Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 8, Issue MAR, 2017, Pages

  Guendelman, Simón ^a   Medeiros, Sebastián ^b,c   Rampes, Hagen ^d  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality   (Chile)

^c PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^d CENTRAL AND NORTH WEST LONDON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Embodied cognition; Emotion dysregulation disorders; Emotion regulation; Mindfulness; Neuroimaging; Top down and bottom up processing

Indexed keywords

EID: 85016975953     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Abravanel, B. T., and Sinha, R. (2015). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between lifetime cumulative adversity and depressive symptomatology. J. Psychiatr. Res. 61, 89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.012
2. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., and Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217-237. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
3. Allen, J. G. (2006). "Mentalizing in practice," in Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment, eds J. G. Allen and P. Fonagy (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.), 3-30
4. Allen, M., Dietz, M., Blair, K. S., van Beek, M., Rees, G., Vestergaard-Poulsen, P., and Roepstorff, A. (2012). Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention. J. Neurosci. 32, 15601-15610. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2957-12.2012
5. Analayo (2003). Satipatthana: The Direct Path to Awakening. Birmingham: Windhorse Publications
6. A-Tjak, J. G. L., Davis, M. L., Morina, N., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., and Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clinically relevant mental and physical health problems. Psychother. Psychosom. 84, 30-36. doi: 10.1159/000365764
7. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., and Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment 13, 27-45. doi: 10.1177/1073191105283504
8. Bao, X., Xue, S., and Kong, F. (2015). Dispositional mindfulness and perceived stress: the role of emotional intelligence. Pers. Individ. Dif. 78, 48-52. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.007
9. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., and Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 10, 295-307. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
10. Berenbaum, H., Raghavan, C., Le, H. N., Vernon, L. L., and Gomez, J. J. (2003). A taxonomy of emotional disturbances. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 10, 206-226. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg011
11. Björgvinsson, T. and Hart, J. (2006). "Cognitive behavioral therapy promotes mentalizing," in Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment, eds J. G. Allen and P. Fonagy (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.), 157-170
12. Bohlmeijer, E., Prenger, R., Taal, E., and Cuijpers, P. (2010). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: a meta-analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 68, 539-544. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.005
13. Bowen, S., Chawla, N., and Marlatt, G. A. (2010). Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: a Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press
14. Bowen, S., K, W., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., et al. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 547-556. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546
15. Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A, Lutz, A, Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., and Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 11483-11488. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606552104
16. Brown, K. W., Goodman, R. J., and Inzlicht, M. (2013). Dispositional mindfulness and the attenuation of neural responses to emotional stimuli. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8, 93-99. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss004
17. Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wage, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., et al. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cereb. Cortex 24, 2981-2990. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht154
18. Burklund, L. J., David Creswell, J., Irwin, M. R., and Lieberman, M. D. (2014). The common and distinct neural bases of affect labeling and reappraisal in healthy adults. Front. Psychol. 5:221. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00221
19. Chambers, R., Gullone, E., and Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: an integrative review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 29, 560-572. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005
20. Chiel, H. J., and Beer, R. D. (1997). The brain has a body: adaptive behavior emerges from interactions of nervous systems, body and environment. Trends Neurosci. 20, 553-557. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01149-1
21. Chiesa, A., and Serretti, A. (2011). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 187, 441-453. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.011
22. Chiesa, A., Serretti, A., and Christian Jakobsenc, J. (2013). Mindfulness: top-down or bottom-up emotion regulation strategy? Clin. Psychol. Rev. 33, 82-96. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.006
23. Choi-Kain, L. W., and Gunderson, J. G. (2008). Mentalization: ontogeny, assessment, and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 1127-1135. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081360
24. Clarke, K., Mayo-Wilson, E., Kenny, J., and Pilling, S. (2015). Can non-pharmacological interventions prevent relapse in adults who have recovered from depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 39, 58-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.04.002
25. Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., and Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness 1, 235-253. doi: 10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2
26. Colombetti, G. (2014). The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets the Enactive Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
27. Colombetti, G., and Thompson, E. (2008). "The feeling body: towards an enactive approach to emotion," in Developmental Perspectives on Embodiment and Consciousness, eds W. F. Overton, U. Müller, and J. L. Newman (New York, NY: Erlbaum), 45-68
28. Corrigan, F. M., Fisher, J. J., and Nutt, D. J. (2011). Autonomic dysregulation and the Window of Tolerance model of the effects of complex emotional trauma. J. Psychopharmacol. 25, 17-25. doi: 10.1177/0269881109354930
29. Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 59-70. doi: 10.1038/nrn2555
30. Cramer, H., Haller, H., Lauche, R., and Dobos, G. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for low back pain. A systematic review. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12:162. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-162
31. Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., and Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosom. Med. 69, 560-565. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180f6171f
32. Critchley, H. D., Melmed, R. N., Featherstone, E., Mathias, C. J., and Dolan, R. J. (2002). Volitional control of autonomic arousal: a functional magnetic resonance study. Neuroimage 16, 909-919. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1147
33. Crow, T., Cross, D., Powers, A., and Bradley, B. (2014). Emotion dysregulation as a mediator between childhood emotional abuse and current depression in a low-income African-American sample. Child Abuse Neglect 38, 1590-1598. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.015
34. Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., and Davidson, R. J. (2015). Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 515-523. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.001
35. Damasio, A. R. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace
36. Davidson, R. J. (2010). Empirical explorations of mindfulness: conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotion 10, 8-11. doi: 10.1037/a0018480
37. Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., and Schwartz, E. L. (2012). Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:292. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292
38. Dörfel, D., Lamke, J. P., Hummel, F., Wagner, U., Erk, S., and Walter, H. (2014). Common and differential neural networks of emotion regulation by detachment, reinterpretation, distraction, and expressive suppression: a comparative fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 101, 298-309. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.051
39. Eberth, J., and Sedlmeier, P. (2012). The effects of mindfulness meditation: a meta-analysis. Mindfulness 3, 174-189. doi: 10.1007/s12671-012-0101-x
40. Etkin, A., Büchel, C., and Gross, J. J. (2015). The neural bases of emotion regulation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 693-700. doi: 10.1038/nrn4044
41. Farb, N. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., and McKeon, D. (2010). Minding one's emotions: mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. Emotions 10, 25-33. doi: 10.1037/a0017151
42. Farb, N. A., and Segal, Z. V. (2012). The mindful brain and emotion regulation in mood disorders. Can. J. Psychiatry 57, 70-77. doi: 10.1177/070674371205700203
43. Farb, N. A., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., et al. (2007). Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2, 313-322. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm030
44. Feltman, R., Robinson, M. D., and Ode, S. (2009). Mindfulness as a moderator of neuroticism-outcome relations: a self-regulation perspective. J. Res. Pers. 43, 953-961. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.08.009
45. Fjorback, L. O., Arendt, M., Ornbol, E., Fink, P., and Walach, H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy-a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 124, 102-119. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x
46. Fonagy, P., and Bateman, A. W. (2006). Mechanisms of change in mentalization-based treatment of BPD. J. Clin. Psychol. 62, 411-430. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20241
47. Fonagy, P., and Luyten, P. (2009). A developmen-tal, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Dev. Psychopathol. 21, 1355-1381. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409990198
48. Fonagy, P., Target, M., Gergely, G., and Jurist, E (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization and the Development of Self. New York, NY: Other Press
49. Fox, K. C. R., Nijeboer, S., Dixon, M. L., Floman, J. L., Ellamil, M., Rumak, S. P., Sedlmeierc, P., et al. (2014). Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 43, 48-73. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016
50. Frank, D. W., Dewitt, M., Hudgens-Haney, M., Schaeffer, D. J., Ball, B. H., Schwarz, N. F., et al. (2014). Emotion regulation: quantitative meta-analysis of functional activation and deactivation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 45, 202-211. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.010
51. Gard, T., Hölzel, B. K., Sack, A. T., Hempel, H., Lazar, S. W., Vaitl, D., et al. (2012). Pain attenuation through mindfulness is associated with decreased cognitive control and increased sensory processing in the brain. Cereb. Cortex 22, 2692-2702. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr352
52. Giluk, T. L. (2009). Mindfulness, big five personality, and affect: a meta-analysis. Pers. Individ. Dif. 47, 805-811. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.026
53. Goldin, P. R., and Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 10, 83-91. doi: 10.1037/a0018441
54. Goldin, P., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., and Gross, J. J. (2012). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus aerobic exercise: effects on the self-referential brain network in social anxiety disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:295. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00295
55. Goldin, P., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., Hahn, K., and Gross, J. J. (2013). MBSR vs aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8, 65-72. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss054
56. Goodman, G. (2014). "Mentalization: an interpersonal approach to mindfulness," in Mindfulness, Acceptance, and the Psychodynamic Evolution: Bringing Values into Treatment Planning and Enhancing Psychodynamic Work with Buddhist Psychology, ed J. M. Stewart (Oakland, CA: Context Press), 111-132
57. Gotink, R. A., Chu, P., Busschbach, J. J. V., Benson, H., Fricchione, G. L., and Hunink, M. G. M. (2015). Standardised mindfulness-based interventions in healthcare: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs. PLoS ONE 10:e0124344. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124344
58. Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., and Willett, B. R. (2011). Mechanisms of mindfulness: a buddhist psychological model. Mindfulness 2, 154-166. doi: 10.1007/s12671-011-0054-5
59. Grant, J. A., Courtemanche, J., and Rainville, P. (2011). A non-elaborative mental stance and decoupling of executive and pain-related cortices predicts low pain sensitivity in Zen meditators. Pain 152, 150-156. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.006
60. Grant, J. A., Duerden, E. G., Courtemanche, J., Cherkasova, M., Duncan, G. H., and Rainville, P. (2013). Cortical thickness, mental absorption and meditative practice: possible implications for disorders of attention. Biol. Psychol. 92, 275-281. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.007
61. Gratz, K. L., and Gunderson, J. G. (2006). Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behav. Ther. 37, 25-35. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002
62. Grecucci, A., Pappaianni, E., Siugzdaite, R., Theuninck, A., and Job, R. (2015a). Mindful emotion regulation: exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness. BioMed. Res. Int. 2015:670724. doi: 10.1155/2015/670724
63. Grecucci, A., De Pisapia, N. Kusalagnana Thero, D., Paladino, P. M., Venuti, P., and Job, R. (2015b). Baseline and strategic effects behind mindful emotion regulation: behavioral and physiological investigation. PLoS ONE 10:e0116541. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116541
64. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2, 271-299. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
65. Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: timing is everything. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 10, 214-219. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00152
66. Gross, J. J., and John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85, 348-362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
67. Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. J. Psychosom. Res. 64, 405-408. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.001
68. Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly I think I pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology's (re)invention of mindfulness: comment on Brown et al. (2011). Psychol. Assess. 23, 1034-1040. doi: 10.1037/a0022713
69. Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., and Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing ? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 37, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006
70. Gu, X., Hof, P. R., Friston, K. J., and Fan, J. (2013). Anterior insular cortex and emotional awareness. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 3371-3388. doi: 10.1002/cne.23368
71. Gyurak, A., Gross, J., and Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual process framework. Cogn. Emot. 25, 400-412. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.544160
72. Hayes, S. C. Strosahl, K. D. and Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: an Experimental Approach to Behavior Change. New York, NY: Guilford Press
73. Herwig, U., Kaffenberger, T., Jäncke, L., and Brühl, A. B. (2010). Self-related awareness and emotion regulation. Neuroimage 50, 734-741. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.089
74. Hölzel, B. K., Ott, U., Gard, T., Hempel, H., Weygandt, M., Morgen, K., et al. (2008). Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 3, 55-61. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm038
75. Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Evans, K. C., Hoge, E. A., Dusek, J. A., Morgan, L., et al. (2009). Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 5, 11-17. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsp034
76. Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., et al. (2011b). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 191, 36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006
77. Hölzel, B. K., Hoge, E. A., Greve, D. N., Gard, T., Creswell, J. D., Brown, K. W., et al. (2013). Neural mechanisms of symptom improvements in generalized anxiety disorder following mindfulness training. Neuroimage Clin. 2, 448-458. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.03.011
78. Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., and Ott, U. (2011a). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 6, 537-559. doi: 10.1177/1745691611419671
79. Jain, F. A., Walsh, R. N., Eisendrath, S. J., Christensen, S., and Rael Cahn, B. (2015). Critical analysis of the efficacy of meditation therapies for acute and subacute phase treatment of depressive disorders: a systematic review. Psychosomatics 56, 140-152. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.007
80. Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C. M., Urry, H. L., Kalin, N. H., and Davidson, R. J. (2007). Failure to regulate: counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression. J. Neurosci. 27, 8877-8884. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2063-07.2007
81. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness Fifteenth Anniversary Edition. New York, NY: Bantam Dell
82. Kang, D.-H., Jo, H. J., Jung, W. H., Kim, S. H., Jung, Y.-H., Choi, C.-H., et al. (2013). The effect of meditation on brain structure: cortical thickness mapping and diffusion tensor imaging. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8, 27-33. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss056
83. Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 3, 1-27. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432
84. Kazdin, A. E. (2009). Understanding how and why psychotherapy leads to change. Psychother. Res. 19, 418-428. doi: 10.1080/10503300802448899
85. Kirk, U., Brown, K. W., and Downar, J. (2015). Adaptive neural reward processing during anticipation and receipt of monetary rewards in mindfulness meditators. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 10, 752-759. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsu112
86. Kirk, U., Downar, J., and Montague, P. R. (2011). Interoception drives increased rational decision-making in meditators playing the ultimatum game. Front. Neurosci. 5:49. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00049
87. Kirk, U., and Montague, P. R. (2015). Mindfulness meditation modulates reward prediction errors in a passive conditioning task. Front. Psychol. 6:90. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00090
88. Kiverstein, J. (2012). The meaning of embodiment. Top. Cogn. Sci. 4, 740-758. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01219.x
89. Kohn, N., Eickhoff, S. B., Scheller, M., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., and Habel, U. (2014). Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation-An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. Neuroimage 87, 345-355. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.001
90. Kong, F., Wang, X., Song, Y., and Liu, J. (2016). Brain regions involved in dispositional mindfulness during resting state and their relation with well-being. Soc. Neurosci. 11, 331-343. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1092469
91. Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Cogn. Emot. 23, 4-41. doi: 10.1080/02699930802619031
92. Lauche, R., Cramer, H., Dobos, G., Langhorst, J., and Schmidt, S. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for the fibromyalgia syndrome. J. Psychosom. Res. 75, 500-510. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.010
93. Lavender, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Engel, S. G., Gordon, K. H., Kaye, W. H., and Mitchell, J. E. (2015). Dimensions of emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a conceptual review of the empirical literature. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 40, 111-122. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.010
94. Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Dusek, A., et al. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness, NeuroReport 16, 1893-1897. doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19
95. Ledesma, D., and Kumano, H. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cancer: a meta-analysis. Psychooncology 18, 571-579. doi: 10.1002/pon.1400
96. Lewis, L. (2006). "Enhancing mentalizing capacity through dialectical behavior therapy skills training and positive psychology," in Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment, eds J. G. Allen and P. Fonagy (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.), 171-182
97. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press
98. Luders, E., Cherbuin, N., and Gaser, C. (2016). Estimating brain age using high-resolution pattern recognition: younger brains in long-term meditation practitioners. Neuroimage. 134, 508-513. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.007
99. Luders, E., Phillips, O. R., Clark, K., Kurth, F., Toga, A. W., and Narr, K. L. (2012). Bridging the hemispheres in meditation: thicker callosal regions and enhanced fractional anisotropy (FA) in long-term practitioners. Neuroimage 61, 181-187. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.026
100. Luders, E., Toga, A. W., Lepore, N., and Gaser, C. (2009). NeuroImage The underlying anatomical correlates of long-term meditation: larger hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter. Neuroimage 45, 672-678. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.061
101. Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., and Davidson, R. J. (2008a). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: effects of meditative expertise. PLoS ONE 3:e1897. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001897
102. Lutz, A., Dunne, J. P., and Davidson, J. R. (2008b). "Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness: an introduction," in Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, eds M. M. P. D. Zelazo and E. Thompson (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 499-551
103. Lutz, A., Jha, A., Dunne, J. D., and Saron, C. D. (2015). Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness-related practices from a neurocognitive perspective. Am. Psychol. 70, 632-658. doi: 10.1037/a0039585
104. Lutz, A., McFarlin, D. R., Perlman, D. M., Salomons, T. V., and Davidson, R. J. (2013). Altered anterior insula activation during anticipation and experience of painful stimuli in expert meditators. Neuroimage 64, 538-546. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.030
105. Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., et al. (2013). Mindfulness and emotion regulation-an fMRI study. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 9, 776-785. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst043
106. Main, M. (1991). "Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) models of attachment: some findings and some directions for future research," in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, eds P. Marris, J. Stevenson-Hinde, and C. Parkes (New York, NY: Routledge), 127-159
107. Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Front. Neurosci. 7:8. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00008
108. McRae, K., Misra, S., Prasad, A. K., Pereira, S. C., and Gross, J. J. (2012). Bottom-up and top-down emotion generation: implications for emotion regulation. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7, 253-262. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsq103
109. Mennin, D., and Farach, F. (2007). Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 14, 329-352. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00094.x
110. Neumann, R., Förster, J., and Strack, F. (2003). "Motor compatibility: the bidirectional link between behavior and evaluation," in The Psychology of Evaluation: Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion, eds J. Musch and K. C. Klauer (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.), 7-49
111. Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., and Ric, F. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 9, 184-211. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1
112. Nock, M. K. (2007). Conceptual and design essentials for evaluating mechanisms of change. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 31, 4s-12s. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00488.x
113. Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. R., Hughes, B., McRae, K., Cooper, J. C., Weber, J., et al. (2009). Bottom-up and top-down processes in emotion generation: common and distinct neural mechanisms. Psychol. Sci. 20, 1322-1331. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02459.x
114. Okon-Singer, H., Hendler, T., Pessoa, L., and Shackman, A. (2015). The neurobiology of emotion-cognition interactions: fundamental questions and strategies for future research. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9:58. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058
115. Opialla, S., Lutz, J., Scherpiet, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., et al. (2014). Neural circuits of emotion regulation: a comparison of mindfulness-based and cognitive reappraisal strategies. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 265, 45-55. doi: 10.1007/s00406-014-0510-z
116. Parent, A., and Hazrati, L.-N. (1995). Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res. Rev. 20, 91-127. doi: 10.1016/0165-0173(94)00007-C
117. Parvizi, J. (2009). Corticocentric myopia: old bias in new cognitive sciences. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13, 354-359. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.008
118. Piet, J., and Hougaard, E. (2011). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31, 1032-1040. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.002
119. Posner, M. I., Sheese, B. E., Odludas, Y., and Tang, Y. (2006). Analyzing and shaping human attentional networks. Neural Netw. 19, 1422-1429. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.08.004
120. Premack, D. G., Wooddruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav. Brain Sci. 1, 515-526. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00076512
121. Prinz, J. J. (2004). Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press
122. Qin, P., and Northoff, G. (2011). How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network? Neuroimage. 57, 1221-1233. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.028
123. Quaglia, J., Brown, K., Lindsay, E., Creswell, J., and Goodman, R. (2015). "From conceptualization to operationalization of mindfulness," in Handbook of Mindfulness: Theory, Research, and Practice, eds K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell, and R. M. Ryan (New York, NY: Guilford), 151-170
124. Raichle, M. E., and Snyder, A. Z. (2007). A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea. Neuroimage 37, 1083-1090. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.041
125. Rapgay, L., and Bystrisky, A. (2009). Classical mindfulness: an introduction to its theory and practice for clinical application. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1172, 148-162. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04405.x
126. Roffman, J. L., Gerber, A. J., and Flick, D. (2012). "Neural models of psychodynamic concepts and treatments: implications for psychodynamic psychotherapy," in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence, eds R. A. Levy, J. S. Ablon, and H. Kächele (New York, NY: Humana Press; Springer), 193-218
127. Rudrauf, D., Lachaux, J. P., Damasio, A., Baillet, S., Hugueville, L., Martinerie, J., et al. (2009). Enter feelings: somatosensory responses following early stages of visual induction of emotion. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 72, 13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.015
128. Santarnecchi, E., D'Arista, S., Egiziano, E., Gardi, C., Petrosino, R., Vatti, G., et al. (2014). Interaction between neuroanatomical and psychological changes after mindfulness-based training. PLoS ONE 9:e108359. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108359
129. Schore, A. N. (2003). "Effect of early relational trauma on affect regulation: the development of borderline and antisocial personality disorders and a predisposition to violence," in Affect Dysregulation and Disorders of the Self, ed A. N. Schore (New York, NY: W.W. Norton), 266-306
130. Segal, Z. V., Williams, M. G., and Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York, NY: Guildford
131. Selby, E. A., Fehling, K. B., Panza, E. A., and Kranzler, A. (2016). Rumination, mindfulness, and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Mindfulness 7, 228-235. doi: 10.1007/s12671-015-0432-5
132. Shafir, T., Taylor, S. F., Atkinson, A. P., Langenecker, S. A., and Zubieta, J.-K. (2013). Emotion regulation through execution, observation, and imagery of emotional movements. Brain Cogn. 82, 219-227. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.03.001
133. Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., and Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanism of mindfulness. J. Clin. Psychol. 62, 373-386. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20237
134. Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., and Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 171, 276-293. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966
135. Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., and Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Mindfulness-based interventions: towards mindful clinical integration. Front. Psychol. 4:194. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00194
136. Singleton, O., Hölzel, B. K., Vangel, M., Brach, N., Carmody, J., and Lazar, S. W. (2014). Change in brainstem gray matter concentration following a mindfulness-based intervention is correlated with improvement in psychological well-being. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:33. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00033
137. Slaby, J., Paskaleva, A., and Stephan, A. (2013). Enactive emotion and impaired agency in depression. J. Conscious. Stud. 20, 33-55. Retrieved from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/2013/00000020/F0020007/art00003
138. Slonim, J., Kienhuis, M., Di Benedetto, M., and Reece, J. (2015). The relationships among self-care, dispositional mindfulness, and psychological distress in medical students. Med. Educ. Online 20, 1-13. doi: 10.3402/meo.v20.27924
139. Stoffers, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., and Lieb, K. (2012). Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 15:CD005652. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005652.pub2
140. Strack, F., Martin, L., and Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54, 768-777. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768
141. Tang, Y., Hölzel, B. K., and Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 213-225. doi: 10.1038/nrn3916
142. Taylor, V. A., Grant, J., Daneault, V., Scavone, G., Breton, E., Roffe-Vidal, S., et al. (2011). Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginner meditators. Neuroimage 57, 1524-1533. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.001
143. Thompson, E., and Stapleton, M. (2009). Making sense of sense-making: reflections on enactive and extended mind theories. Topoi 28, 23-30. doi: 10.1007/s11245-008-9043-2
144. Thompson, E., and Varela, F. J. (2001). Radical embodiment: neural dynamics and consciousness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5, 418-425. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01750-2
145. Thompson, R. A. (1990). "Emotion and self-regulation," in Socioemotional development. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Vol. 36, ed R. A. Thompson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press), 367-467
146. Tomasino, B., Fregona, S., Skrap, M., and Fabbro, F. (2013). Meditation-related activations are modulated by the practices needed to obtain it and by the expertise: an ALE meta-analysis study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:346. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00346
147. Trungpa, C. (2001). Glimpses of Abhidharma: From a Seminar on Buddhist Psychology. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications
148. Vago, D. R., and Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:296. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296
149. Van Dam, N. T., Hobkirk, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., and Earleywine, M. (2012). Mind your words: positive and negative items create method effects on the five facet mindfulness questionnaire. Assessment 19, 198-204. doi: 10.1177/1073191112438743
150. Van der Velden, A. M., Kuyken, W., Wattar, U., Crane, C., Pallesen, K. J., Dahlgaard, J., et al. (2015). A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 37, 26-39. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.001
151. Van Rheenen, T. E., Murray, G., and Rossell, S. L. (2015). Emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: profile and utility in predicting trait mania and depression propensity. Psychiatry Res. 225, 425-432. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.001
152. Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., and Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
153. Veenstra, L., Schneider, I. K., and Koole, S. L. (2016). Embodied mood regulation: the impact of body posture on mood recovery, negative thoughts, and mood-congruent recall. Cogn. Emot. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1225003. [Epub ahead of print]
154. Vestergaard-Poulsen, P., van Beek, M., Skewes, J., Bjarkam, C. R., Stubberup, M., Bertelsen, J., et al. (2009). Long-term meditation is associated with increased gray matter density in the brain stem. Neuroreport 20, 170-174. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328320012a
155. Vrticka, P., and Vuilleumier, P. (2012). Neuroscience of human social interactions and adult attachment style. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:212. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00212
156. Way, B. M., Creswell, J. D., Eisenberger, N. I., and Lieberman, M. D. (2010). Dispositional mindfulness and depressive symptomatology: correlations with limbic and self-referential neural activity during rest. Emotion 10, 12-24. doi: 10.1037/a0018312
157. Westbrook, C., Creswell, J. D., Tabibnia, G., Julson, E., Kober, H., and Tindle, H. A. (2013). Mindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8, 73-84. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr076
158. Whitaker, R. C., Dearth-Wesley, T., Gooze, R. A., Becker, B. D., Gallagher, K. C., and McEwen, B. S. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences, dispositional mindfulness, and adult health. Prev. Med. 67, 147-153. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.029
159. Wilcox, C. E., Pommy, J. M., and Adinoff, B. (2016). Neural circuitry of impaired emotion regulation in substance use disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 173, 344-361. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15060710
160. Wupperman, P., Neumann, C. S., and Axelrod, S. R. (2008). Do deficits in mindfulness underlie borderline personality features and core difficulties? J. Pers. Disord. 22, 466-482. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2008.22.5.466
161. Zeidan, F., Emerson, N. M., Farris, S. R., Ray, J. N., Jung, Y., McHaffie, J. G., et al. (2015). Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief employs different neural mechanisms than placebo and sham mindfulness meditation-induced Analgesia. J. Neurosci. 35 15307-15325. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2542-15.2015
162. Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., Gordon, N. S., McHaffie, J. G., and Coghill, R. C. (2011). Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation. J. Neurosci. 31, 5540-8. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.5791-10.2011