Nocturnal Vision

The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference

Volumn 2, Issue , 2008, Pages 53-86

  Warrant, E ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Arthropod; Bird; Camera eye; Compound eye; Dim light; Night; Nocturnal vision; Primate; Resolution; Sensitivity; Spatial summation; Temporal summation; Vision; Visual noise; Visual reliability

Indexed keywords

EID: 59349121891     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370880-9.00297-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (203)

1. Aho A.-C., Donner K., Hydén C., Larsen L.O., Reuter T. Low retinal noise in animals with low body temperature allows high visual sensitivity. Nature 1988, 334:348-350.
2. Aho A.-C., Donner K., Helenius S., Larsen L.O., Reuter T. Visual performance of the toad (Bufo bufo) at low light levels, retinal ganglion cell responses and prey-catching accuracy. J. Comp. Physiol. A 1993, 172:671-682.
3. Ali M.A., Klyne M.A. Vision in Vertebrates 1985, Plenum.
4. Arneson L., Wcislo W.T. Dominant-subordinate relationships in a facultatively social, nocturnal bee, Megalopta genalis (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 2003, 76:183-193.
5. Autrum H. Light and Dark Adaptation in Invertebrates. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1981, Vol. VII/6C:1-91. Springer. H. Autrum (Ed.).
6. Bang B.G., Wenzel B.M. Nasal Cavity and Olfactory System. Form and Function in Birds 1985, Vol. 3:195-225. Academic Press. A.S. King, J. McLelland (Eds.).
7. Barlow H.B. Retinal noise and absolute threshold. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1956, 46:634-639.
8. Barlow H.B., Levick W.R., Yoon M. Responses to single quanta of light in retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Vision Res. 1971, 11:87-101.
9. Baylor D.A., Matthews G., Yau K.-W. Two components of electrical dark noise in toad retinal rod outer segments. J. Physiol. 1980, 309:591-621.
10. Bearder S.K., Nekaris K.A.I., Curtis D.J. A re-evaluation of the role of vision in the activity and communication of nocturnal primates. Folia Primatol. 2006, 77:50-71.
11. Becker L. Untersuchungen über das Heimfindevermögen der Bienen. Z. Vergl. Physiol. 1958, 41:1-25.
12. Blest A.D. Rapid synthesis and destruction of photoreceptor membrane by a dinopid spider - daily cycle. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1978, 200:463-483.
13. Blest A.D., Land M.F. The physiological optics of Dinopis subrufus, a fish lens in a spider. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1977, 196:197-222.
14. Bowmaker J.K. The visual pigments, oil droplets and spectral sensitivity of the pigeon. Vision Res. 1977, 17:1129-1138.
15. Bowmaker J.K., Knowles A. The visual pigments and oil droplets of the chicken retina. Vision Res. 1977, 17:755-764.
16. Bowmaker J.K., Martin G.R. Visual pigments and colour vision in a nocturnal bird, Strix aluco (Tawny Owl). Vision Res. 1978, 18:1125-1130.
17. Brooke M., de L., Hanley S., Laughlin S.B. The scaling of eye size with body mass in birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1999, 266:405-412.
18. Buhler P. Schademorphologie und Kiefermechanik der Caprimulgidae (Aves). Z. Morph. Tiere. 1970, 66:337-399.
19. Capaldi E.A., Dyer F.C. The role of orientation flights on homing performance in honeybees. J. Exp. Biol. 1999, 202:1655-1666.
20. Castenholz A. The Eye of Tarsius. Biology of Tarsiers 1984, 303-318. Gustav Fischer Verlag. C. Niemitz (Ed.).
21. Charles-Dominique P. Ecology and Behaviour of Nocturnal Primates (trans. R. D. Martin) 1977, Columbia University Press.
22. Cleary P., Deichsel G., Kunze P. The superposition image in the eye of Ephestia kü hniella. J. Comp. Physiol. 1977, 119:73-84.
23. Collin S.P. Behavioural Ecology and Retinal Cell Topography. Adaptive Mechanisms in the Ecology of Vision 1999, 509-535. Kluwer Academic Publishers. S.N. Archer, M.B.A. Djamgoz, E.R. Loew, J.C. Partridge, S. Vallerga (Eds.).
24. Collins C.E., Hendrickson A., Kaas J.H. Overview of the visual system of Tarsius. Anatom. Rec. A. 2005, 287A:1013-1025.
25. Cronin T.W., Greiner B., Warrant E.J. Celestial polarization patterns during twilight. App. Opt. 2006, 45:5582-5589.
26. Dacke M., Byrne M., Scholtz C.H., Warrant E.J. Lunar orientation in a beetle. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2004, 271:361-365.
27. Dacke M., Nilsson D.-E., Scholtz C.H., Byrne M., Warrant E.J. Insect orientation to polarized moonlight. Nature 2003, 424:33.
28. Dacke M., Nordström P., Scholtz C.H. Twilight orientation to polarised light in the crepuscular dung beetle Scarabaeus zambesianus. J. Exp. Biol. 2003, 106:1535-1543.
29. Deegan J.F., Jacobs G.H. Spectral sensitivity and photopigments of a nocturnal prosimian, the bushbaby (Otolemur crassicaudatus). Am. J. Primat. 1996, 40:55-66.
30. De Vries H. The quantum character of light and its bearing upon threshold of vision, the differential sensitivity and visual acuity of the eye. Physica 1943, 10:553-564.
31. Dice D.L. Minimum intensities of illumination under which owls can find dead prey by sight. Am. Nat. 1945, 79:384-416.
32. Dkhissi-Benyahya O., Szel A., Degrip W.J., Cooper H.M. Short and mid-wavelength cone distribution in a nocturnal Strepsirrhine primate (Microcebus murinus). J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 438:490-504.
33. Donati G., Lunardini A., Kappeler P.M., Borgognini Tarli S.M. Nocturnal activity in the cathemeral red-fronted lemur (Eulemur fulvus rufus), with observations during a lunar eclipse. Am. J. Primatol. 2001, 53:69-78.
34. Donner K. Noise and the absolute thresholds of cone and rod vision. Vision Res. 1992, 32:853-866.
35. Dos Santos S.N., Dos Reis J.W.L., da Silva Filho M., Kremers J., Silveira L.C.L. Horizontal cell morphology in nocturnal and diurnal primates: a comparison between owl monkey (Aotus) and capuchin monkey (Cebus). Vis. Neurosci. 2005, 22:405-415.
36. Doujak F.E. Electrophysiological measurement of photoreceptor membrane dichroism and polarization sensitivity in a Grapsid crab. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1984, 154:597-605.
37. Doujak F.E. Can a shore crab see a star?. J. Exp. Biol. 1985, 166:385-393.
38. Dubs A., Laughlin S.B., Srinivasan M.V. Single photon signals in fly photoreceptors and first order interneurons at behavioural threshold. J. Physiol. 1981, 317:317-334.
39. Dvorak D., Snyder A.W. The relationship between visual acuity and illumination in the fly Lucilia sericata. Z. Naturforsch. C. 1978, 33:139-143.
40. Fite K.V. Anatomical and behavioural correlates of visual acuity in the great horned owl. Vision Res. 1973, 13:219-230.
41. Gál J., Horváth G., Barta A., Wehner R. Polarization of the moonlit clear night sky measured by full-sky imaging polarimetry at full moon: comparison of the polarization of moonlit and sunlit skies. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:22647-22653.
42. Garamszegi L.Z., Møller A.P., Erritzøe J. Coevolving avian eye size and brain size in relation to prey capture and nocturnality. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2002, 269:961-967.
43. Ghim M.M., Hodos W. Spatial contrast sensitivity of birds. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2006, 192:523-534.
44. Goodchild A.K., Ghosh K.K., Martin P.R. Comparison of photoreceptor spatial density and ganglion cell morphology in the retina of human, macaque monkey, cat, and the marmoset Callithrix jacchus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 366:55-75.
45. Greiner B. Visual adaptations in the night-active wasp Apoica pallens. J. Comp. Neurol. 2006, 495:255-262.
46. Greiner B., Ribi W.A., Warrant E.J. Retinal and optical adaptations for nocturnal vision in the halictid bee Megalopta genalis. Cell Tissue Res. 2004, 316:377-390.
47. Greiner B., Ribi W.A., Warrant E.J. Neuronal organisation in the first optic ganglion of the nocturnal bee Megalopta genalis. Cell Tissue Res. 2004, 318:429-437.
48. Greiner B., Ribi W.A., Warrant E.J. A neural network to improve dim-light vision? Dendritic fields of first-order interneurons in the nocturnal bee Megalopta genalis. Cell Tissue Res. 2005, 323:313-320.
49. Hall M.I., Ross C.F. Eye shape and activity in birds. J. Zool. 2007, 271:437-444.
50. Hardie R.C., Duelli P. Properties of single cells in posterior lateral eyes of jumping spiders. Z. Naturforschung. C. 1978, 33:156-158.
51. van Hateren J.H. Spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity of early vision. Vision Res. 1993, 33:257-267.
52. Hecht S., Pirenne M.H. The sensibility of the nocturnal long-eared owl in the spectrum. J. Gen. Physiol. 1940, 23:709-717.
53. Hendrickson A., Djajadi H.R., Nakamura L., Possin D.E., Sajuthi D. Nocturnal tarsier retina has both short and long/medium-wavelength cones in an unusual topography. J. Comp. Neurol. 2000, 424:718-730.
54. Herzmann D., Labhart T. Spectral sensitivity and absolute threshold of polarization vision in crickets, a behavioral study. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1989, 165:315-319.
55. Höglund G., Hamdorf K., Rosner G. Trichromatic visual system in an insect and its sensitivity control by blue light. J. Comp. Physiol. 1973, 86:265-279.
56. Howland H.C., Merola S., Basarab J.R. The allometry and scaling of the size of vertebrate eyes. Vision Res. 2004, 44:2043-2065.
57. Hughes A. The Topography of Vision in Mammals of Contrasting Life Style: Comparative Optics and Retinal Organisation. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1977, Vol. VII/5:613-756. Springer. F. Crescitelli (Ed.).
58. Jacobs G.H. Visual capacities of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). I. Spectral sensitivity and color vision. Vision Res. 1977, 17:811-820.
59. Jacobs G.H. Visual capacities of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). II. Spatial contrast sensitivity. Vision Res. 1977, 17:821-825.
60. Jacobs G.H., Deegan J.F., Neitz J., Crognale M.A., Neitz M. Photopigments and color vision in the nocturnal monkey, Aotus. Vision Res. 1993, 33:1773-1783.
61. Jacobs G.H., Neitz M., Neitz J. Mutations in S-cone pigment genes and the absence of colour vision in two species of nocturnal primate. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1996, 263:705-710.
62. Janzen D.H. Notes on nesting and foraging behavior of Megalopta (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) in Costa Rica. J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 1968, 41:342-350.
63. Johnsen S., Kelber A., Warrant E.J., Sweeney A.M., Widder E.A., Lee R.L., Hernandez-Andres J. Twilight and nocturnal illumination and its effects on color perception by the nocturnal hawkmoth Deilephila elpenor. J. Exp. Biol. 2006, 209:789-800.
64. Katzir G., Martin G.R. Visual fields in the black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax: nocturnality does not result in owl-like features. Ibis. 1998, 140:157-162.
65. Kay R.F., Kirk E.C. Osteological evidence for the evolution of activity pattern and visual acuity in primates. Am. J. Physic. Anthrop. 2000, 113:235-262.
66. Kelber A., Hénique U. Trichromatic colour vision in the hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1999, 184:535-541.
67. Kelber A., Roth L.S.V. Nocturnal colour vision - not as rare as we might think. J. Exp. Biol. 2006, 209:781-788.
68. Kelber A., Balkenius A., Warrant E.J. Scotopic colour vision in nocturnal hawkmoths. Nature 2002, 419:922-925.
69. Kelber A., Balkenius A., Warrant E.J. Colour vision in diurnal and nocturnal hawkmoths. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2003, 43:571-579.
70. Kelber A., Warrant E.J., Pfaff M., Wallén R., Theobald J.C., Wcislo W., Raguso R. Light intensity limits the foraging activity in nocturnal and crepuscular bees. Behav. Ecol. 2006, 17:63-72.
71. Kirk E.C. Comparative morphology of the eye in primates. Anatom. Rec. A. 2004, 281A:1095-1103.
72. Kirk E.C. Eye morphology in cathemeral lemurids and other mammals. Folia Primatol. 2006, 77:27-49.
73. Kirk E.C., Kay R.F. The Evolution of High Visual Acuity in the Anthropoidea. Anthropoid Origins: New Visions 2004, 539-602. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. C.F. Ross, R.F. Kay (Eds.).
74. Kirschfeld K. The absolute sensitivity of lens and compound eyes. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 1974, 29C:592-596.
75. Labhart T., Petzold J., Helbling H. Spatial integration in polarization-sensitive interneurones of crickets, a survey of evidence, mechanisms and benefits. J. Exp. Biol. 2001, 204:2423-2430.
76. Land M.F. Structure of the principal eyes of jumping spiders. (Salticidae, Dendryphantinae) in relation to visual optics. J. Exp. Biol. 1969, 51:443-470.
77. Land M.F. Optics and Vision in Invertebrates. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1981, Vol VII/6B:471-592. Springer. H. Autrum (Ed.).
78. Land M.F. The Morphology and Optics of Spider Eyes. Neurobiology of arachnids 1985, 53-78. Springer. F.G. Barth (Ed.).
79. Land M.F., Osorio D.C. Waveguide modes and pupil action in the eyes of butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1990, 241:93-100.
80. Land M.F., Gibson G., Horwood J. Mosquito eye design, conical rhabdoms are matched to wide aperture lenses. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 1997, 264:1183-1187.
81. Land M.F., Gibson G., Horwood J., Zeil J. Fundamental differences in the optical structure of the eyes of nocturnal and diurnal mosquitoes. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1999, 185:91-103.
82. Langston A., Casagrande V.A., Fox R. Spatial resolution of the galago. Vision Res. 1986, 26:791-796.
83. Laughlin S.B. Neural Principles in the Peripheral Visual Systems of Invertebrates. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1981, Vol VII/6B:133-280. Springer. H. Autrum (Ed.).
84. Laughlin S.B. A simple coding procedure enhances a neuron's information capacity. Z. Naturforsch. 1981, 36C:910-912.
85. Laughlin S.B. Invertebrate Vision at Low Luminances. Night Vision 1990, 223-250. Cambridge University Press. R.F. Hess, L.T. Sharpe, K. Nordby (Eds.).
86. Laughlin S.B. The Metabolic Cost of Information - A Fundamental Factor in Visual Ecology. Ecology of Sensing 2001, 170-185. Springer. F.G. Barth, A. Schmid (Eds.).
87. Laughlin S.B., Lillywhite P.G. Intrinsic noise in locust photoreceptors. J. Physiol. 1982, 332:25-45.
88. Laughlin S.B., Blest A.D., Stowe S. The sensitivity of receptors in the posterior median eye of the nocturnal spider Dinopis. J. Comp. Physiol. 1980, 141:53-65.
89. Laughlin S.B., de Ruyter van Steveninck R.R., Anderson J.C. The metabolic cost of neural information. Nat. Neurosci. 1998, 1:36-41.
90. Leggett L.M.W., Stavenga D.G. Diurnal changes in angular sensitivity in crab photoreceptors. J. Comp. Physiol. 1981, 144:99-109.
91. Lehrer M. Small-scale navigation in the honeybee, active acquisition of visual information about the goal. J. Exp. Biol. 1996, 199:253-261.
92. Lillywhite P.G. Single photon signals and transduction in an insect eye. J. Comp. Physiol. 1977, 122:189-200.
93. Lillywhite P.G. Multiplicative intrinsic noise and the limits to visual performance. Vision Res. 1981, 21:291-296.
94. Lillywhite P.G., Laughlin S.B. Transducer noise in a photoreceptor. Nature 1979, 277:569-572.
95. Lima S.M.A., Silveira L.C.L., Perry V.H. Distribution of M ganglion cells in diurnal and nocturnal New-World monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 368:538-552.
96. Lindblad J. I Ugglemarker 1967, Bonniers.
97. Locket N.A. The multiple bank rod foveae of Bajacalifornia drakei, an alepocephalid deep-sea teleost. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1985, 224:7-22.
98. Lythgoe J.N. The Ecology of Vision 1979, Clarendon Press.
99. MacPhail E.M. Animal memory: past, present and future. Quart. J. Exp. Psychol. 1986, 38B:349-364.
100. Martin G.R. Colour vision in the tawny owl (Strix aluco). J. Comp. Physiol. Psych. 1974, 86:133-141.
101. Martin G.R. Absolute visual threshold and scotopic spectral sensitivity in the tawny owl Strix aluco. Nature 1977, 268:636-638.
102. Martin G.R. An owl's eye - schematic optics and visual performance in Strix aluco L. J. Comp. Physiol. 1982, 145:341-349.
103. Martin G.R. The visual fields of the tawny owl, Strix aluco L. Vision Res. 1984, 24:1739-1751.
104. Martin G.R. The eye of a Passeriforme bird, the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris): eye movement amplitude, visual fields and schematic optics. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1986, 159:545-557.
105. Martin G.R. Birds by Night 1990, T. & A.D. Poyser.
106. Martin G.R. Form and Function in the Optical Structure of Bird Eyes. Perception and Motor Control in Birds: An Ecological Approach 1994, 5-34. Springer. M.N.O. Davies, P.R. Green (Eds.).
107. Martin G.R., Gordon I.E. Increment-threshold spectral sensitivity in the tawny owl (Strix aluco). Vision Res. 1974, 14:615-621.
108. Martin G.R., Gordon I.E. Acuity in the tawny owl (Strix aluco). Vision Res. 1974, 14:1393-1397.
109. Martin G.R., Katzir G. Visual field in short-toed eagles Circaetus gallicus and the function of binocularity in birds. Brain Behav. Evol. 1999, 53:55-66.
110. Martin G.R., Rojas L.M., Ramirez Y., McNeil R. The eyes of oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis): pushing at the limits of sensitivity. Naturwissenschaften 2004, 91:26-29.
111. Martin G.R., Rojas L.M., Ramirez Y., McNeil R. Binocular vision and nocturnal activity in oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis) and pauraques (Nyctidromus albicollis): Caprimulgiformes. Ornitol. Neotrop. 2004, 15(Suppl.):233-242.
112. Martin G.R., Wilson K.-J., Wild J.M., Parsons S., Kubke M.F., Corfield J. Kiwi forego vision in the guidance of their nocturnal activities. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e198. 10.1371/journal.pone.0000198.
113. McIntyre P.D., Caveney S. Superposition optics and the time of flight in onitine dung beetles. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1998, 183:45-60.
114. McNeil R., Drapeau P., Goss-Custard J.D. The occurrence and adaptive significance of nocturnal habits in waterfowl. Biol. Rev. 1992, 67:381-419.
115. McNeil R., Drapeau P., Pierotti R. Nocturnality in Colonial Waterbirds: Occurrence, Special Adaptations, and Suspected Benefits. Current Ornithology 1993, Vol. 10:187-246. Plenum. D.M. Power (Ed.).
116. Menzi U. Visual adaptation in nocturnal and diurnal ants. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1987, 160:11-21.
117. Meyer-Rochow V.B., Nilsson H.L. Compound Eyes in Polar Regions, Caves and the Deep-Sea. Atlas of Arthropod Sensory Receptors 1998, 134-155. Springer. E. Eguchi, Y. Tominaga (Eds.).
118. Moon P. Proposed standard solar-radiation curves for engineering use. J. Franklin. Inst. 1940, 230:583-617.
119. Moser J.C., Reeve J.D., Bento J.M.S., Della Lucia T.M.C., Cameron R.S., Heck N.M. Eye size and behaviour of day- and night-flying leafcutting ant alates. J. Zool. 2004, 264:69-75.
120. Munk O. Hvirveldyrøjet: Bygning, funktion og tilpasning 1980, Berlingske Forlag.
121. Murphy C.J., Evans H.E., Howland H.C. Towards a schematic eye for the great horned owl. Fortschr. Zool. 1985, 30:703-706.
122. Nicol J.A.C. The Eyes of Fishes 1989, Oxford University Press.
123. Nicol J.A.C., Arnott H.J. Tapeta lucida in the eyes of goatsuckers (Caprimulgidae). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1974, 187:349-352.
124. Nilsson D.-E. Optics and Evolution of the Compound Eye. Facets of Vision 1989, 30-73. Springer. D.G. Stavenga, R.C. Hardie (Eds.).
125. Nørgaard T. Nocturnal navigation in Leucorchestris arenicola (Araneae, Sparassidae). J. Arach. 2005, 33:533-540.
126. Nørgaard T., Henschel J.R., Wehner R. Long-distance navigation in the wandering desert spider Leucorchestris arenicola: can the slope of the dune surface provide a compass cue?. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2003, 189:801-809.
127. Nørgaard T., Henschel J.R., Wehner R. The night-time temporal window of locomotor activity in the Namib Desert long-distance wandering spider, Leucorchestris arenicola. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2006, 192:365-372.
128. Nørgaard T., Henschel J.R., Wehner R. Use of local cues in the night-time navigation of the wandering desert spider Leucorchestris arenicola (Araneae, Sparassidae). J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2007, 193:217-222.
129. Ogden T.E. The receptor mosaic of Aotes trivirgatus: distribution of rods and cones. J. Comp. Neurol. 1975, 163:193-202.
130. Ohly K.P. The neurons of the first synaptic regions of the optic neuropil of the firefly, Phausius splendidula L. (Coleoptera). Cell Tissue Res. 1975, 158:89-109.
131. Pasternak T., Merigan W.H. The luminance dependence of spatial vision in the cat. Vision Res. 1981, 21:1333-1339.
132. Payne R.S. How the barn owl locates prey by hearing. Living Bird 1962, 1:151-159.
133. Payne R.S. Acoustic localization of prey by barn owls (Tyto alba). J. Exp. Biol. 1971, 54:535-573.
134. Payne R.S., Drury W.H. Marksman of the darkness. Nat. Hist. (N. Y.) 1958, 67:316-323.
135. Pettigrew J.D. A note on the eyes of the letter-winged kite. Elanus scriptus. Emu. 1982, 82(Suppl.):305-308.
136. Pick B., Buchner E. Visual movement detection under light- and dark-adaptation in the fly, Musca domestica. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1979, 134:45-54.
137. Polyak S. The Vertebrate Visual System 1957, The University of Chicago Press.
138. Ribi W.A. The first optic ganglion of the bee I. Correlation between visual cell types and their terminals in the lamina and medulla. Cell. Tissue Res. 1975, 165:103-111.
139. Ribi W.A. Fine structure of the first optic ganglion (lamina) of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Tissue Cell 1977, 9:57-72.
140. Rieke F., Baylor D.A. Origin of reproducibility in the responses of retinal rods to single photons. Biophys. J. 1998, 75:1836-1857.
141. Robert M., McNeil R. Comparative day and night feeding strategies of shorebird species in a tropical environment. Ibis. 1989, 131:69-79.
142. Rojas L.M., McNeil R., Cabana T., Lachapelle P. Diurnal and nocturnal visual function in two tactile foraging water birds: the American white ibis and the black skimmer. The Condor 1997, 99:191-200.
143. Rojas L.M., McNeil R., Cabana T., Lachapelle P. Diurnal and nocturnal visual capabilities in shore birds as a function of their feeding strategies. Brain. Behav. Evol. 1999, 53:29-43.
144. Rojas L.M., McNeil R., Cabana T., Lachapelle P. Behavioural, morphological and physiological correlates of diurnal and nocturnal vision in selected wading bird species. Brain. Behav. Evol. 1999, 53:227-242.
145. Rojas L.M., Ramirez Y., McNeil R., Mitchell M., Marin G. Retinal morphology and electrophysiology of two caprimulgiformes birds: the cave-living and nocturnal Oilbird (Steatornis caripensis) and nocturnally foraging common pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis): Brain. Behav. Evol. 2004, 64:19-33.
146. Rojas L.M., Tai S., McNeil R. Comparison of rod/cone ratio in three species of shore birds having different nocturnal foraging strategies. The Auk. 1993, 110:141-145.
147. Rose A. The relative sensitivities of television pickup tubes, photographic film and the human eye. Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. (New York) 1942, 30:293-300.
148. van Rossum M.C.W., Smith R.G. Noise removal at the rod synapse of mammalian retina. Vis. Neurosci. 1998, 15:809-821.
149. Roth L.S.V., Kelber A. Nocturnal colour vision in geckos. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2004, 271(Suppl.):S485-S487.
150. Rowe N. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates 1996, Pogonias Press.
151. Rozenberg G.V. Twilight: A Study in Atmospheric Optics 1966, Plenum Press.
152. Schlecht P. Colour discrimination in dim light: an analysis of the photoreceptor arrangement of the moth Deilephila. J. Comp. Physiol. 1979, 129:257-267.
153. Schwemer J., Paulsen R. Three visual pigments in Deilephila elpenor (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). J. Comp. Physiol. 1973, 86:215-229.
154. Silveira L.C.L., Saito C.A., Lee B.B., Kremers J., da Silva Filho M., Kilavik B.E., Yamada E.S., Perry V.H. Morphology and physiology of primate M- and P-cells. Prog. Brain Res. 2004, 144:21-46.
155. Silveira L.C.L., Yamada E.S., Franco E.C.S., Finlay B.L. The specialization of the owl monkey retina fro night vision. Colour Res. Appl. 2001, 26:S118-S122.
156. Silveira L.C.L., Yamada E.S., Perry V.H., Picanco-Diniz C.W. M and P retinal ganglion cells of diurnal and nocturnal New-World monkeys. NeuroReport 1994, 5:2077-2081.
157. Sinclair S. How Animals See 1985, Facts on File Publications.
158. Snow D.W. The natural history of the oilbird, Steatornis caripensis, in Trinidad. 1. General behaviour and breeding habits. Zoologica 1961, 46:27-48.
159. Snyder A.W. Acuity of compound eyes, physical limitations and design. J. Comp. Physiol. 1977, 116:161-182.
160. Snyder A.W. Physics of Vision in Compound Eyes. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1979, Vol VII/6A:225-313. Springer. H. Autrum (Ed.).
161. Snyder A.W., Miller W.H. Telephoto lens system of falconiform eyes. Nature 1978, 275:127-129.
162. Snyder A.W., Laughlin S.B., Stavenga D.G. Information capacity of eyes. Vision Res. 1977, 17:1163-1175.
163. Snyder A.W., Stavenga D.G., Laughlin S.B. Spatial information capacity of compound eyes. J. Comp. Physiol. 1977, 116:183-207.
164. Sotthibandhu S., Baker R.R. Celestial orientation by the large yellow underwing moth, Noctua pronuba L. Anim. Behav. 1979, 27:786-800.
165. Srinivasan M.V., Bernard G.D. The effect of motion on visual acuity of the compound eye, a theoretical analysis. Vision Res. 1975, 15:515-525.
166. Srinivasan M.V., Dvorak D.R. Spatial processing of visual information in the movement-detecting pathway of the fly. J. Comp. Physiol. 1980, 140:1-23.
167. Srinivasan M.V., Laughlin S.B., Dubs A. Predictive coding, a fresh view of inhibition in the retina. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1982, 216:427-459.
168. Stavenga D.G. Angular and spectral sensitivity of fly receptors. II. Dependence on facet lens F-number and rhabdomere type in Drosophila. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2003, 189:189-202.
169. Stavenga D.G. Angular and spectral sensitivity of fly receptors. III. Dependence on the pupil mechanism in the blowfly Calliphora. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2004, 190:115-129.
170. Stavenga D.G. Visual acuity of fly photoreceptors in natural conditions - dependence on UV sensitizing pigment and light-controlling pupil. J. Exp. Biol. 2004, 207:1703-1713.
171. Stavenga D.G., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. Simple exponential functions describing the absorbance bands of visual pigment spectra. Vision Res. 1993, 33:1011-1017.
172. Strausfeld N.J., Blest A.D. Golgi studies on insects. I. The optic lobes of Lepidoptera. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1970, 258:81-134.
173. Theobald J.C., Greiner B., Wcislo W.T., Warrant E.J. Visual summation in night-flying sweat bees: a theoretical study. Vision Res. 2006, 46:2298-2309.
174. Thomas R.J., Székely T., Powell R.F., Cuthill I.C. Eye size, foraging methods and the timing of foraging in shorebirds. Funct. Ecol. 2006, 20:157-165.
175. Vu T.Q., McCarthy S.T., Owen W.G. Linear transduction of natural stimuli by dark-adapted and light-adapted rods of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. J. Physiol. 505. 1997, 1:193-204.
176. Walls G.L. The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation 1942, The Cranbrook Press.
177. Warrant E.J. Seeing better at night, life style, eye design and the optimum strategy of spatial and temporal summation. Vision Res. 1999, 39:1611-1630.
178. Warrant E.J. Vision in the dimmest habitats on earth. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2004, 190:765-789.
179. Warrant E.J. The Sensitivity of Invertebrate Eyes to Light. Invertebrate Vision 2006, 83-126. Cambridge University Press. E.J. Warrant, D.-E. Nilsson (Eds.).
180. Warrant E.J., Locket N.A. Vision in the deep sea. Biol. Rev. 2004, 79:671-712.
181. Warrant E.J., McIntyre P.D. Strategies for retinal design in arthropod eyes of low F-number. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 1991, 168:499-512.
182. Warrant E.J., McIntyre P.D. The Trade-Off Between Resolution and Sensitivity in Compound Eyes. Nonlinear Vision: Determination of Neural Receptive Fields, Function, and Networks 1992, 391-421. CRC Press. R.B. Pinter, B. Nabet (Eds.).
183. Warrant E.J., McIntyre P.D. Arthropod eye design and the physical limits to spatial resolving power. Prog. Neurobiol. 1993, 40:413-461.
184. Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. Absorption of white light in photoreceptors. Vision Res. 1998, 38:195-207.
185. Warrant E.J., Bartsch K., Günther C. Physiological optics in the hummingbird hawkmoth, a compound eye without ommatidia. J. Exp. Biol. 1999, 202:497-511.
186. Warrant E.J., Kelber A., Gislén A., Greiner B., Ribi W., Wcislo W.T. Nocturnal vision and landmark orientation in a tropical halictid bee. Curr. Biol. 2004, 14:1309-1318.
187. Warrant E.J., Porombka T., Kirchner W.H. Neural image enhancement allows honeybees to see at night. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1996, 263:1521-1526.
188. Wässle H., Boycott B. Functional architecture of the mammalian retina. Vision Res. 1991, 30:1897-1911.
189. Waterman T.H. Polarization Sensitivity. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1981, Vol. VII/6B:281-469. Springer. H. Autrum (Ed.).
190. Wcislo W.T., Arneson L., Roesch K., Gonzalez V., Smith A., Fernandez H. The evolution of nocturnal behaviour in sweat bees, Megalopta genalis and M. ecuadoria (Hymenoptera, Halictidae): an escape from competitors and enemies?. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 2004, 83:377-387.
191. Wehner R. Spatial Vision in Arthropods. Handbook of Sensory Physiology 1981, Vol. VII 6C:287-616. Springer. H. Autrum (Ed.).
192. Wehner R. Polarization vision - a uniform sensory capacity?. J. Exp. Biol. 2001, 204:2589-2596.
193. Wehner R. Desert ant navigation: how miniature brains solve complex tasks. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 2003, 189:579-588.
194. Wehner R., Labhart T. Polarisation Vision. Invertebrate Version 2006, 291-347. Cambridge University Press. E.J. Warrant, D.-E. Nilsson (Eds.).
195. Wikler K.C., Rakic P. Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and nocturnal primates. J. Neurosci. 1990, 10:3390-3401.
196. Williams D.S. Ommatidial structure in relation to turnover of photoreceptor membrane in the locust. Cell Tissue Res. 1982, 225:595-617.
197. Williams D.S. Changes of photoreceptor performance associated with the daily turnover of photoreceptor membrane in the locust. J. Comp. Physiol. 1983, 150:509-519.
198. Wright P.C. Home range, activity pattern and agonistic encounters of a group of night monkeys (Aotus trivigatus) in Peru. Folia Primatol. 1978, 29:43-55.
199. Wright P.C. The nocturnal primate niche in the new world. J. Hum. Evol. 1989, 18:635-658.
200. Yamada E.S., Marshak D.W., Silveira L.C.L., Casagrande V.A. Morphology of P and M retinal ganglion cells of the bushbaby. Vision Res. 1998, 38:3345-3352.
201. Yamada E.S., Silveira L.C.L., Perry V.H., Franco E.C.S. M and P retinal ganglion cells of the owl monkey: morphology, size and photoreceptor convergence. Vision Res. 2001, 41:119-131.
202. Yeandle S. Evidence of quantized slow potentials in the eye of Limulus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1958, 46:82-87.
203. Zeil J., Kelber A., Voss R. Structure and function of learning flights in bees and wasps. J. Exp. Biol. 1996, 199:245-252.