2002. Visual acuity thresholds of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta): An electrophysiological approach. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 187: 953-960.
6. Bass, A. H. and R. G. Northcutt. 1981. Primary retinal targets in the Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. Cell and Tissue Research 218: 253-264.
7. Beer, T. 1898. Die Accommodation des Auges bei den Reptilien. Pflügers Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere 69: 507-568.
8. Bennett, A. T. D. and I. C. Cuthill. 1994. Ultraviolet vision in birds; what is its function. Vision Research 34: 1471-1478.
9. Bertolotti, L. and M. Salmon. 2005. Do embedded roadway lights protect sea turtles? Environmental Manage-ment 36: 702-710.
10. Bjorndal, K. 1997. Foraging ecology and nutrition in sea turtles. In The Biology of Sea Turtles, eds. P. L. Lutz and J. A. Musick. pp. 199-231. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
11. Bowmaker, J. K., Kovach, J. K., Whitmore, A. V., and E. R. Loew. 1993. Visual pigments and oil droplets in genetically manipulated and carotenoid deprived quail: A microspectrophotometric study. Vision Research Supplement 33: 571-578.
12. Brudenall, D., Schwab, I. R., and K. A. Fritsches. 2008. Ocular morphology of the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). Veterinary Ophthalmology 11: 99-110.
13. Burne, R. H. 1905. Notes on the muscular and visceral anatomy of the leathery turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 73: 219-324.
14. Bustard, H. R. 1967. Mechanism of nocturnal emergence from the nest in green turtle hatchlings. Nature 214: 317.
15. Caldwell, R. L. and H. Dingle. 1975. Ecology and evolution of agonistic behavior in stomatopods. Naturwissenschaften 62: 214-222.
16. Carr, A. F. 1987. New perspectives on the pelagic stage of sea turtle development. Conservation Biology 1: 103-121.
17. Carr, A. L. and L. Ogren. 1960. The ecology and migrations of sea turtles. IV. The green turtle in the Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 121: 6-45.
18. Clarke, G. L. and E. J. Denton. 1962. Light and animal life. In The Sea, ed. M. N. Hill, pp. 456-468. London, U.K.: Wiley-Interscience.
19. Clarke, G. L. and C. J. Hubbard. 1959. Quantitative records of the luminescent flashing of oceanic animals at great depths. Limnology and Oceanography 4: 163-180.
20. Collin, S. P. and J. D. Pettigrew. 1988. Retinal topography in reef teleosts. II. Some species with prominent horizontal streaks and high-density areae. Brain, Behaviour and Evolution 31: 283-295.
21. Collin, S. P. and J. D. Pettigrew. 1989. Quantitative comparison of the limits on visual spatial resolution set by the ganglion cell layer in twelve species of reef teleosts. Brain, Behaviour and Evolution 34: 184-192.
22. Constantino, M. A. and M. Salmon. 2003. Role of chemical and visual cues in food recognition by leatherback posthatchlings (Dermochelys coriacea L). Zoology 106: 173-181.
23. Crognale, M. A., Eckert, S. A., Levenson, D. H., and C. A. Harms. 2008. Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries. Endangered Species Research 5: 249-256.
24. Cronin, T. W. and N. J. Marshall. 1989. A retina with at least ten spectral types of photoreceptors in a mantis shrimp. Nature 339: 137-140.
25. Daniel, R. S. and K. U. Smith. 1947. The sea-approaching behaviour of the neonate loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Journal of Comparative Physiology 40: 413.
26. Davenport, J. 1988. Do diving leatherbacks pursue glowing jelly? British Herpetological Society Bulletin 24: 20-21.
27. Denton, E. J. 1990. Light and vision at depths greater than 200 metres. In Light and Life in the Sea, eds. P. Herring, A. Campbell, M. Whitfield, and L. Maddock. pp. 127-148. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
28. Doyle, T. K., Houghton, J. D., Suilleabhain, P. F. et al. 2008. Leatherback turtles satellite-tagged in European waters. Endangered Species Research 4: 23-31.
29. Duke-Elder, W. S. 1958. The Eye in Evolution. London, U.K.: Henry Kimpton.
30. Eckert, S. A., Eckert, K. L., Ponganis, P., and G. L. Kooyman. 1989. Diving and foraging behavior of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 2834-2840.
31. Eckert, S. A., Nellis, D. W., Eckert, K. L., and G. L. Kooyman. 1986. Diving pattern of two leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) during internesting intervals at Sandy Point, St Croix, US Virgin Islands. Herpetologica 42: 381-388.
32. Ehrenfeld, E. W. 1968. The role of vision in the sea finding orientation of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). 2. Orientation mechanism and range of spectral sensitivity. Animal Behaviour 16: 281-287.
33. Ehrenfeld, E. W. and A. Carr. 1967. The role of vision in the sea-finding orientation of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Animal Behaviour 15: 25-36.
34. Ehrenfeld, E. W. and A. L. Koch. 1967. Visual accommodation in the green turtle. Science 155: 827-828.
35. Fehring, W. K. 1972. Hue discrimination in hatchling loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta caretta). Animal Behaviour 20: 632-636.
36. Frank, T. M. 2000. Temporal resolution in mesopelagic crustaceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 355: 1195-1198.
37. Frank, T. M. and E. A. Widder. 1996. UV light in the deep sea: in situ measurements of downdwelling irradiance in relation to the visual threshold sensitivity of UV-sensitive crustaceans. Marine and Freshwater Behavioural Physiology 27: 189-197.
38. Fritsches, K. A. 2012. Australian loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings do not avoid yellow. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 45(2):79-89.
39. Fritsches, K. A., Brill, R. W., and E. J. Warrant. 2005. Warm eyes provide superior vision in swordfishes. Current Biology 15: 55-58.
40. Fritsches, K. A., Litherland, L., Thomas, N., and J. Shand. 2003. Cone visual pigments and retinal mosaics in the striped marlin. Journal of Fish Biology 63: 1347-1351.
41. Gless, J. M., Salmon, M., and J. Wyneken. 2008. Behavioral responses of juvenile leatherbacks Dermochelys coriacea to lights used in the longline fishery. Endangered Species Research 5: 239-247.
42. Granda, A. M. 1979. Eyes and their sensitivity to light of different wavelengths. In Turtles: Perspectives and Research, eds. M. Harless and H. Morlock. pp. 247-265. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
43. Granda, A. M. and C. A. Dvorak. 1977. Vision in turtles. In The Visual System in Vertebrates, ed. F. Crescitelli. pp. 451-495. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
44. Granda, A. M. and K. W. Haden. 1970. Retinal oil globule counts and distributions in two species of turtles: Pseudemys scripta elegans (Wied) and Chelonia mydas mydas (Linnaeus). Vision Research 10: 79-84.
45. Granda, A. M. and P. O’Shea. 1972. Spectral sensitivity of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas) determined by electrical responses to heterochromatic light. Brain, Behaviour and Evolution 5: 143-154.
46. Guthrie, D. M. and W. R. A. Muntz. 1993. Role of vision in fish behaviour. In Behaviour of Teleost Fishes, ed. T. J. Pitcher. pp. 87-128. London, U.K.: Chapman & Hall.
47. Hairston, N. G. J., Li, K. T., and S. S. J. Easter. 1982. Fish vision and the detection of planktonic prey. Science 218: 1240-1242.
48. Hart, N. S., Lisney, T. J., and S. P. Collin. 2006. Cone photoreceptor oil droplet pigmentation is affected by ambient light intensity. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 4776-4787.
49. Hartman, D. S. 1979. Ecology and behavior of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida. Special Publication No 5, American Society of Mammalogists, Lawrence, KS, 1-153.
50. Hatfield, J. R., Samuelson, D. A., Lewis, P. A., and M. Chisholm. 2003. Structure and presumptive function of the iridocorneal angle of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Veterinary Ophthalmology 6: 35-43.
51. Hays, G. C., Houghton, J. D. R., Isaacs, C., King, R. S., Lloyd, C., and P. Lovell. 2004a. First records of oceanic dive profiles for leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, indicate behavioural plasticity associated with long-distance migration. Animal Behaviour 67: 733-743.
52. Hays, G. C., Houghton, J. D. R., and A. E. Myers. 2004b. Pan-Atlantic leatherback turtle movements. Nature 429: 6991.
53. Hendrickson, J. R. 1958. The green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linn.) in Malaysia and Sarawak. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 130: 455-535.
54. Hergueta, S., Lemire, M., Ward, R., Repérant, J., Rio, J. P., and C. Weidner. 1995. Interspecific variation in the chelonian primary visual system. Brain Research 36: 171-193.
55. Hergueta, S., Ward, R., Lemire, M., Rio, J. P., Repérant, J., and C. Weidner. 1992. Overlapping visual fields and ipsilateral retinal projections in turtles. Brain Research Bulletin 29: 427-433.
56. Herring, P. J. 1978. Bioluminescence in invertebrates other than insects. In Bioluminescence in Action, ed. P. J. Herring. pp. 199-240. London, U.K.: Academic Press.
57. Herring, P. J. 2000. Species abundance, sexual encounter and bioluminescent signalling in the deep sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 355: 1273-1276.
58. Horch, K. W., Gocke, J. P., Salmon, M., and R. B. Forward. 2008. Visual spectral sensitivity of hatchling loggerhead (Caretta caretta L.) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea L.) sea turtles, as determined by single-flash electroretinography. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 41: 79-91.
59. Horch, K. W. and M. Salmon. 2009. Frequency response characteristics of isolated retinas from hatchling leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea L.) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta L.) sea turtles. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 178: 276-283.
60. Horváth, G. and D. Varjú. 2004. Polarized Light in Animal Vision: Polarization Patterns in Nature. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
61. Howland, H. C., Merola, S., and Basarab, J. R. 2004. The allometry and scaling of the size of the vertebrate eye. Vision Research 44: 2043-2065.
62. Hudson, D. M. and P. L. Lutz. 1986. Salt gland function in the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Copeia 1: 247-249.
63. Hughes, A. 1977. The topography of vision in mammals of contrasting life style: Comparative optics and retinal organisation. In The Visual System in Vertebrates, ed. F. Crescitelli. pp. 613-756. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
64. Irwin, W. P. and K. J. Lohmann. 2003. Magnet-induced disorientation in hatchling loggerhead sea turtles. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 497-501.
65. Jagger, W. S. and W. R. A. Muntz. 1993. Aquatic vision and the modulation transfer properties of unlighted and diffusely lighted natural waters. Vision Research 33: 1755-1763.
66. Jerlov, N. G. 1976. Marine Optics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
67. Jessop, T. S., Limpus, C. J., and J. M. Whittier. 2002. Nocturnal activity in the green sea turtle alters daily profiles of melatonin and corticosterone. Hormones and Behavior 41: 357-365.
68. Johnsen, S., Kelber, A., Warrant, E. J. et al. 2006. Twilight and nocturnal illumination and its effects on color perception by the nocturnal hawkmoth Deilephila elpenor. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 789-800.
69. Johnsen, S. and E. A. Widder. 2001. Ultraviolet absorption in transparent zooplankton and its implications for depth distribution and visual predation. Marine Biology 138: 717-730.
70. Land, M. F. 1981. Optics and vision in invertebrates. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology, ed. F. Crescitelli. pp. 471-592. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
71. Levenson, D. H. and A. Dizon. 2002. Genetic evidence for the ancestral loss of short-wavelength-sensitive cone pigments in mysticete and odontocete cetaceans. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 270: 673-679.
72. Levenson, D., Eckert, S., Crognale, M., Deegan, J. I., and G. Jacobs. 2004. Photopic spectral sensitivity of green and loggerhead sea turtles. Copeia 4: 908-911.
73. Levenson D.H., Ponganis P.J., Crognale M.A., Deegan, J.F.II, Dizon, A., and G. H. Jacobs. 2006. Visual pigments of marine carnivores: Pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 192(8): 833-843.
74. Lewison, R. L., Freeman, S. A., and L. B. Crowder. 2004. Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: The impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology Letters 7: 221-231.
75. Liebman, P. A. and A. M. Granda. 1971. Microspectrophotometric measurements of visual pigments in two species of turtle, Pseudemys scripta and Chelonia mydas. Vision Research 11: 105-114.
76. Liebman, P. A. and A. M. Granda. 1975. Super dense carotenoid spectra resolved in single cone oil droplets. Nature 253: 370-372.
77. Limpus, C. J. 1971. Sea turtle ocean finding behaviour. Search 2: 385-387.
78. Loew, E. R. and V. I. Govardovskii. 2001. Photoreceptors and visual pigments in the red-eared turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans. Visual Neuroscience 18: 753-757.
79. Lohmann, K. J. and C. M. F. Lohmann. 1996. Orientation and open-sea navigation in sea turtles. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 73-81.
80. Lohmann, K. J., Salmon, M., and J. Wyneken. 1990. Functional autonomy of land and sea orientation systems in sea turtle hatchlings. Biological Bulletin 179: 214-218.
81. Lohmann, K. J., Witherington, B. E., Lohmann, C. M. F., and M. Salmon. 1997. Orientation, navigation, and natal beach homing in sea turtles. In The Biology of Sea Turtles, eds. P. L. Lutz and J. A. Musick. pp. 107-135. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
82. Losey, G. S., Cronin, T. W., Goldsmith, T. H., Hyde, D., Marshall, N. J., and W. N. Mcfarland. 1999. The UV visual world of fishes: A review. Journal of Fish Biology 54: 921-943.
83. Lutcavage, M. E. and P. L. Lutz. 1997. Diving physiology. In The Biology of Sea Turtles, eds. P. L. Lutz and J. A. Musick. pp. 277-296. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
84. Lythgoe, J. N. 1979. The Ecology of Vision. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.
85. Lythgoe, J. N. 1988. Light and vision in the aquatic environment. In Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals, ed. J. Atema. pp. 57-82. New York: Springer Verlag.
86. Mäthger, L. M., Litherland, L., and K. A. Fritsches. 2007. An anatomical study of the visual capabilities of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Copeia 1: 169-179.
87. Mäthger, L. M., Lohmann, K. J., Limpus, C. J., and K. A. Fritsches. 2011. An unsuccessful attempt to elicit orientation responses to linearly polarized light in hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366: 757-762.
88. McFarlane, R. 1963. Disorientation of loggerhead hatchlings by artificial road lighting. Copeia 1: 153.
89. Moon, P. 1940. Proposed standard solar-radiation curves for engineering use. Journal of the Franklin Institute 230: 583-617.
90. Mott, C. R. and M. Salmon. 2011. Sun compass orientation by juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10(1): 73-81.
91. Mrosovsky, N. 1978. Effects of flashing lights on sea-finding behaviour of green turtles. Behavioral Biology 22: 85-91.
92. Mrosovsky, N. and A. Carr. 1967. Preference for light of short wavelengths in hatchling green turtles, Chelonia mydas, tested at their natural nesting beaches. Behavior 28: 217-231.
93. Mrosovsky, N., Granda, A. M., and T. Hay. 1979. Seaward orientation of hatchling turtles: Turning systems in the optic tectum. Brain, Behaviour and Evolution 16: 203-221.
94. Mrosovsky, N. and S. Shettleworth. 1968. Wavelength preferences and brightness cues in the water-finding behavior of sea turtles. Behavior 32: 211-257.
95. Muheim, R. 2011. Behavioural and physiological mechanisms of polarized light sensitivity in birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366: 763-771.
96. Nakamura, E. L. 1968. Visual acuity of two tunas, Katsuwonus pelamis and Euthynnus affinis. Copeia 1: 41-49.
97. Neumeyer, C. and K. Arnold. 1989. Tetrachromatic colour vision in goldfish and turtle. In Seeing Contour and Colour, eds. J. J. Kulikowski, C. M. Dickinson, and I. J. Murray. Oxford, Pergamon Press, pp. 617-631.
98. Neumeyer, C. and J. Jäger. 1985. Spectral sensitivity of the freshwater turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans: Evidence for the filter-effect of colored oil droplets. Vision Research 25: 833-838.
99. Northmore, D. P. M. and A. M. Granda. 1991. Ocular dimensions and schematic eyes of freshwater and sea turtles. Visual Neuroscience 7: 627-635.
100. Odgen, J. C., Robinson, L., Whitlock, K., Daganhardt, H., and R. Cebula. 1983. Diel foraging patterns in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) in St. Croix United States Virgin Islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 66: 199-205.
101. Oliver, L., Salmon, M., Wyneken, J., Hueter, R., and T. Cronin. 2000. Retinal anatomy of hatchling sea turtles: Anatomical specializations and behavioural correlates. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 33: 233-248.
102. Papez, J. W. 1935. Thalamus of turtles and thalamic evolution. Journal of Comparative Neurology 61: 433-475.
103. Peichl, L., Behrmann, G., and R. H. H. Kroger. 2001. For whales and seals the ocean is not blue: A visual pigment loss in marine mammals. European Journal of Neuroscience 13: 1520-1528.
104. Peters, A. and J. Verhoeven. 1994. Impact of artificial lighting on the seaward orientation of hatchling loggerhead turtles. Journal of Herpetology 28: 112-114.
105. Philibosian, R. 1976. Disorientation of hawksbill turtle hatchlings, Eretmochelys imbricata, by stadium lights. Copeia 1976: 824.
106. Pritchard, P. C. H. 1997. Evolution, phylogeny, and current status. In The Biology of Sea Turtles, eds. P. L. Lutz and J. A. Musick. pp. 1-28. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
107. Reymond, L. 1985. Spatial visual acuity of the eagle Aquila audax: A behavioural, optical and anatomical investigation. Vision Research 25: 1477-1491.
108. van Rhijn, F. V. 1979. Optic orientation in hatchlings of the sea turtle, Chelonia mydas. I. Brightness: Not the only optic cue in sea-finding orientation. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 6: 105-121.
109. van Rhijn, F. V. and J. van Gorkom. 1983. Optic orientation in hatchlings of the sea turtle, Chelonia mydas III. Sea-finding behaviour: The role of photic and visual orientation in animals walking on the spot under laboratory conditions. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 9: 211-228.
110. Riggs, L. A. 1965. Visual acuity. In Vision and Visual Perception, ed. C. H. Graham. pp. 321-349. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
111. Riggs, L. A. and B. R. Wooten. 1972. Electrical measures and psychophysical data on human vision. In Visual Psychophysics, eds. D. Jameson and L. M. Hurvich. pp. 690-731. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. VII/4. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
112. Salmon, M. and K. J. Lohmann. 1989. Orientation cues used by hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta L.) during their offshore migration. Ethology 83: 215-228.
113. Salmon, M. and B. Witherington. 1995. Artificial lighting and seafinding by loggerhead hatchlings: Evidence for lunar modulation. Copeia 4: 931-938.
114. Salmon, M. and J. Wyneken. 1990. Do swimming loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta L.) using light cues for offshore orientation. Marine Biology & Physiology 17: 233-246.
115. Salmon, M. and J. Wyneken. 1994. Orientation by hatchling sea turtles: Mechanisms and implications. Herpetological Natural History 2: 13-24.
116. Salmon, M., Wyneken, J., Fritz, E., and M. Lucas. 1992. Seafinding by hatchling sea turtles: Role of brightness, silhouette and beach slope as orientation cues. Behaviour 122: 56-77.
117. Shashar, N., Hagan, R., Boal, J. G., and R. T. Hanlon. 2000. Cuttlefish use polarization sensitivity in predation on silvery fish. Vision Research 40: 71-75.
118. Shashar, N., Hanlon, R. T., and A. deM. Petz. 1998. Polarization vision helps detect transparent prey. Nature 393: 222-223.
119. Siebeck, U. E. and N. J. Marshall. 2001. Ocular media transmission of coral reef fish-Can coral reef fish see ultraviolet light? Vision Research 41: 133-149.
120. Sweeney, A. M., Boch, C. A., Johnsen, S., and D. E. Morse. 2011. Twilight spectral dynamics and the coral reef invertebrate spawning response. Journal of Experimental Biology 214: 770-777.
121. Tuxbury, S. M. and M. Salmon. 2005. Competitive interactions between artificial lighting and natural cues during seafinding by hatchling marine turtles. Biological Conservation 121: 311-316.
122. Tyler, J. E. and R. C. Smith. 1970. Measurements of Spectral Irradiance Underwater. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
123. Verheijen, F. J. 1958. The trapping effect of artificial light sources upon animals. Archives Neerlandaises de Zoologie 13: 1-107.
124. Verheijen, F. J. and J. T. Wildschut. 1973. The photic orientation of hatchling sea turtles during water finding behaviour. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 7: 53-67.
125. Vorobyev, M. 2003. Coloured oil droplets enhance colour discrimination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 270: 1255-1261.
126. Walls, G. L. 1942. The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation. New York: Hafner.
127. Walls, G. L. 1962. The evolutionary history of eye movements. Vision Research 2: 69-80.
128. Walls, G. L. and H. D. Judd. 1933. The intra-ocular colour-filters of vertebrates. British Journal of Opthalmology 17: 641-675.
129. Wang, J. H., Boles, L. C. B., Higgins, B., and K. J. Lohmann. 2007. Behavioral responses of sea turtles to lightsticks used in longline fisheries. Animal Conservation 10: 176-182.
130. Warrant, E. J. 1999. Seeing better at night: Life style, eye design and the optimum strategy of spatial and temporal summation. Vision Research 39: 1611-1630.
131. Warrant, E. J. 2000. The eyes of seep-sea fishes and the changing nature of visual scenes with depth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 355: 1155-1159.
132. Warrant, E. J. 2008. Nocturnal vision. In The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, eds. T. Albright and R. H. Masland. pp. 53-86. Oxford, U.K.: Academic Press.
133. Warrant, E. J. and N. A. Locket. 2004. Vision in the deep sea. Biological Reviews 79: 671-712.
134. Witherington, B. E. 1992. Sea-finding behaviour and the use of photic orientation cues by hatchling sea turtles. PhD thesis. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
135. Witherington, B. E. and K. A. Bjorndal. 1991a. Influences of artificial lighting on the seaward orientation of hatchling loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta. Biological Conservation 55: 139-149.
136. Witherington, B. E. and K. A. Bjorndal. 1991b. Influences of wavelength and intensity on hatchling sea turtle phototaxis: implications for sea-finding behaviour. Copeia 4: 1060-1069.
137. Witherington, B. E., Bjorndal, K. A., and C. Mccabe. 1990. Temporal pattern of nocturnal emergence of loggerhead turtle hatchlings from natural nests. Copeia 4: 1165-1168.
138. Witherington, B. E. and R. E. Martin. 2003. Understanding, Assessing, and Resolving Light-Pollution Problems on Sea Turtle Nesting Beaches. Florida Marine Research Institute. http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/es/PDF/Library%20Items/LightingManual-Florida.pdf (accessed March 31, 2012).
139. Wortel, J. and J. Nuboer. 1986. The spectral sensitivity of blue-sensitive pigeon cones: Evidence for complete screening by the visual pigment by the oil-droplet. Vision Research 26: 885-886.
140. Wyneken, J. 2001. The anatomy of sea turtles, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
141. Wyneken, J. 2007. Reptilian neurology: Anatomy and function. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 10: 837-853.
142. Wyneken, J. and M. Salmon. 1992. Frenzy and postfrenzy swimming activity in loggerhead, green, and leatherback hatchling sea turtles. Copeia 2: 478-484.
143. Young, M., Salmon M., and R. Forward. 2012. Visual wavelength discrimination by the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta. Biological Bulletin 222: 46-55.