Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness-related practices from a neurocognitive perspective

American Psychologist

Volumn 70, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 632-658

  Lutz, Antoine ^a,b   Jha, Amishi P ^c   Dunne, John D ^d   Saron, Clifford D ^e  

^a LYON NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c Department of Biology   (United States)

^d EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention regulation; Decentering; Dereification; Meta awareness; Mindfulness meditation

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; COGNITION; HUMAN; MEDITATION; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL STRESS; MINDFULNESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; RESEARCH; THERAPY;

ATTENTION; COGNITION; HUMANS; MEDITATION; MENTAL HEALTH; MINDFULNESS; RESEARCH; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84943551584     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0039585     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. Allen, M., Dietz, M., Blair, K. S., van Beek, M., Rees, G., Vestergaard-Poulsen, P.,.. Roepstorff, A. (2012). Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 15601-15610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2957-12.2012
2. Amodio, D. M.,&Frith, C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 268-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1884
3. Anālayo. (2003). Satipatthāna: The direct path to realization. Birmingham, England: Windhorse.
4. Anderson, M. L. (2014). After phrenology: Neural reuse and the interactive brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R.,&Buckner, R. L. (2010). Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network. Neuron, 65, 550-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005
6. Antonova, E., Chadwick, P.,&Kumari, V. (2015). More meditation, less habituation? The effect of intensive mindfulness practice on the acoustic startle reflex. PLoS ONE, 10, e0123512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.012351
7. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J.,&Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504
8. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S.,.. Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003
9. Barnard, P. J.,&Teasdale, J. D. (1991). Interacting cognitive subsystems: A systemic approach to cognitive-affective interaction and change. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 1-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699939108411021
10. Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Ego depletion and self-regulation failure: A resource model of self-control. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 281-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000060879.61384.A4
11. Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J.,.. Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
12. Bodhi, B. (2011). What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 19-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564813
13. Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 11483-11488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606552104
14. Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y.-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011). Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 20254-20259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112029108
15. Broadbent, D. (1958). Perception and communication. London, United Kingdom: Pergamon Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10037-000
16. Brown, C. A.,&Jones, A. K. P. (2010). Meditation experience predicts less negative appraisal of pain: Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of anticipatory neural responses. Pain, 150, 428-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.017
17. Brown, K. W.,&Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
18. Buckner, R. L.,&Carroll, D. C. (2007). Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004
19. Buddhaghosa. (1976). The path of purification: Visuddhimagga. (B. Ñānamoli, Trans.). Berkeley, CA: Shambhala Publications.
20. Calhoun, V. D.,&Adali, T. (2012). Multisubject independent component analysis of fMRI: A decade of intrinsic networks, default mode, and neurodiagnostic discovery. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 5, 60-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/RBME.2012.2211076
21. Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Patel, K. D.,&Goodey, E. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 448-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00054-4
22. Carter, O. L., Presti, D. E., Callistemon, C., Ungerer, Y., Liu, G. B., & Pettigrew, J. D. (2005). Meditation alters perceptual rivalry in Tibetan Buddhist monks. Current Biology, 15, R412-R413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.043
23. Carter, R. E. (2007). The Japanese arts and self-cultivation. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
24. Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Milham, M. P.,&Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 117-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011
25. Chambers, R., Gullone, E.,&Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005
26. Clark, A. (1998). Being there: Putting brain, body, and world together again. Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book.
27. Colzato, L. S., Ozturk, A.,&Hommel, B. (2012). Meditate to create: The impact of focused-attention and open-monitoring training on convergent and divergent thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116
28. Corbetta, M.,&Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn755
29. Craig, A. D. B. (2009). How do you feel-Now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 59-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555
30. Craig, A. D. B. (2010). The sentient self. Brain Structure&Function, 214, 563-577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0248-y
31. Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I.,&Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 560-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180f6171f
32. Damasio, A.,&Carvalho, G. B. (2013). The nature of feelings: Evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 143-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3403
33. Damasio, A. R., Everitt, B. J.,&Bishop, D. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 351, 1413-1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
34. Daubenmier, J., Sze, J., Kerr, C. E., Kemeny, M. E.,&Mehling, W. (2013). Follow your breath: Respiratory interoceptive accuracy in experienced meditators. Psychophysiology, 50, 777-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12057
35. Davidson, R., Dunne, J., Eccles, J. S., Engle, A., Greenberg, M., Jennings, P.,.. Vago, D., & the Mind and Life Education Research Network (MLERN). (2012). Contemplative practices and mental training: Prospects for American education. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 146-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00240.x
36. Davidson, R.,&Kaszniack, A. (2015). Conceptual and methodological issues in research on mindfulness and meditation. American Psychologist, 70, 581-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039512
37. Dban-phyug-rdo-rje. (2009). Mahamudra, the ocean of true meaning the profound instructions on coexistent unity, the essence of the ocean of true meaning, and light radiating activity. Münster, Germany: Verlagshaus Monsenstein und Vannerdat.
38. Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012). Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292
39. Dickerson, S. S.,&Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355-391.
40. Dimidjian, S.,&Segal, Z. V. (2015). Prospects for a clinical science of mindfulness-based interventions. American Psychologist, 70, 593-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039589
41. Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P.,&Beck, A. T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 467-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3027
42. Dreyfus, G. (2011). Is mindfulness present-centred and non-judgmental? A discussion of the cognitive dimensions of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 41-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564815
43. Driver, J., Baylis, G. C.,&Rafal, R. D. (1992). Preserved figure-ground segregation and symmetry perception in visual neglect. Nature, 360, 73-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360073a0
44. Dunne, J. D. (2011). Toward an understanding of non-dual mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 71-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564820
45. Dunne, J. D. (2015). Buddhist styles of mindfulness: A heuristic approach. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson,&B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 249-270). New York, NY: Springer.
46. Elliott, J. C., Wallace, B. A.,&Giesbrecht, B. (2014). A week-long meditation retreat decouples behavioral measures of the alerting and executive attention networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00069
47. Ernst, M.,&Fudge, J. L. (2009). A developmental neurobiological model of motivated behavior: Anatomy, connectivity and ontogeny of the triadic nodes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 367-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.009
48. Etkin, A.,&Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1476-1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504
49. Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A.,&Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 340-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902317361886
50. Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z.,&Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 313-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsm030
51. Fleming, S. M.,&Dolan, R. J. (2012). The neural basis of metacognitive ability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 367, 1338-1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0417
52. Fleming, S. M., Weil, R. S., Nagy, Z., Dolan, R. J.,&Rees, G. (2010). Relating introspective accuracy to individual differences in brain structure. Science, 329, 1541-1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1191883
53. Flook, L., Smalley, S. L., Kitil, M. J., Galla, B. M., Kaiser-Greenland, S., Locke, J.,.. Kasari, C. (2010). Effects of mindful awareness practices on executive functions in elementary school children. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 26, 70-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377900903379125
54. Fox, K. C. R., Spreng, R. N., Ellamil, M., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Christoff, K. (2015). The wandering brain: Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of mind-wandering and related spontaneous thought processes. NeuroImage, 111, 611-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.039
55. Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D.,&Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Therapy, 38, 234-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.00
56. Fronsdal, G. (1998). Insight meditation in the United States: Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In C. S. Prebish&K. K. Tanaka (Eds.), The faces of Buddhism in America (pp. 163-180). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
57. Gethin, R. (1998). The foundations of Buddhism. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
58. Gethin, R. (2011). On some definitions of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 263-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564843
59. Gethin, R. M. L. (2015). Buddhist conceptualizations of mindfulness. In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell,&R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 9-41). New York: Guilford Publications.
60. Gold, S. R., Jarvinen, P. J.,&Teague, R. G. (1982). Imagery elaboration and clarity in modifying college students' depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 312-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198204)38:2<312::AID-JCLP2270380213>3.0.CO;2-2
61. Goldberg, S. B., Del Re, A. C., Hoyt, W. T.,&Davis, J. M. (2014). The secret ingredient in mindfulness interventions? A case for practice quality over quantity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 491-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000032
62. Goldstein, J.,&Kornfield, J. (2001). Seeking the heart of wisdom: The path of insight meditation. Boston, MA: Shambhala.
63. Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R.,.. Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, 174, 357-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
64. Grant, J. A., Courtemanche, J.,&Rainville, P. (2011). A non-elaborative mental stance and decoupling of executive and pain-related cortices predicts low pain sensitivity in Zen meditators. Pain, 152, 150-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.006
65. Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 405-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.001
66. Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly I think I pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology's (re)invention of mindfulness: Comment on Brown et al. Psychological Assessment, 23, 1034-1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022713
67. Grossman, P.,&Van Dam, N. T. (2011). Mindfulness, by any other name: Trials and tribulations of sati in western psychology and science. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 219-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564841
68. Grossman, P., Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, U., Raysz, A.,&Kesper, U. (2007). Mindfulness training as an intervention for fibromyalgia: Evidence of postintervention and 3-year follow-up benefits in well-being. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 226-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000101501
69. Gunaratana, H. (2002). Mindfulness in plain English. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
70. Gusnard, D. A., Raichle, M. E.,&Raichle, M. E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 685-694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35094500
71. Harrington, A.,&Dunne, J. D. (2015). When mindfulness is therapy: Ethical qualms, historical perspectives. American Psychologist, 70, 621-631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039460
72. Hasenkamp, W.,&Barsalou, L. W. (2012). Effects of meditation experience on functional connectivity of distributed brain networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00038
73. Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Duncan, E.,&Barsalou, L. W. (2011). Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. NeuroImage, 59, 750-760.
74. Hayes, S. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80013-3
75. Hodgins, H. S.,&Adair, K. C. (2010). Attentional processes and meditation. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 19, 872-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.04.002
76. Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 537-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671
77. Husserl, E. (2008). On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time (1893-1917). (J. B. Brough, Trans.). Boston, MA: Springer.
78. Hyman, S. E. (2007). Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 725-732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2218
79. Jabbi, M., Bastiaansen, J.,&Keysers, C. (2008). A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways. PLoS ONE, 3, e2939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002939
80. Jack, A. I., Dawson, A. J., Begany, K. L., Leckie, R. L., Barry, K. P., Ciccia, A. H.,&Snyder, A. Z. (2013). fMRI reveals reciprocal inhibition between social and physical cognitive domains. NeuroImage, 66, 385-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.061
81. Jacobs, T. L., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Wolkowitz, O. M., Bridwell, D. A.,.. Saron, C. D. (2011). Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 664-681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010
82. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
83. Jensen, C. G., Vangkilde, S., Frokjaer, V.,&Hasselbalch, S. G. (2012). Mindfulness training affects attention-Or is it attentional effort? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 106-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024931
84. Jha, A. P. (2002). Tracking the time-course of attentional involvement in spatial working memory: An event-related potential investigation. Cognitive Brain Research, 15, 61-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00216-1
85. Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J.,&Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective&Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/CABN.7.2.109
86. Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A.,&Baime, M. J. (2010). What does mindfulness training strengthen? Working memory capacity as a functional marker of training success. In R. Baer (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness and acceptance: Illuminating the processes of change (pp. 207-221). New York, NY: New Harbinger Publications.
87. Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., Kiyonaga, A., Wong, L.,&Gelfand, L. (2010). Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion, 10, 54-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018438
88. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3
89. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: The program of the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. New York, NY: Delacorte Press, Dell Publishing.
90. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.
91. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2011). Some reflections on the origins of MBSR, skillful means, and the trouble with maps. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 281-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564844
92. Kennedy, R. B., Jr. (1976). Self-induced depersonalization syndrome. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1326-1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.133.11.1326
93. Kerr, C. E., Sacchet, M. D., Lazar, S. W., Moore, C. I.,&Jones, S. R. (2013). Mindfulness starts with the body: Somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00012
94. Khalsa, S. S., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, A. R., Davidson, R. J., Lutz, A., & Tranel, D. (2008). Interoceptive awareness in experienced meditators. Psychophysiology, 45, 671-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00666.x
95. Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K. M.,&Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The "Trier Social Stress Test": A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000119004
96. Kross, E., Duckworth, A., Ayduk, O., Tsukayama, E.,&Mischel, W. (2011). The effect of self-distancing on adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection in children. Emotion, 11, 1032-1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021787
97. Kross, E., Gard, D., Deldin, P., Clifton, J.,&Ayduk, O. (2012). "Asking why" from a distance: Its cognitive and emotional consequences for people with major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 559-569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028808
98. Leigh, J., Bowen, S.,&Marlatt, G. A. (2005). Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1335-1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.010
99. Liu, T., Abrams, J.,&Carrasco, M. (2009). Voluntary attention enhances contrast appearance. Psychological Science, 20, 354-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02300.x
100. Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T.,&Davidson, R. J. (2008). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. PloS One, 3, e1897. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001897
101. Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D.,&Davidson, R. J. (2006). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness: An introduction. In P. D. Zelazo&E. Thompson (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 499-551). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
102. Lutz, A., McFarlin, D. R., Perlman, D. M., Salomons, T. V.,&Davidson, R. J. (2013). Altered anterior insula activation during anticipation and experience of painful stimuli in expert meditators. NeuroImage, 64, 538-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.030
103. Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D.,&Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
104. Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Rawlings, N. B., Francis, A. D., Greischar, L. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2009). Mental training enhances attentional stability: Neural and behavioral evidence. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 13418-13427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1614-09.2009
105. Lutz, A.,&Thompson, E. (2003). Neurophenomenology: Integrating subjective experience and brain dynamics in the neuroscience of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10, 31-52.
106. MacCoon, D. G., Imel, Z. E., Rosenkranz, M. A., Sheftel, J. G., Weng, H. Y., Sullivan, J. C.,.. Lutz, A. (2012). The validation of an active control intervention for mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 3-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.011
107. MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Jacobs, T. L.,.. Saron, C. D. (2010). Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological Science, 21, 829-839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797610371339
108. Mangun, G. R. (1995). Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention. Psychophysiology, 32, 4-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03400.x
109. Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T.,&Macrae, C. N. (2007). Wandering minds: The default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science, 315, 393-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1131295
110. McMahan, D. (2008). The making of Buddhist modernism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
111. Melloni, M., Sedeño, L., Couto, B., Reynoso, M., Gelormini, C., Favaloro, R.,.. Ibanez, A. (2013). Preliminary evidence about the effects of meditation on interoceptive sensitivity and social cognition. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 9, 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-9-47
112. Menary, R. (2010). Introduction to the special issue on 4E cognition. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9, 459-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11097-010-9187-6
113. Menon, V. (2011). Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: A unifying triple network model. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 483-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003
114. Miller, E. K.,&Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
115. Moore, A., Gruber, T., Derose, J.,&Malinowski, P. (2012). Regular, brief mindfulness meditation practice improves electrophysiological markers of attentional control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00018
116. Morrison, A. B., Goolsarran, M., Rogers, S. L.,&Jha, A. P. (2014). Taming a wandering attention: Short-form mindfulness training in student cohorts. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00897
117. Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B.,&Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science, 24, 776-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612459659
118. Namgyal, D. T., Kunsang, E. P.,&Rinpoche, K. T. (2004). Clarifying the natural state: A principal guidance manual for Mahamudra. Hong Kong, China: Ranjung Yeshe Publications.
119. Ñānamoli, B.,&Bodhi, B. (2009). The middle length discourses of the Buddha: A translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications in association with the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies.
120. Navon, D. (1977). Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 353-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(77)90012-3
121. Ochsner, K. N.,&Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 242-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010
122. Olendzki, A. (2011). The construction of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 55-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564817
123. Orenstein, J. (2011). The mindful lawyer meditation and the practice of law. Retrieved from http://liv.asn.au/Practice-Resources/Law-Institute-Journal/Archived-Issues/LIJ-July-2011/The-mindful-lawyer-meditation-and-the-practice
124. Overgaard, M.,&Sandberg, K. (2012). Kinds of access: Different methods for report reveal different kinds of metacognitive access. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 367, 1287-1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0425
125. Pace, T. W., Negi, L. T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brown, T. D.,.. Raison, C. L. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 87-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.011
126. Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Sivilli, T. I., Issa, M. J., Cole, S. P., Adame, D. D.,&Raison, C. L. (2010). Innate immune, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress do not predict subsequent compassion meditation practice time. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 310-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.008
127. Pagnoni, G. (2012). Dynamical properties of BOLD activity from the ventral posteromedial cortex associated with meditation and attentional skills. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 5242-5249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4135-11.2012
128. Papies, E. K., Barsalou, L. W.,&Custers, R. (2012). Mindful attention prevents mindless impulses. Social Psychological&Personality Science, 3, 291-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550611419031
129. Perlman, D. M., Salomons, T. V., Davidson, R. J.,&Lutz, A. (2010). Differential effects on pain intensity and unpleasantness of two meditation practices. Emotion, 10, 65-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018440
130. Pessoa, L. (2014). Understanding brain networks and brain organization. Physics of Life Reviews, 11, 400-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2014.03.005
131. Peters, J., Kalivas, P. W.,&Quirk, G. J. (2009). Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex. Learning&Memory, 16, 279-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.1041309
132. Petitmengin, C., Baulac, M.,&Navarro, V. (2006). Seizure anticipation: Are neurophenomenological approaches able to detect preictal symptoms? Epilepsy&Behavior, 9, 298-306.
133. Pinniger, R., Brown, R. F., Thorsteinsson, E. B.,&McKinley, P. (2012). Argentine tango dance compared to mindfulness meditation and a waiting-list control: A randomised trial for treating depression. Com-plementary Therapies in Medicine, 20, 377-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2012.07.003
134. Posner, M. I.,&Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
135. Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A.,&Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 676-682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.2.676
136. Reiner, K., Tibi, L.,&Lipsitz, J. D. (2013). Do mindfulness-based interventions reduce pain intensity? A critical review of the literature. Pain Medicine, 14, 230-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pme.12006
137. Rosenkranz, M. A., Davidson, R. J., Maccoon, D. G., Sheridan, J. F., Kalin, N. H.,&Lutz, A. (2013). A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 27, 174-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.013
138. Saggar, M., King, B. G., Zanesco, A. P., Maclean, K. A., Aichele, S. R., Jacobs, T. L.,.. Saron, C. D. (2012). Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00256
139. Sahdra, B. K., MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Shaver, P. R., Rosenberg, E. L., Jacobs, T. L.,.. Saron, C. D. (2011). Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in selfreported adaptive socioemotional functioning. Emotion, 11, 299-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022764
140. Sauer, S., Walach, H., Schmidt, S., Hinterberger, T., Lynch, S., Büssing, A.,&Kohls, N. (2013). Assessment of mindfulness: Review on state of the art. Mindfulness, 4, 3-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0122-5
141. Sauseng, P., Hoppe, J., Klimesch, W., Gerloff, C.,&Hummel, F. C. (2007). Dissociation of sustained attention from central executive functions: Local activity and interregional connectivity in the theta range. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 587-593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05286.x
142. Schmidt, L., Lebreton, M., Cléry-Melin, M.-L., Daunizeau, J.,&Pessiglione, M. (2012). Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort. PLoS Biology, 10, e1001266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001266
143. Schooler, J. W. (2002). Re-representing consciousness: Dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 339-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01949-6
144. Schuyler, B. S., Kral, T. R. A., Jacquart, J., Burghy, C. A., Weng, H. Y., & Perlman, D. M.,.. Davidson, R. J. (2014). Temporal dynamics of emotional responding: Amygdala recovery predicts emotional traits. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 176-181.
145. Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H.,.. Greicius, M. D. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2349-2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
146. Segal, Z. V., Bieling, P., Young, T., MacQueen, G., Cooke, R., Martin, L.,.. Levitan, R. D. (2010). Antidepressant monotherapy vs sequential pharmacotherapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, or placebo, for relapse prophylaxis in recurrent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1256-1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.168
147. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Teasdale, J. D.,&Kabat-Zinn, J. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
148. Seth, A. K., Suzuki, K.,&Critchley, H. D. (2011). An interoceptive predictive coding model of conscious presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 395.
149. Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A.,&Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
150. Sharf, R. (2014). Mindfulness and mindlessness in early Chan. Philosophy East&West, 64, 933-964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pew.2014.0074
151. Siegling, A. B.,&Petrides, K. V. (2014). Measures of trait mindfulness: Convergent validity, shared dimensionality, and linkages to the fivefactor model. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01164
152. Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis, A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M.,&Davidson, R. J. (2007). Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biology, 5, e138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050138
153. Smallwood, J.,&Schooler, J. W. (2015). The science of mind wandering: Empirically navigating the stream of consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 487-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015331
154. Stanley, E. A., Schaldach, J. M., Kiyonaga, A.,&Jha, A. P. (2011). Mindfulness-based mind fitness training: A case study of a high-stress predeployment military cohort. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 566-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.08.002
155. Suzuki, S.,&Chadwick, D. (2011). Zen mind, beginner's mind. Boston, MA: Shambhala.
156. Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K.,&Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16, 213-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3916
157. Tang, Y.-Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S.,&Lu, Q.,.. Posner, M. I. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17152-17156. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707678104
158. Tarkka, I. M.,&Stokic, D. S. (1998). Source localization of P300 from oddball, single stimulus, and omitted-stimulus paradigms. Brain Topography, 11, 141-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022258606418
159. Teasdale, J. D.,&Chaskalson (Kulananda), M. (2011a). How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: The nature and origins of dukkha. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 89-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564824
160. Teasdale, J. D.,&Chaskalson (Kulananda), M. (2011b). How does mindfulness transform suffering? II: The transformation of dukkha. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 103-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564826
161. Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.275
162. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z.,&Williams, J. M. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 25-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7
163. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M.,&Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.615
164. Urry, H. L., van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Kalin, N. H., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S.,.. Davidson, R. J. (2006). Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 4415-4425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3215-05.2006
165. Vago, D. R.,&Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296
166. Van Dam, N. T., Hobkirk, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S.,&Earleywine, M. (2012). Mind your words: Positive and negative items create method effects on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Assessment, 19, 198-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191112438743
167. Van den Hurk, P. A. M., Giommi, F., Gielen, S. C., Speckens, A. E. M., & Barendregt, H. P. (2010). Greater efficiency in attentional processing related to mindfulness meditation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1168-1180.
168. van Leeuwen, S., Singer, W.,&Melloni, L. (2012). Meditation increases the depth of information processing and improves the allocation of attention in space. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00133
169. Van Schaik, S. (2004). Approaching the great perfection: Simultaneous and gradual approaches to Dzogchen practice in Jigme Lingpa's Longchen Nyingtig. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications.
170. Van Vugt, M. K., Hitchcock, P., Shahar, B.,&Britton, W. (2012). The effects of MBCT on affective memory associations in depression: Measuring recall dynamics in a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 257.
171. Varela, F. J. (1996). Neurophenomenology: A methodological remedy for the hard problem. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3, 330-349.
172. Westbrook, C., Creswell, J. D., Tabibnia, G., Julson, E., Kober, H., & Tindle, H. A. (2013). Mindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 73-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr076
173. Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Mindfulness and psychological process. Emotion, 10, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018360
174. Williams, J. M. G.,&Kabat-Zinn, J. (2011). Mindfulness: Diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564811
175. Wilson, J. (2014). Mindful America: The mutual transformation of Buddhist meditation and American culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827817.001.0001
176. Zanesco, A. P., King, B. G., Maclean, K. A.,&Saron, C. D. (2013). Executive control and felt concentrative engagement following intensive meditation training. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00566