Cardiac Biomarkers and the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction in Women

Current Cardiology Reports

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2017, Pages

  Shah, Anoop S V ^a   Ferry, Amy V ^a   Mills, Nicholas L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Cardiac troponin; Myocardial infarction; Sex

Indexed keywords

TROPONIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; TROPONIN I;

CLINICAL OUTCOME; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE MARKER; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; MALE; PATIENT CARE; PREDICTION; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; REFERENCE VALUE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; BIOMARKERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TROPONIN I;

EID: 85017091741     PISSN: 15233782     EISSN: 15343170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0839-9     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–128.
2. •• Wenger NK. Women and coronary heart disease: a century after herrick: understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Circulation. 2012;126:604–11. Manuscript highlighting sex differences in the evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndrome.
3. Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Goldberg RJ, Peterson ED, Wenger NK, Vaccarino V, et al. Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2012;307(8):813–22.
4. Mehta LS, Beckie TM, DeVon HA, Grines CL, Krumholz HM, Johnson MN, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in women: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133(9):916–47.
5. Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. New Eng J Med. 1999;341(4):217–25.
6. Becker RC, Terrin M, Ross R, Knatterud GL, Desvigne-Nickens P, Gore JM, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes for women and men after acute myocardial infarction. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Investigators. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(8):638–45.
7. Woodfield SL, Lundergan CF, Reiner JS, Thompson MA, Rohrbeck SC, Deychak Y, et al. Gender and acute myocardial infarction: is there a different response to thrombolysis? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(1):35–42.
8. Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Ellis SG, Sigmon KN, Lee KL, Leimberger JD, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for women with myocardial infarction: is there a gender gap? Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(7):1780–7.
9. Malacrida R, Genoni M, Maggioni AP, Spataro V, Parish S, Palmer A, et al. A comparison of the early outcome of acute myocardial infarction in women and men. The Third International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(1):8–14.
10. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Jaffe A, White HD. The universal definition of myocardial infarction: a consensus document: ischaemic heart disease. Heart. 2008;94(10):1335–41.
11. Adams 3rd JE, Abendschein DR, Jaffe AS. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury. Is MB creatine kinase the choice for the 1990s? Circulation. 1993;88(2):750–63.
12. Apple FS, Quist HE, Doyle PJ, Otto AP, Murakami MM. Plasma 99th percentile reference limits for cardiac troponin and creatine kinase MB mass for use with European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology consensus recommendations. Clin Chem. 2003;49(8):1331–6.
13. Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Jesse RL, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Storrow AB, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: clinical characteristics and utilization of biochemical markers in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2007;115(13):e356–75.
14. Coudrey L. The troponins. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(11):1173–80.
15. Katus HA, Looser S, Hallermayer K, Remppis A, Scheffold T, Borgya A, et al. Development and in vitro characterization of a new immunoassay of cardiac troponin T. Clin Chem. 1992;38(3):386–93.
16. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2012;126(16):2020–35.
17. Apple FS, Collinson PO. Analytical characteristics of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem. 2012;58(1):54–61.
18. Hamm CW, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W, Jorgensen P, Peheim E, Ljungdahl L, et al. The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(3):146–50.
19. Wiviott SD, Cannon CP, Morrow DA, Murphy SA, Gibson CM, McCabe CH, et al. Differential expression of cardiac biomarkers by gender in patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a TACTICS-TIMI 18 (Treat Angina with Aggrastat and determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 18) substudy. Circulation. 2004;109(5):580–6.
20. Apple FS, Ler R, Murakami MM. Determination of 19 cardiac Troponin I and T Assay 99th percentile values from a common presumably healthy population. Clin Chem. 2012;58(11):1574–81.
21. Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, Jarausch J, Jaffe AS, Katus HA. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem. 2010;56(2):254–61.
22. Saenger AK, Beyrau R, Braun S, Cooray R, Dolci A, Freidank H, et al. Multicenter analytical evaluation of a high-sensitivity troponin T assay. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412(9-10):748–54.
23. Koerbin G, Tate JR, Hickman PE. Analytical characteristics of the Roche highly sensitive troponin T assay and its application to a cardio-healthy population. Ann Clin Biochem. 2010;47(Pt 6):524–8.
24. Collinson PO, Heung YM, Gaze D, Boa F, Senior R, Christenson R, et al. Influence of population selection on the 99th percentile reference value for cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem. 2012;58(1):219–25.
25. Mingels A, Jacobs L, Michielsen E, Swaanenburg J, Wodzig W, van Dieijen-Visser M. Reference population and marathon runner sera assessed by highly sensitive cardiac troponin T and commercial cardiac troponin T and I assays. Clin Chem. 2009;55(1):101–8.
26. Koerbin G, Tate J, Potter JM, Cavanaugh J, Glasgow N, Hickman PE. Characterisation of a highly sensitive troponin I assay and its application to a cardio-healthy population. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012;50(5):871–8.
27. •• Apple FS, Simpson PA, Murakami MM. Defining the serum 99th percentile in a normal reference population measured by a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(12):1034–6. Comprehensive analysis to evaluate the 99th centile diagnostic threshold across five high-sensitivity troponin assays using the same cohort.
28. McKie PM, Heublein DM, Scott CG, Gantzer ML, Mehta RA, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Defining high-sensitivity cardiac troponin concentrations in the community. Clin Chem. 2013;59(7):1099–107.
29. de Lemos JA, Drazner MH, Omland T, Ayers CR, Khera A, Rohatgi A, et al. Association of troponin T detected with a highly sensitive assay and cardiac structure and mortality risk in the general population. JAMA. 2010;304(22):2503–12.
30. White HD. Pathobiology of troponin elevations: do elevations occur with myocardial ischemia as well as necrosis? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(24):2406–8.
31. Motiwala SR, Sarma A, Januzzi JL, O’Donoghue ML. Biomarkers in ACS and heart failure: should men and women be interpreted differently? Clin Chem. 2014;60(1):35–43.
32. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer RA. Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension. 1995;26(6 Pt 1):979–83.
33. Donaldson C, Eder S, Baker C, Aronovitz MJ, Weiss AD, Hall-Porter M, et al. Estrogen attenuates left ventricular and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by an estrogen receptor-dependent pathway that increases calcineurin degradation. Circ Res. 2009;104(2):265–75.
34. Robb AO, Mills NL, Din JN, Cameron S, Ludlam CA, Newby DE, et al. Acute endothelial tissue plasminogen activator release in pregnancy. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(1):138–42.
35. Lansky AJ, Ng VG, Maehara A, Weisz G, Lerman A, Mintz GS, et al. Gender and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, plaque composition, and clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndromes. JACC Cardiovasc Imag. 2012;5(3 Suppl):S62–72.
36. Vaccarino V, Badimon L, Corti R, de Wit C, Dorobantu M, Manfrini O, et al. Presentation, management, and outcomes of ischaemic heart disease in women. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(9):508–18.
37. Giannitsis E. Sex-specific troponin measures for diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2016;102(2):91–2.
38. Dallmeier D, Denkinger M, Peter R, Rapp K, Jaffe AS, Koenig W, et al. Sex-specific associations of established and emerging cardiac biomarkers with all-cause mortality in older adults: the ActiFE study. Clin Chem. 2015;61(2):389–99.
39. Omland T, de Lemos JA, Holmen OL, Dalen H, Benth JS, Nygard S, et al. Impact of sex on the prognostic value of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I in the general population: the HUNT study. Clin Chem. 2015;61(4):646–56.
40. Eggers KM, Johnston N, Lind L, Venge P, Lindahl B. Cardiac troponin I levels in an elderly population from the community—the implications of sex. Clin Biochem. 2015;48(12):751–6.
41. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(20):2551–67.
42. •• Shah AS, Griffiths M, Lee KK, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Ferry AV, et al. High sensitivity cardiac troponin and the under-diagnosis of myocardial infarction in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:g7873. First analysis to evaluate sex-specific thresholds with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
43. Wildi K, Gimenez MR, Twerenbold R, Reichlin T, Jaeger C, Heinzelmann A, et al. Misdiagnosis of myocardial infarction related to limitations of the current regulatory approach to define clinical decision values for cardiac troponin. Circulation. 2015;131(23):2032–40.
44. Schofer N, Brunner FJ, Schluter M, Ojeda F, Zeller T, Baldus S, et al. Gender-specific diagnostic performance of a new high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay for detection of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2016.
45. Mueller-Hennessen M, Lindahl B, Giannitsis E, Biener M, Vafaie M, de Filippi CR. Diagnostic and prognostic implications using age- and gender-specific cut-offs for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T—sub-analysis from the TRAPID-AMI study. Int J Cardiol. 2016;209:26–33.
46. Gimenez RM, Twerenbold R, Boeddinghaus J, Nestelberger T, Puelacher C, Hillinger P, et al. Clinical effect of sex-specific cutoff values of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in suspected myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(8):912–20.
47. Shah AS, Newby DE, Mills NL. High sensitivity cardiac troponin in patients with chest pain. BMJ. 2013;347:f4222.
48. •• Cullen L, Greenslade JH, Carlton EW, Than M, Pickering JW, Ho A, et al. Sex-specific versus overall cut points for a high sensitivity troponin I assay in predicting 1-year outcomes in emergency patients presenting with chest pain. Heart. 2016;102(2):120–6. Analysis demonstrating that sex-specific thresholds for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin improved the identification of patients with poor long-term outcomes.
49. Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Morrow DA, Lindahl B, Katus HA. Being rational about (im)precision: a statement from the Biochemistry Subcommittee of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/World Heart Federation Task Force for the definition of myocardial infarction. Clin Chem. 2010;56(6):941–3.
50. •• Glasziou P, Irwig L, Deeks JJ. When should a new test become the current reference standard? Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(11):816–22. Review article explaining the limitations of diagnostic accuracy studies in disease states where a diagnostic gold standard is absent.
51. •• Mills NL, Churchhouse AM, Lee KK, Anand A, Gamble D, Shah AS, et al. Implementation of a sensitive troponin I assay and risk of recurrent myocardial infarction and death in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. JAMA. 2011;305(12):1210–6. First analysis to demonstrate that lowering the diagnostic threshold for myocardial infarction was associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome.
52. Jaffe AS. TRAPID or trapped? Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68(1):88–91.
53. Saaby L, Poulsen TS, Diederichsen AC, Hosbond S, Larsen TB, Schmidt H, et al. Mortality rate in type 2 myocardial infarction: observations from an unselected hospital cohort. Am J Med. 2014;127(4):295–302.
54. Saaby L, Poulsen TS, Hosbond S, Larsen TB, Pyndt Diederichsen AC, Hallas J, et al. Classification of myocardial infarction: frequency and features of type 2 myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2013;126(9):789–97.
55. Shah AS, McAllister DA, Mills R, Lee KK, Churchhouse AM, Fleming KM, et al. Sensitive troponin assay and the classification of myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2015;128(5):493–501. e3.
56. Aw TC, Phua SK, Tan SP. Measurement of cardiac troponin I in serum with a new high-sensitivity assay in a large multi-ethnic Asian cohort and the impact of gender. Clin Chim Acta. 2013.