White Paper AGA: POWER — Practice Guide on Obesity and Weight Management, Education, and Resources

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 631-649.e10

  Acosta, Andres ^a   Streett, Sarah ^b   Kroh, Mathew D ^c   Cheskin, Lawrence J ^d   Saunders, Katherine H ^e   Kurian, Marina ^f   Schofield, Marsha ^g   Barlow, Sarah E ^h   Aronne, Louis ^e  

^a Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Mayo Clinic   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c CLEVELAND CLINIC LERNER COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^f NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics   (United States)

^h TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Bariatric; Obesity; Weight Loss; Weight Maintenance

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE PLUS NALTREXONE; LIRAGLUTIDE; LORCASERIN; PHENTERMINE; PHENTERMINE PLUS TOPIRAMATE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN;

BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT; COMORBIDITY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GASTRIC BALLOON; GASTRIC BANDING; GASTRIC SUCTION; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW CALORY DIET; OBESITY; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RELAPSE; REVIEW; ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS; SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY; STOMACH TUBE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT REDUCTION; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; UNITED STATES;

DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; OBESITY; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85018196580     PISSN: 15423565     EISSN: 15427714     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.023     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. 1 Yach, D., Stuckler, D., Brownell, K.D., Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med 12 (2006), 62–66.
2. 2 Seger JC, Horn DB, Westman EC, et al. Obesity algorithm: presented by the Obesity Medicine Association, 2015-2016. www.obesityalgorithm.org.
3. 3 Bray, G.A., Bouchard, C., Handbook of obesity: epidemiology, etiology, and physiopathology. 3rd ed., 2014, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
4. 4 Acosta, A., Abu Dayyeh, B.K., Port, J.D., et al. Recent advances in clinical practice challenges and opportunities in the management of obesity. Gut 63 (2014), 687–695.
5. 5 Jensen, M.D., Ryan, D.H., Apovian, C.M., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 63:Pt B (2014), 2985–3023.
6. 6 Daniels, S.R., Jacobson, M.S., McCrindle, B.W., et al. American Heart Association Childhood Obesity Research Summit: executive summary. Circulation 119 (2009), 2114–2123.
7. 7 Low, S., Chin, M.C., Deurenberg-Yap, M., Review on epidemic of obesity. Ann Acad Med Singapore 38 (2009), 57–59.
8. 8 Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Kit, B.K., et al. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA 311 (2014), 806–814.
9. 9 Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Fryar, C.D., et al. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief(219), Nov 2015, 1–8.
10. 10 World Health Organisation. Fact sheet: obesity and overweight. Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight_text/en/. 2014. Accessed January 5, 2017.
11. 11 Ogden, C.L., Yanovski, S.Z., Carroll, M.D., et al. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 132 (2007), 2087–2102.
12. 12 Guh, D., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., et al. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 9, 2009, 88.
13. 13 Guize, L., Pannier, B., Thomas, F., et al. Recent advances in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 101 (2008), 577–583.
14. 14 Hill, M.J., Metcalfe, D., McTernan, P.G., Obesity and diabetes: lipids, ‘nowhere to run to'. Clin Sci (Lond) 116 (2009), 113–123.
15. 15 Vgontzas, A.N., Bixler, E.O., Chrousos, G.P., et al. Obesity and sleep disturbances: meaningful sub-typing of obesity. Arch Physiol Biochem 114 (2008), 224–236.
16. 16 Vgontzas, A.N., Does obesity play a major role in the pathogenesis of sleep apnoea and its associated manifestations via inflammation, visceral adiposity, and insulin resistance?. Arch Physiol Biochem 114 (2008), 211–223.
17. 17 Vgontzas, A.N., Lin, H.M., Papaliaga, M., et al. Short sleep duration and obesity: the role of emotional stress and sleep disturbances. Int J Obes (Lond) 32 (2008), 801–809.
18. 18 de Sousa, A.G., Cercato, C., Mancini, M.C., et al. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Obes Rev 9 (2008), 340–354.
19. 19 Garfinkel, L., Overweight and cancer. Ann Intern Med 103:Pt 2 (1985), 1034–1036.
20. 20 Deitel, M., To, T.B., Stone, E., et al. Sex hormonal changes accompanying loss of massive excess weight. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 16 (1987), 511–515.
21. 21 Newbold, R.R., Padilla-Banks, E., Jefferson, W.N., et al. Effects of endocrine disruptors on obesity. Int J Androl 31 (2008), 201–208.
22. 22 Bean, M.K., Stewart, K., Olbrisch, M.E., Obesity in America: implications for clinical and health psychologists. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 15 (2008), 214–224.
23. 23 Stunkard, A.J., Wadden, T.A., Psychological aspects of severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 55:Suppl (1992), 524S–532S.
24. 24 Rapaka, R., Schnur, P., Shurtleff, D., Obesity and addiction: common neurological mechanisms and drug development. Physiol Behav 95 (2008), 2–9.
25. 25 Warren, M.W., Gold, M.S., The relationship between obesity and drug use. Am J Psychiatry, 164, 2007, 1268 author reply 1268–1269.
26. 26 Anandacoomarasamy, A., Fransen, M., March, L., Obesity and the musculoskeletal system. Curr Opin Rheumatol 21 (2009), 71–77.
27. 27 Magliano, M., Obesity and arthritis. Menopause Int 14 (2008), 149–154.
28. 28 Acosta, A., Camilleri, M., Gastrointestinal morbidity in obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1311 (2014), 42–56.
29. 29 Metabolic and Bariatric Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program: 2016. Available at: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/mbsaqip. Accessed July 25, 2016.
30. 30 Kushner, R., Models of obesity care: implications for practice. Obesity Consults 3 (2015), 17–29.
31. 31 Rollnick, S., Butler, C.C., Kinnersley, P., et al. Motivational interviewing. BMJ, 340, 2010, c1900.
32. 32 Kisely, S., Ligate, L., Roy, M.A., et al. Applying motivational interviewing to the initiation of long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotics. Australas Psychiatry 20 (2012), 138–142.
33. 33 Searight, R., Realistic approaches to counseling in the office setting. Am Fam Physician 79 (2009), 277–284.
34. 34 Tapper, E.B., Lai, M., Weight loss results in significant improvements in quality of life for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort study. Hepatology 63 (2016), 1184–1189.
35. 35 Singh, M., Lee, J., Gupta, N., et al. Weight loss can lead to resolution of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a prospective intervention trial. Obesity 21 (2013), 284–290.
36. 36 Sahakyan, K.R., Somers, V.K., Rodriguez-Escudero, J.P., et al. Normal-weight central obesity: implications for total and cardiovascular mortality. Ann Intern Med 163 (2015), 827–835.
37. 37 Sharma, S., Batsis, J.A., Coutinho, T., et al. Normal-weight central obesity and mortality risk in older adults with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc 91 (2016), 343–351.
38. 38 Siu, A.L., Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 163 (2015), 861–868.
39. 39 Johns, M.W., A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 14 (1991), 540–545.
40. 40 Camilleri, M., Acosta, A., Gastrointestinal traits: individualizing therapy for obesity with drugs and devices. Gastrointest Endosc 83 (2016), 48–56.
41. 41 Boutelle, K.N., Kirschenbaum, D.S., Further support for consistent self-monitoring as a vital component of successful weight control. Obes Res 6 (1998), 219–224.
42. 42 Ames, G.E., Heckman, M.G., Diehl, N.N., et al. Further statistical and clinical validity for the Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire-Short Form. Eat Behav 18 (2015), 115–119.
43. 43 Riebe, D., Franklin, B.A., Thompson, P.D., et al. Updating ACSM's recommendations for exercise preparticipation health screening. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47 (2015), 2473–2479.
44. 44 Apovian, C.M., Aronne, L.J., Bessesen, D.H., et al. Pharmacological management of obesity: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100 (2015), 342–362.
45. 45 Saunders, K., Igel, L., Kumar, R., et al. Pharmacotherapy for obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 45 (2016), 521–538.
46. 46 Rothman, R.B., Baumann, M.H., Dersch, C.M., et al. Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse 39 (2001), 32–41.
47. 47 Alli. Alli (orlistat), 2015, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Moon Township, PA.
48. 48 Zhi, J., Melia, A.T., Guerciolini, R., et al. Retrospective population-based analysis of the dose-response (fecal fat excretion) relationship of orlistat in normal and obese volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 56 (1994), 82–85.
49. 49 Acosta, A., Camilleri, M., Shin, A., et al. Quantitative gastrointestinal and psychological traits associated with obesity and response to weight-loss therapy. Gastroenterology 148 (2015), 537–546 e534.
50. 50 Connolly, H.M., Crary, J.L., McGoon, M.D., et al. Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl J Med 337 (1997), 581–588.
51. 51 Greenway, F.L., Whitehouse, M.J., Guttadauria, M., et al. Rational design of a combination medication for the treatment of obesity. Obesity 17 (2009), 30–39.
52. 52 Nauck, M., Frid, A., Hermansen, K., et al. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study. Diabetes Care 32 (2009), 84–90.
53. 53 Pi-Sunyer, X., Astrup, A., Fujioka, K., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med 373 (2015), 11–22.
54. 54 van Can, J., Sloth, B., Jensen, C.B., et al. Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults. Int J Obes 38 (2014), 784–793.
55. 55 Acosta, A., Camilleri, M., Burton, D., et al. Exenatide in obesity with accelerated gastric emptying: a randomized, pharmacodynamics study. Physiol Rep, 3, 2015, e12610.
56. 56 Abu Dayyeh, B.K., Edmundowicz, S.A., Jonnalagadda, S., et al. Endoscopic bariatric therapies. Gastrointest Endosc 81 (2015), 1073–1086.
57. 57 Ponce, J., Quebbemann, B.B., Patterson, E.J., Prospective, randomized, multicenter study evaluating safety and efficacy of intragastric dual-balloon in obesity. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 9 (2013), 290–295.
58. 58 FDA. ReShape Integrated Dual Balloon System – P1400122015.
59. 59 Abu Dayyeh, B.K., Kumar, N., Edmundowicz, S.A., et al. ASGE Bariatric Endoscopy Task Force systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the ASGE PIVI thresholds for adopting endoscopic bariatric therapies. Gastrointest Endosc 82 (2015), 425–438 e425.
60. 60 FDA. ORBERA Intragastric Balloon System – P1400082015.
61. 61 Thompson, C.C., Dayyeh, B.K.A., Kushner, R., et al. The AspireAssist is an effective tool in the treatment of class II and class III obesity: results of a one-year clinical trial. Gastroenterology, 150, 2016, S86.
62. 62 Lopez-Nava, G., Sharaiha, R.Z., Neto, M.G., et al. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty for obesity: a multicenter study of 242 patients with 18 months follow-up. Gastroenterology, 150, 2016, S26.
63. 63 Thompson, C.C., Chand, B., Chen, Y.K., et al. Endoscopic suturing for transoral outlet reduction increases weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Gastroenterology 145 (2013), 129–137 e123.
64. 64 Kumar, N., Thompson, C.C., Transoral outlet reduction for weight regain after gastric bypass: long-term follow-up. Gastrointest Endosc 83 (2016), 776–779.
65. 65 Buchwald, H., Estok, R., Fahrbach, K., et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 122 (2009), 248–256 e245.
66. 66 Adams, T.D., Gress, R.E., Smith, S.C., et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 357 (2007), 753–761.
67. 67 Chang, S.H., Stoll, C.R., Song, J., et al. The effectiveness and risks of bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, 2003-2012. JAMA Surg 149 (2014), 275–287.
68. 68 Gould, J.C., Beverstein, G., Reinhardt, S., et al. Impact of routine and long-term follow-up on weight loss after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 3 (2007), 627–630.
69. 69 Pontiroli, A.E., Fossati, A., Vedani, P., et al. Post-surgery adherence to scheduled visits and compliance, more than personality disorders, predict outcome of bariatric restrictive surgery in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 17 (2007), 1492–1497.
70. 70 Sjostrom, L., Narbro, K., Sjostrom, C.D., et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 357 (2007), 741–752.
71. 71 Buchwald, H., Avidor, Y., Braunwald, E., et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 292 (2004), 1724–1737.
72. 72 Flum, D.R., Belle, S.H., King, W.C., et al. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 361 (2009), 445–454.
73. 73 Schauer, P.R., Bhatt, D.L., Kirwan, J.P., et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes: 3-year outcomes. N Engl J Med 370 (2014), 2002–2013.
74. 74 Demaria, E.J., Winegar, D.A., Pate, V.W., et al. Early postoperative outcomes of metabolic surgery to treat diabetes from sites participating in the ASMBS bariatric surgery center of excellence program as reported in the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database. Ann Surg 252 (2010), 559–567.
75. 75 Camilleri, M., Toouli, J., Herrera, M.F., et al. Selection of electrical algorithms to treat obesity with intermittent vagal block using an implantable medical device. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 5 (2009), 224–230.
76. 76 Camilleri, M., Toouli, J., Herrera, M.F., et al. Intra-abdominal vagal blocking (VBLOC therapy): clinical results with a new implantable medical device. Surgery 143 (2008), 723–731.
77. 77 Shikora, S.A., Wolfe, B.M., Apovian, C.M., et al. Sustained weight loss with vagal nerve blockade but not with sham: 18-month results of the ReCharge trial. J Obesity, 2015, 2015, 365604.
78. 78 Ikramuddin, S., Blackstone, R.P., Brancatisano, A., et al. Effect of reversible intermittent intra-abdominal vagal nerve blockade on morbid obesity: the ReCharge randomized clinical trial. JAMA 312 (2014), 915–922.
79. 79 Sarr, M.G., Billington, C.J., Brancatisano, R., et al. The EMPOWER study: randomized, prospective, double-blind, multicenter trial of vagal blockade to induce weight loss in morbid obesity. Obes Surg 22 (2012), 1771–1782.
80. 80 Brethauer, S.A., Hammel, J.P., Schauer, P.R., Systematic review of sleeve gastrectomy as staging and primary bariatric procedure. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 5 (2009), 469–475.
81. 81 Garb, J., Welch, G., Zagarins, S., et al. Bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a meta-analysis of weight loss outcomes for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg 19 (2009), 1447–1455.
82. 82 Huang, J.S., Barlow, S.E., Quiros-Tejeira, R.E., et al. Childhood obesity for pediatric gastroenterologists. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56 (2013), 99–109.
83. 83 Barlow, S.E., Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 120:Suppl 4 (2007), S164–S192.
84. 84 Kuczmarski, R.J., Ogden, C.L., Guo, S.S., et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11, 2002, 1–190.
85. 85 Kelly, A.S., Barlow, S.E., Rao, G., et al. Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches—a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128 (2013), 1689–1712.
86. 86 The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114:Suppl 4th Report (2004), 555–576.
87. 87 Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics 128:Suppl 5 (2011), S213–S256.
88. 88 Standards of medical care in diabetes-2015: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care, 38(Suppl), 2015, S4.
89. 89 Schwimmer, J.B., Deutsch, R., Kahen, T., et al. Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 118 (2006), 1388–1393.
90. 90 Robinson, S., Victimization of obese adolescents. J Sch Nurs 22 (2006), 201–206.
91. 91 Epstein, L.H., Valoski, A., Wing, R.R., et al. Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatment for childhood obesity. Health Psychol 13 (1994), 373–383.
92. 92 Quattrin, T., Roemmich, J.N., Paluch, R., et al. Treatment outcomes of overweight children and parents in the medical home. Pediatrics 134 (2014), 290–297.
93. 93 SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group, Liese, A.D., D'Agostino, R.B. Jr., et al. The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 118 (2006), 1510–1518.
94. 94 US Preventive Services Task Force, Barton, M., Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pediatrics 125 (2010), 361–367.
95. 95 Ebbeling, C.B., Feldman, H.A., Chomitz, V.R., et al. A randomized trial of sugar-sweetened beverages and adolescent body weight. N Engl J Med 367 (2012), 1407–1416.
96. 96 Cowell, H.A., Physical activity guidelines for Americans and a review of scientific literature used. 2010, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY.
97. 97 Chanoine, J.P., Hampl, S., Jensen, C., et al. Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293 (2005), 2873–2883.
98. 98 Inge, T.H., Courcoulas, A.P., Jenkins, T.M., et al. Weight loss and health status 3 years after bariatric surgery in adolescents. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 113–123.
99. 99 Inge, T.H., Krebs, N.F., Garcia, V.F., et al. Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations. Pediatrics 114 (2004), 217–223.
100. 100 Michalsky, M., Reichard, K., Inge, T., et al. ASMBS pediatric committee best practice guidelines. Surg Obes Relat Dis 8 (2012), 1–7.
101. 101 Calle, E.E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348 (2003), 1625–1638.
102. 102 Jensen, M.D., Ryan, D.H., Apovian, C.M., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation 63:25 Pt B (2014), 2985–3023.
103. 103 Aronne, L.J., Wadden, T.A., Peterson, C., et al. Evaluation of phentermine and topiramate versus phentermine/topiramate extended-release in obese adults. Obesity 21 (2013), 2163–2171.
104. 104 Yanovski, S.Z., Yanovski, J.A., Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA 311 (2014), 74–86.
105. 105 Gadde, K.M., Allison, D.B., Ryan, D.H., et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 377 (2011), 1341–1352.
106. 106 Smith, S.R., Weissman, N.J., Anderson, C.M., et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med 363 (2010), 245–256.
107. 107 Greenway, F.L., Fujioka, K., Plodkowski, R.A., et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 376 (2010), 595–605.
108. 108 Hampel, H., Abraham, N., El-Serag, H., Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med 143 (2005), 199–211.
109. 109 Singh, S., Sharma, A., Murad, M., et al. Central adiposity is associated with increased risk of esophageal inflammation, metaplasia, and adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 (2013), 1399–1412.
110. 110 El-Serag, H., Kvapil, P., Hacken-Bitar, J., Kramer, J., Abdominal obesity and the risk of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005), 2151–2156.
111. 111 Kubo, A., Corley, D., Body mass index and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or gastric cardia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (2006), 872–878.
112. 112 Kim, H., Yoo, T., Park, D., et al. Influence of overweight and obesity on upper endoscopic findings. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 (2007), 477–481.
113. 113 Yang, P., Zhou, Y., Chen, B., et al. Overweight, obesity and gastric cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer 45 (2009), 2867–2873.
114. 114 Delgado-Aros, S., Locke, G., Camilleri, M., et al. Obesity is associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004), 1801–1806.
115. 115 Strate, L., Liu, Y., Aldoori, W., et al. Obesity increases the risks of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. Gastroenterology 136 (2009), 115–122.
116. 116 Kim, B.C., Shin, A., Hong, C.W., et al. Association of colorectal adenoma with components of metabolic syndrome. Cancer Causes Control 23 (2012), 727–735.
117. 117 Bardou, M., Barkun, A.N., Martel, M., Obesity and colorectal cancer. Gut 62 (2013), 933–947.
118. 118 Bellentani, S., Saccoccio, G., Masutti, F., et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med 132 (2000), 112–117.
119. 119 Ioannou, G.N., Weiss, N.S., Kowdley, K.V., et al. Is obesity a risk factor for cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization? a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 125 (2003), 1053–1059.
120. 120 Larsson, S., Wolk, A., Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer 97 (2007), 1005–1008.
121. 121 Chen, S., Xiong, G., Wu, S., Is obesity an indicator of complications and mortality in acute pancreatitis? an updated meta-analysis. J Dig Dis 13 (2012), 244–251.
122. 122 Aune, D., Greenwood, D., Chan, D., et al. Body mass index, abdominal fatness and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol 23 (2012), 843–852.
123. 123 Welbourn, R., Dixon, J., Barth, J.H., et al. NICE-accredited commissioning guidance for weight assessment and management clinics: a model for a specialist multidisciplinary team approach for people with severe obesity. Obes Surg 26 (2016), 649–659.
124. 124 Cook, S., Kavey, R.E., Dyslipidemia and pediatric obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am 58 (2011), 1363–1373 ix.
125. 125 Schauer, P.R., Ikramuddin, S., Gourash, W., et al. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 232 (2000), 515–529.