Risk of pneumonia associated with incident benzodiazepine use among communitydwelling adults with Alzheimer disease

CMAJ

Volumn 189, Issue 14, 2017, Pages E519-E529

  Taipale, Heidi ^a,b,c   Tolppanen, Anna Maija ^b,e   Koponen, Marjaana ^a,b   Tanskanen, Antti ^c,f,g   Lavikainen, Piia ^a,b,h   Sund, Reijo ^d,i   Tiihonen, Jari ^c,f   Hartikainen, Sirpa ^a,b,j  

^a Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care   (Canada)

^b School of Pharmacy   (Canada)

^c Niuvanniemen sairaala   (Finland)

^d Institute of Clinical Medicine   (Finland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^f KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^g NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^h UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^j KUOPIO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE; CLOBAZAM; DIAZEPAM; LORAZEPAM; NITRAZEPAM; OXAZEPAM; TEMAZEPAM; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PNEUMONIA; PRESCRIPTION; PROPENSITY SCORE; REIMBURSEMENT; RISK; COMORBIDITY; FINLAND; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; REGISTER; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL MODEL; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BENZODIAZEPINES; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; PATIENT DISCHARGE; PNEUMONIA; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; REGISTRIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85017338883     PISSN: 08203946     EISSN: 14882329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160126     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Fratiglioni L, Launer LJ, Andersen K, et al. Incidence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology 2000;54:S10-5.
2. World Health Organization and Alzheimer's Disease International. Dementia: A public health priority. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
3. Alzheimer's Association. 2011 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:208-44.
4. Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, Yau KK, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: A meta-Analysis. CMAJ 2003;169:557-64.
5. Rabins PV, Blacker D, Rovner BW, et al. APA Work Group on Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias. American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Second edition. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164(Suppl):5-56.
6. Memory disorders: current care summary [in Finnish with English summary]. Helsinki (Finland): Finnish Medical Society Duodecim; 2010. Availablewww.kaypahoito.fi/web/english/guidelineabstracts/guideline?id=ccs00081 (accessed 2017 Jan. 6).
7. Ballard C, Corbertt A. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia. CNS Drugs 2010;24:729-39.
8. Taipale H, Koponen M, Tanskanen A, et al. Long-Term use of benzodiazepines and related drugs among community-dwelling individuals with and without Alzheimer's disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2015;30:202-8.
9. Millett ER, Quint JK, Smeeth L, et al. Incidence of community-Acquired lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia among older adults in the United Kingdom: A population-based study. PLoS One 2013;8:e75131.
10. Rudolph JL, Zanin NM, Jones RN, et al. Hospitalization in community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease: frequency and causes. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58:1542-8.
11. Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, et al. Risk factors for community-Acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: A literature review. Thorax 2013;68:1057-65.
12. Adamuz J, Viasus D, Jimenez-Martinez E, et al. Incidence, timing and risk factors associated with 1-year mortality after hospitalization for communityacquired pneumonia. J Infect 2014;68:534-41.
13. Foley NC, Affoo RH, Martin RE. A systematic review and meta-Analysis examining pneumonia-Associated mortality in dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2015;39:52-67.
14. Trifiro G, Spina E. Age-related changes in pharmacodynamics: focus on drugs acting on central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Curr Drug Metab 2011;12:611-20.
15. Loeb M, McGeer A, McArthur M, et al. Risk factors for pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections in elderly residents of long-Term care facilities. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2058-64.
16. Obiora E, Hubbard R, Sanders RD, et al. The impact of benzodiazepines on occur- rence of pneumonia and mortality from pneumonia: A nested case-control and survival analysis in a population-based cohort. Thorax 2013;68:163-70.
17. Dublin S, Walker RL, Jackson ML, et al. Use of opioids or benzodiazepines and risk of pneumonia in older adults: A population-based case-control study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:1899-907.
18. Vozoris NT, Fischer HD, Wang X, et al. Benzodiazepine drug use and adverse respiratory outcomes among older adults with COPD. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 332-40.
19. Tolppanen AM, Taipale H, Koponen M, et al. Cohort profile: The Finnish Medication and Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ) study. BMJ Open 2016;6:e012100.
20. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-44.
21. Structure and principles: The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. Oslo (Norway): WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology; 2011. Available: https://www.whocc.no/atc/structure-And-principles/(accessed 2015 May 27).
22. Tanskanen A, Taipale H, Koponen M, et al. From prescription drug purchases to drug use periods -A second generation method (PRE2DUP). BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2015;15:21.
23. Lanehart RE, Rodriguez de Gil P, Kim ES, et al. Propensity score analysis and assessment of propensity score approaches using SASR procedures. Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2012 Conference; 2012 Apr. 22-25; Orlando, Florida. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc.; 2012.
24. Austin PC. Goodness-of-fit diagnostics for the propensity score model when estimating treatment effects using covariate adjustment with the propensity score. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008;17:1202-17.
25. Andersen PK, Geskus RB, de Witte T, et al. Competing risks in epidemiology: possibilities and pitfalls. Int J Epidemiol 2012;41:861-70.
26. Hoffmann F. Perceptions of German GPs on benefits and risks of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. Swiss Med Wkly 2013;143:w13745.
27. Wortelboer U, Cohrn S, Rodenbeck A, et al. Tolerability of hypnosedatives in older patients. Drugs Aging 2002;19:529-39.
28. Turnheim K. When drug therapy gets old: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2003;38:843-53.
29. Bowie MW, Slattum PW. Pharmacodynamics in older adults: A review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007;5:263-303.
30. Taipale H, Koponen M, Tanskanen A, et al. High prevalence of psychotropic drug use among persons with and without Alzheimer's disease in Finnish nationwide cohort. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;24:1729-37.
31. Nakafero G, Sanders RD, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, et al. Association between benzodiazepine use and exacerbations and mortality in patients with asthma: A matched case-control and survival analysis using the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2015; 24:793-802.
32. Almirall J, Gonzalez CA, Balanzo X, et al. Proportion of community-Acquired pneumonia cases attributable to tobacco smoking. Chest 1999;116:375-9.
33. Rikala M, Hartikainen S, Sulkava R, et al. Validity of the Finnish Prescription Register for measuring psychotropic drug exposures among elderly Finns: A population-based intervention study. Drugs Aging 2010;27:337-49.