Clinical use of botulinum neurotoxin: Neuromuscular disorders

Clinical Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxin

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 51-93

  Guidubaldi, Arianna ^a   Bentivoglio, Anna Rita ^a   Albanese, Alberto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Blepharospasm; Botulinum neurotoxin; Dyskinesias; Dystonia; Spasticity; Tremor

Indexed keywords

EID: 85016626876     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0261-3_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (266)

1. Scott AB (1980) Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology 87:1044-1049
2. Albanese A (2011) Terminology for preparations of botulinum neurotoxins: what a difference a name makes. JAMA 305:89-90
3. Albanese A, Lalli S (2009) Is this dystonia? Mov Disord 24:1725-1731
4. Frueh BR, Felt TH, Wojno TH, Musch DC (1984) Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin: a preliminary report. Arch Ophthalmol 102:1464-1468
5. Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, Elia AE, Elibol B, Filippini G et al (2011) EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol 18:5-18
6. Comella CL, Jankovic J, Shannon KM, Tsui J, Swenson M, Leurgans S et al (2005) Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 65:1423-1429
7. Dressler D, Benecke R (2003) Autonomic side effects of botulinum toxin type B treatment of cervical dystonia and hyperhidrosis. Eur Neurol 49:34-38
8. Simpson DM, Blitzer A, Brashear A, Comella C, Dubinsky R, Hallett M et al (2008) Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 70:1699-1706
9. Bentivoglio AR, Fasano A, Ialongo T, Soleti F, Lo Fermo S, Albanese A (2009) Fifteen-year experience in treating blepharospasm with Botox or Dysport: same toxin, two drugs. Neurotox Res 15:224-231
10. Mohammadi B, Buhr N, Bigalke H, Krampfl K, Dengler R, Kollewe K (2009) A long-term follow-up of botulinum toxin A in cervical dystonia. Neurol Res 31:463-466
11. Truong D, Brodsky M, Lew M, Brashear A, Jankovic J, Molho E et al (2010) Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in cervical dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16:316-323
12. Dressler D, Eleopra R (2006) Clinical use of non-A botulinum toxins: botulinum toxin type B. Neurotox Res 9:121-125
13. Sanger TD, Kukke SN, Sherman-Levine S (2007) Botulinum toxin type B improves the speed of reaching in children with cerebral palsy and arm dystonia: an open-label, dose-escalation pilot study. J Child Neurol 22:116-122
14. Hallett M, Daroff RB (1996) Blepharospasm: report of a workshop. Neurology 46: 1213-1218
15. Defazio G, Livrea P (2002) Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm. Mov Disord 17:7-12
16. The Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group (1999) Sex-related influences on the frequency and age of onset of primary dystonia. Epidemiologic Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group. Neurology 53:1871-1873
17. Fahn S (1988) Blepharospasm: a form of focal dystonia. Adv Neurol 49:125-133
18. Hallett M, Evinger C, Jankovic J, Stacy M (2008) Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop. Neurology 71:1275-1282
19. Weiss EM, Hershey T, Karimi M, Racette B, Tabbal SD, Mink JW et al (2006) Relative risk of spread of symptoms among the focal onset primary dystonias. Mov Disord 21:1175-1181
20. Svetel M, Pekmezovic T, Jovic J, Ivanovic N, Dragasevic N, Maric J et al (2007) Spread of primary dystonia in relation to initially affected region. J Neurol 254:879-883
21. Abbruzzese G, Berardelli A, Girlanda P, Marchese R, Martino D, Morgante F et al (2008) Long-term assessment of the risk of spread in primary late-onset focal dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:392-396
22. Grandas F, Elston J, Quinn N, Marsden CD (1988) Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:767-772
23. Quartarone A, Sant'angelo A, Battaglia F, Bagnato S, Rizzo V, Morgante F et al (2006) Enhanced long-term potentiation-like plasticity of the trigeminal blink reflex circuit in blepharospasm. J Neurosci 26:716-721
24. Scott AB, Kennedy RA, Stubbs MA (1985) Botulinum toxin injections as a treatment for blepharospasm. Arch Ophthalmol 103:347-350
25. Balash Y, Giladi N (2004) Efficacy of pharmacological treatment of dystonia: evidence-based review including meta-analysis of the effect of botulinum toxin and other cure options. Eur J Neurol 11:361-370
26. Jost WH, Kohl A (2001) Botulinumtoxin: evidence-based medicine criteria in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 248(Suppl 1):21-24
27. MacAndie K, Kemp E (2004) Impact on quality of life of botulinum toxin treatments for essential blepharospasm. Orbit 23:207-210
28. Aramideh M, Ongerboer deVisser BW, Brans JW, Koelman JH, Speelman JD (1995) Pretarsal application of botulinum toxin for treatment of blepharospasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59:309-311
29. Albanese A, Bentivoglio AR, Colosimo C, Galardi G, Maderna L, Tonali P (1996) Pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin improve blepharospasm in previously unresponsive patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60:693-694
30. Jankovic J (1996) Pretarsal injection of botulinum toxin for blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60:704
31. Cakmur R, Ozturk V, Uzunel F, Donmez B, Idiman F (2002) Comparison of preseptal and pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 249:64-68
32. Levy RL, Berman D, Parikh M, Miller NR (2006) Supramaximal doses of botulinum toxin for refractory blepharospasm. Ophthalmology 113:1665-1668
33. Pang AL, O'Day J (2006) Use of high-dose botulinum A toxin in benign essential blepharospasm: is too high too much? Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 34:441-444
34. Hsiung GY, Das SK, Ranawaya R, Lafontaine AL, Suchowersky O (2002) Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A in treatment of various movement disorders over a 10-year period. Mov Disord 17:1288-1293
35. Sampaio C, Ferreira JJ, Simoes F, Rosas MJ, Magalhaes M, Correia AP et al (1997) DYSBOT: a single-blind, randomized parallel study to determine whether any differences can be detected in the efficacy and tolerability of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A-Dysport and Botox-assuming a ratio of 4:1. Mov Disord 12:1013-1018
36. Nussgens Z, Roggenkamper P (1997) Comparison of two botulinum-toxin preparations in the treatment of essential blepharospasm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235:197-199
37. Bihari K (2005) Safety, effectiveness, and duration of effect of BOTOX after switching from Dysport for blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and hemifacial spasm dystonia, and hemifacial spasm. Curr Med Res Opin 21:433-438
38. Badarny S, Susel Z, Honigman S (2008) Effectivity of Dysport in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm who experienced failure with Botox. Isr Med Assoc J 10:520-522
39. Roggenkamper P, Jost WH, Bihari K, Comes G, Grafe S (2006) Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm 113:303-312
40. Wabbels B, Reichel G, Fulford-Smith A, Wright N, Roggenkamper P (2011) Double-blind, randomised, parallel group pilot study comparing two botulinum toxin type A products for the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm 118:233-239
41. Jankovic J (2009) Clinical efficacy and tolerability of Xeomin in the treatment of blepharospasm. Eur J Neurol 16(Suppl 2):14-18
42. Rieder CR, Schestatsky P, Socal MP, Monte TL, Fricke D, Costa J et al (2007) A double-blind, randomized, crossover study of Prosigne versus Botox in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Clin Neuropharmacol 30:39-42
43. Quagliato EM, Carelli EF, Viana MA (2010) Prospective, randomized, double-blind study, comparing botulinum toxins type a botox and prosigne for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm treatment. Clin Neuropharmacol 33:27-31
44. Colosimo C, Chianese M, Giovannelli M, Contarino MF, Bentivoglio AR (2003) Botulinum toxin type B in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:687
45. Dutton JJ, White JJ, Richard MJ (2006) Myobloc for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm in patients refractory to Botox. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 22:173-177
46. Price J, Farish S, Taylor H, O'Day J (1997) Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Randomized trial to determine the most appropriate location for botulinum toxin injections. Ophthalmology 104:865-868
47. Nutt JG, Muenter MD, Aronson A, Kurland LT, Melton LJ (1988) Epidemiology of focal and generalyzed dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord 3:188-194
48. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Livrea P, Berardelli A (2004) Epidemiology of primary dystonia. Lancet Neurol 3:673-678
49. Jankovic J, Orman J (1987) Botulinum A toxin for cranial-cervical dystonia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 37:616-623
50. Chan J, Brin MF, Fahn S (1991) Idiopathic cervical dystonia: clinical characteristics. Mov Disord 6:119-126
51. Camfield L, Ben-Shlomo Y, Warner TT (2002) Impact of cervical dystonia on quality of life. Mov Disord 17:838-841
52. Hagenah JM, Vieregge A, Vieregge P (2001) Radiculopathy and myelopathy in patients with primary cervical dystonia. Eur Neurol 45:236-240
53. Hung SW, Hamani C, Lozano AM, Poon YY, Piboolnurak P, Miyasaki JM et al (2007) Long-term outcome of bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary cervical dystonia. Neurology 68:457-459
54. Cacciola F, Farah JO, Eldridge PR, Byrne P, Varma TK (2010) Bilateral deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia: long-term outcome in a series of 10 patients. Neurosurgery 67:957-963
55. Jankovic J (2006) Treatment of dystonia. Lancet Neurol 5:864-872
56. Molho E, Jankovic J, Lew M (2008) Role of botulinum toxin in the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurol Clin 26(Suppl 1):43-53
57. Tsui JK, Eisen A, Mak E, Carruthers J, Scott A, Calne DB (1985) A pilot study on the use of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Can J Neurol Sci 12:314-316
58. Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Snoek JW, Zwarts MJ, van Weerden TW, Brunt ER et al (1996) Botulinum toxin versus trihexyphenidyl in cervical dystonia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Neurology 46:1066-1072
59. Sampaio C, Costa J, Ferreira JJ (2004) Clinical comparability of marketed formulations of botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 19(Suppl 8):S129-S136
60. Odergren T, Hjaltason H, Kaakkola S, Solders G, Hanko J, Fehling C et al (1998) A double blind, randomised, parallel group study to investigate the dose equivalence of Dysport and Botox in the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:6-12
61. Ranoux D, Gury C, Fondarai J, Mas JL, Zuber M (2002) Respective potencies of Botox and Dysport: a double blind, randomised, crossover study in cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:459-462
62. Marchetti A, Magar R, Findley L, Larsen JP, Pirtosek Z, Ruzicka E et al (2005) Retrospective evaluation of the dose of Dysport and BOTOX in the management of cervical dystonia and blepharospasm: the REAL DOSE study. Mov Disord 20:937-944
63. Lu CS, Chen RS, Tsai CH (1995) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of cervical dystonia. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 94(4):189-192
64. Wissel J, Kanovsky P, Ruzicka E, Bares M, Hortova H, Streitova H et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of a standardised 500 unit dose of Dysport (clostridium botulinum toxin type A haemaglutinin complex) in a heterogeneous cervical dystonia population: results of a prospective, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. J Neurol 248:1073-1078
65. Poewe W, Deuschl G, Nebe A, Feifel E, Wissel J, Benecke R et al (1998) What is the optimal dose of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of cervical dystonia? Results of a double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study using Dysport. German Dystonia Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:13-17
66. Benecke R, Jost WH, Kanovsky P, Ruzicka E, Comes G, Grafe S (2005) A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 64:19491951
67. Pappert EJ, Germanson T (2008) Botulinum toxin type B vs. type A in toxin-naive patients with cervical dystonia: Randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Mov Disord 23:510-517
68. Chen R, Karp BI, Hallett M (1998) Botulinum toxin type F for treatment of dystonia: long-term experience. Neurology 51:1494-1496
69. Houser MK, Sheean GL, Lees AJ (1998) Further studies using higher doses of botulinum toxin type F for torticollis resistant to botulinum toxin type A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:577-580
70. Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira J, Coelho M, Moore P et al (2005) Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003633
71. Brashear A, Watts MW, Marchetti A, Magar R, Lau H, Wang L (2000) Duration of effect of botulinum toxin type A in adult patients with cervical dystonia: a retrospective chart review. Clin Ther 22:1516-1524
72. Kessler KR, Skutta M, Benecke R (1999) Long-term treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin A: efficacy, safety, and antibody frequency. German Dystonia Study Group. J Neurol 246:265-274
73. Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira J, Coelho M, Moore P et al (2005) Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004315
74. Chapman MA, Barron R, Tanis DC, Gill CE, Charles PD (2007) Comparison of botulinum neurotoxin preparations for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Clin Ther 29:1325-1337
75. Tintner R, Gross R, Winzer UF, Smalky KA, Jankovic J (2005) Autonomic function after botulinum toxin type A or B: a double-blind, randomized trial. Neurology 65:765-767
76. Jankovic J, Schwartz KS (1991) Clinical correlates of response to botulinum toxin injections. Arch Neurol 48:1253-1256
77. Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J et al (1999) Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A- resistant cervical dystonia. Neurology 53:1431-1438
78. Tan EK, Jankovic J (1999) Botulinum toxin A in patients with oromandibular dystonia: longterm follow-up. Neurology 53:2102-2107
79. Ilic TV, Potter M, Holler I, Deuschl G, Volkmann J (2005) Praying-induced oromandibular dystonia. Mov Disord 20:385-386
80. Bhatia KP, Bhatt MH, Marsden CD (1993) The causalgia-dystonia syndrome. Brain 116:843851
81. Tan EK, Chan LL, Wong MC (2003) Levodopa-induced oromandibular dystonia in progressive supranuclear palsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 105:132-134
82. Klawans HL, Tanner CM (1988) Cholinergic pharmacology of blepharospasm with oromandibular dystonia (Meige's syndrome). Adv Neurol 49:443-450
83. Ondo WG, Hanna PA, Jankovic J (1999) Tetrabenazine treatment for tardive dyskinesia: assessment by randomized videotape protocol. Am J Psychiatry 156:1279-1281
84. Kenney C, Hunter C, Jankovic J (2007) Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Mov Disord 22:193-197
85. Yoshida K, Kaji R, Kubori T, Kohara N, Iizuka T, Kimura J (1998) Muscle afferent block for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia. Mov Disord 13:699-705
86. Capelle HH, Weigel R, Krauss JK (2003) Bilateral pallidal stimulation for blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia (Meige syndrome). Neurology 60:2017-2018
87. Romito LM, Elia AE, Franzini A, Bugiani O, Albanese A (2010) Low-voltage bilateral pallidal stimulation for severe Meige syndrome in a patient with primary segmental dystonia: case report. Neurosurgery 67(3 Suppl Operative):E308-1-E308-5
88. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Greene PE, Fahn S (1989) Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 98:93-97
89. Hermanowicz N, Truong DD (1991) Treatment of oromandibular dystonia with botulinum toxin. Laryngoscope 101:1216-1218
90. Cardoso F (2003) Toxina botunílica tipo B no manejo de distonia não-responsiva a toxina botunílica tipo A. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 61:607-610
91. Wan XH, Vuong KD, Jankovic J (2005) Clinical application of botulinum toxin type B in movement disorders and autonomic symptoms. Chin Med Sci J 20:44-47
92. Bhidayasiri R, Cardoso F, Truong DD (2006) Botulinum toxin in blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia: comparing different botulinum toxin preparations. Eur J Neurol 13(Suppl 1):21-29
93. Hallett M, Benecke R, Blitzer A, Comella CL (2009) Treatment of focal dystonias with botulinum neurotoxin. Toxicon 54:628-633
94. Esper CD, Freeman A, Factor SA (2010) Lingual protrusion dystonia: frequency, etiology and botulinum toxin therapy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16:438-441
95. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Fahn S, Lovelace RE (1988) Clinical and laboratory characteristics of focal laryngeal dystonia: study of 110 cases. Laryngoscope 98:636-640
96. Adler CH, Edwards BW, Bansberg SF (1997) Female predominance in spasmodic dysphonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63:688
97. Schweinfurth JM, Billante M, Courey MS (2002) Risk factors and demographics in patients with spasmodic dysphonia. Laryngoscope 112:220-223
98. Murry T, Woodson GE (1995) Combined-modality treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia with botulinum toxin and voice therapy. J Voice 9:460-465
99. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Fahn S, Lovelace RE (1988) Localized injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal laryngeal dystonia (spastic dysphonia). Laryngoscope 98:193-197
100. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Stewart C, Aviv JE, Fahn S (1992) Abductor laryngeal dystonia: a series treated with botulinum toxin. Laryngoscope 102:163-167
101. Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP, Fernandez-Alvarez E, Filippini G, Gasser T et al (2006) A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. Eur J Neurol 13:433-44
102. Ludlow CL, Naunton RF, Sedory SE, Schulz GM, Hallett M (1988) Effects of botulinum toxin injections on speech in adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Neurology 38:1220-1225
103. Bielamowicz S, Stager SV, Badillo A, Godlewski A (2002) Unilateral versus bilateral injections of botulinum toxin in patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia. J Voice 16: 117-123
104. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Stewart CF (1998) Botulinum toxin management of spasmodic dysphonia (laryngeal dystonia): a 12-year experience in more than 900 patients. Laryngoscope 108:1435-1441
105. Elmiyeh B, Prasad VM, Upile T, Saunders N, Youl BD, Epstein R et al (2010) A single-centre retrospective review of unilateral and bilateral Dysport injections in adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol 35:39-44
106. Upile T, Elmiyeh B, Jerjes W, Prasad V, Kafas P, Abiola J et al (2009) Unilateral versus bilateral thyroarytenoid Botulinum toxin injections in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: a prospective study. Head Face Med 5:20
107. Brin MF, Blitzer A, Fahn S, Gould W, Lovelace RE (1989) Adductor laryngeal dystonia (spastic dysphonia): treatment with local injections of botulinum toxin (Botox). Mov Disord 4:287-296
108. Whurr R, Nye C, Lorch M (1998) Meta-analysis of botulinum toxin treatment of spasmodic dysphonia: a review of 22 studies. Int J Lang Commun Disord 33(Suppl):327-329
109. Jankovic J, Schwartz K, Donovan DT (1990) Botulinum toxin treatment of cranial-cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, other focal dystonias and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:633-639
110. Blitzer A, Sulica L (2001) Botulinum toxin: basic science and clinical uses in otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 111:218-226
111. Truong DD, Bhidayasiri R (2006) Botulinum toxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes: comparing different botulinum toxin preparations. Eur J Neurol 13(Suppl 1):36-41
112. Maloney AP, Morrison MD (1994) A comparison of the efficacy of unilateral versus bilateral botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. J Otolaryngol 23:160-164
113. Guntinas-Lichius O (2003) Injection of botulinum toxin type B for the treatment of otolaryngology patients with secondary treatment failure of botulinum toxin type A. Laryngoscope 113:743-745
114. Adler CH, Bansberg SF, Krein-Jones K, Hentz JG (2004) Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc) in adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Mov Disord 19:1075-1079
115. Blitzer A (2005) Botulinum toxin A and B: a comparative dosing study for spasmodic dysphonia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133:836-838
116. Bielamowicz S, Squire S, Bidus K, Ludlow CL (2001) Assessment of posterior cricoarytenoid botulinum toxin injections in patients with abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 110:406-412
117. Meleca RJ, Hogikyan ND, Bastian RW (1997) A comparison of methods of botulinum toxin injection for abductory spasmodic dysphonia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117: 487-492
118. Stong BC, DelGaudio JM, Hapner ER, Johns MM, III (2005) Safety of simultaneous bilateral botulinum toxin injections for abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131:793-795
119. Blitzer A (2010) Spasmodic dysphonia and botulinum toxin: experience from the largest treatment series. Eur J Neurol 17(Suppl 1):28-30
120. Karp BI, Cole RA, Cohen LG, Grill S, Lou JS, Hallett M (1994) Long-term botulinum toxin treatment of focal hand dystonia. Neurology 44:70-76
121. Karp BI (2004) Botulinum toxin treatment of occupational and focal hand dystonia. Mov Disord 19(Suppl 8):S116-S119
122. Kruisdijk JJ, Koelman JH, Ongerboer de Visser BW, De Haan RJ, Speelman JD (2007) Botulinum toxin for writer's cramp: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial and 1-year followup. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:264-270
123. Yoshimura DM, Aminoff MJ, Olney RK (1992) Botulinum toxin therapy for limb dystonias. Neurology 42:627-630
124. Tsui JK, Bhatt M, Calne S, Calne DB (1993) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of writer's cramp: a double-blind study. Neurology 43:183-185
125. Das CP, Dressler D, Hallett M (2006) Botulinum toxin therapy of writer's cramp. Eur J Neurol 13(Suppl 1):55-59
126. Molloy FM, Shill HA, Kaelin-Lang A, Karp BI (2002) Accuracy of muscle localization without EMG: implications for treatment of limb dystonia. Neurology 58: 805-807
127. Duarte J, Sempere AP, Coria F, Claveria LE, Frech FA, Mataix AL et al (1995) Isolated idiopathic adult-onset foot dystonia and treatment with botulinum toxin. J Neurol 242: 114-115
128. Schneider SA, Edwards MJ, Grill SE, Goldstein S, Kanchana S, Quinn NP et al (2006) Adult-onset primary lower limb dystonia. Mov Disord 21:767-771
129. Singer C, Papapetropoulos S (2006) Adult-onset primary focal foot dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 12:57-60
130. Wang A, Jankovic J (1998) Hemifacial spasm: clinical findings and treatment. Muscle Nerve 21:1740-1747
131. Micheli F, Scorticati MC, Gatto E, Cersosimo G, Adi J (1994) Familial hemifacial spasm. Mov Disord 9:330-332
132. Auger RG, Whisnant JP (1990) Hemifacial spasm in Rochester and Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1960 to 1984. Arch Neurol 47:1233-1234
133. Tan EK, Chan LL, Lim SH, Lim WE, Khoo JB, Tan KP (1999) Role of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in patients with hemifacial spasm. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28:169-173
134. Martinelli P, Giuliani S, Ippoliti M (1992) Hemifacial spasm due to peripheral injury of facial nerve: a nuclear syndrome? Mov Disord 7:181-184
135. Holds JB, Anderson RL, Jordan DR, Patrinely JR (1990) Bilateral hemifacial spasm. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 10:153-154
136. Tan EK, Jankovic J (1999) Bilateral hemifacial spasm: a report of five cases and a literature review. Mov Disord 14:345-349
137. Alexander GE, Moses H (1982) Carbamazepine for hemifacial spasm. Neurology 32: 286-287
138. Kemp LW, Reich SG (2004) Hemifacial spasm. Curr Treat Options Neurol 6:175-179
139. Chung SS, Chang JH, Choi JY, Chang JW, Park YG (2001) Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: a long-term follow-up of 1,169 consecutive cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 77:190-193
140. Samii M, Gunther T, Iaconetta G, Muehling M, Vorkapic P, Samii A (2002) Microvascular decompression to treat hemifacial spasm: long-term results for a consecutive series of 143 patients. Neurosurgery 50:712-718
141. Loeser JD, Chen J (1983) Hemifacial spasm: treatment by microsurgical facial nerve decompression. Neurosurgery 13:141-146
142. Piatt JH Jr, Wilkins RH (1984) Treatment of tic douloureux and hemifacial spasm by posterior fossa exploration: therapeutic implications of various neurovascular relationships. Neurosurgery 14:462-471
143. Ito M, Hasegawa M, Hoshida S, Miwa T, Furukawa M (2004) Successful treatment of hemifacial spasm with selective facial nerve block using doxorubicin (adriamycin) under local anesthesia. Acta Otolaryngol 124:217-220
144. Elston JS (1986) Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:827-829
145. Taylor JD, Kraft SP, Kazdan MS, Flanders M, Cadera W, Orton RB (1991) Treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm with botulinum A toxin: a Canadian multicentre study. Can J Ophthalmol 26:133-138
146. Elston JS (1992) The management of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 239:5-8
147. Flanders M, Chin D, Boghen D (1993) Botulinum toxin: preferred treatment for hemifacial spasm. Eur Neurol 33:316-319
148. Mauriello JA, Leone T, Dhillon S, Pakeman B, Mostafavi R, Yepez MC (1996) Treatment choices of 119 patients with hemifacial spasm over 11 years. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 98: 213-216
149. Jitpimolmard S, Tiamkao S, Laopaiboon M (1998) Long term results of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of hemifacial spasm: a report of 175 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:751-757
150. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Girlanda P, Vacca L, Curra A, De Salvia R et al (2002) Botulinum toxin A treatment for primary hemifacial spasm: a 10-year multicenter study. Arch Neurol 59:418-420
151. Park YC, Lim JK, Lee DK, Yi SD (1993) Botulinum A toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm. J Korean Med Sci 8:334-340
152. Yoshimura DM, Aminoff MJ, Tami TA, Scott AB (1992) Treatment of hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin. Muscle Nerve 15:1045-1049
153. Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira JJ, Coelho M, Moore P et al (2005) Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD004899
154. Bentivoglio AR, Fasano A, Ialongo T, Soleti F, Lo FS, Albanese A (2009) Outcome predictors, efficacy and safety of Botox and Dysport in the long-term treatment of hemifacial spasm. Eur J Neurol 16:392-398
155. Trosch RM, Adler CH, Pappert EJ (2007) Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc) in subjects with hemifacial spasm: results from an open-label, dose-escalation safety study. Mov Disord 22:1258-1264
156. Dressler D (2009) Routine use of Xeomin in patients previously treated with Botox: long term results. Eur J Neurol 16(Suppl 2):2-5
157. Eleopra R, Tugnoli V, Rossetto O, Montecucco C, De Grandis D (1997) Botulinum neurotoxin serotype C: a novel effective botulinum toxin therapy in human. Neurosci Lett 224:91-94
158. Chen RS, Lu CS, Tsai CH (1996) Botulinum toxin A injection in the treatment of hemifacial spasm. Acta Neurol Scand 94:207-211
159. Yu YL, Fong KY, Chang CM (1992) Treatment of idiopathic hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin. Acta Neurol Scand 85:55-57
160. Ward AB (2002) A summary of spasticity management-a treatment algorithm. Eur J Neurol 9(Suppl. 1):48-52
161. Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E, Kassicieh VD, Marciniak C, Do M et al (2002) Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med 347:395-400
162. Ward AB, Aguilar M, De Beyl Z, Gedin S, Kanovsky P, Molteni F et al (2003) Use of botulinum toxin type A in management of adult spasticity-a European consensus statement. J Rehabil Med 35:98-99
163. Pathak MS, Nguyen HT, Graham HK, Moore AP (2006) Management of spasticity in adults: practical application of botulinum toxin. Eur J Neurol 13(Suppl 1):42-50
164. Koman LA, Paterson SB, Balkrishnan R (2003) Spasticity associated with cerebral palsy in children: guidelines for the use of botulinum A toxin. Paediatr Drugs 5:11-23
165. Bakheit AM, Bower E, Cosgrove A, Fox M, Morton R, Phillips S et al (2001) Opinion statement on the minimal acceptable standards of healthcare in cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 23:578-582
166. Schwerin A, Berweck S, Fietzek UM, Heinen F (2004) Botulinum toxin B treatment in children with spastic movement disorders: a pilot study. Pediatr Neurol 31:109-113
167. Francisco GE (2004) Botulinum toxin: dosing and dilution. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83(Suppl):S30-S37
168. Elia AE, Filippini G, Calandrella D, Albanese A (2009) Botulinum neurotoxins for post-stroke spasticity in adults: a systematic review. Mov Disord 24:801-812
169. Gracies JM, Lugassy M, Weisz DJ, Vecchio M, Flanagan S, Simpson DM (2009) Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90:9-16
170. Simpson DM, Gracies JM, Graham HK, Miyasaki JM, Naumann M, Russman B et al (2008) Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 70:1691-1698
171. Turkel CC, Bowen B, Liu J, Brin MF (2006) Pooled analysis of the safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of poststroke spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87:786-792
172. Brashear A, McAfee AL, Kuhn ER, Fyffe J (2004) Botulinum toxin type B in upperlimb poststroke spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:705-709
173. Rosales RL, Chua-Yap AS (2008) Evidence-based systematic review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A therapy in post-stroke spasticity. J Neural Transm 115:617-623
174. Kaji R, Osako Y, Suyama K, Maeda T, Uechi Y, Iwasaki M (2010) Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke lower limb spasticity: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurol 257:1330-1337
175. Shakespeare DT, Boggild M, Young C (2003) Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD001332
176. Snow BJ, Tsui JK, Bhatt MH (1990) Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a doubleblind study. Ann Neurol 28:512-515
177. Hyman N, Barnes M, Bhakta B, Cozens A, Bakheit M, Kreczy-Kleedorfer B et al (2000) Botulinum toxin (Dysport) treatment of hip adductor spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:707-712
178. Restivo DA, Tinazzi M, Patti F, Palmeri A, Maimone D (2003) Botulinum toxin treatment of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 61:719-720
179. Giovannelli M, Borriello G, Castri P, Prosperini L, Pozzilli C (2007) Early physiotherapy after injection of botulinum toxin increases the beneficial effects on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil 21:331-337
180. Ward AB (2003) Long-term modification of spasticity. J Rehabil Med 41(Suppl):60-65
181. Koman LA, Mooney JF, Smith B, Goodman A, Mulvaney T (1993) Management of cerebral palsy with botulinum A toxin: preliminary investigation. J Pediatr Orthoped 13:489-495
182. Lukban MB, Rosales RL, Dressler D (2009) Effectiveness of botulinum toxin A for upper and lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: a summary of evidence. J Neural Transm 116:319-331
183. Kuehn BM (2009) FDA requires black box warnings on labeling for botulinum toxin products. JAMA 301:2316
184. Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M (1998) Consensus statement of the movement disorder society on tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord 13(Suppl. 3):2-23
185. Trosch RM, Pullman SL (1994) Botulinum toxin A injections for the treatment of hand tremors. Mov Disord 9:601-609
186. Henderson JM, Ghika JA, Van Melle G, Haller E, Einstein R (1996) Botulinum toxin A in non-dystonic tremors. Eur Neurol 36(1):29-35
187. Koller WC, Hristova A, Brin M (2000) Pharmacologic treatment of essential tremor. Neurology 54(Suppl 4):S30-S38
188. Brin MF, Lyons KE, Doucette J, Adler CH, Caviness JN, Comella CL et al (2001) A randomized, double masked, controlled trial of botulinum toxin type A in essential hand tremor. Neurology 56:1523-1528
189. Jankovic J, Schwartz K (1991) Botulinum toxin treatment of tremors. Neurology 41: 1185-1188
190. Pullman S, Greene PF, Fahn S (1996) Approach to the treatment of limb disorders with botulinum toxin A. Experience with 187 patients. Arch Neurol 53:617-624
191. Jankovic J, Schwartz K, Clemence W, Aswad A, Mordaunt J (1996) A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate botulinum toxin type A in essential hand tremor. Mov Disord 11:250-256
192. Papapetropoulos S, Singer C (2006) Treatment of primary writing tremor with botulinum toxin type a injections: report of a case series. Clin Neuropharmacol 29:364-367
193. Wissel J, Masuhr F, Schelosky L, Ebersbach G, Poewe W (1997) Quantitative assessment of botulinum toxin treatment in 43 patients with head tremor. Mov Disord 12(5):722-726
194. Hertegard S, Granqvist S, Lindestad PA (2000) Botulinum toxin injections for essential voice tremor. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 109:204-209
195. Warrick P, Dromey C, Irish JC, Durkin L, Pakiam A, Lang A (2000) Botulinum toxin for essential tremor of the voice with multiple anatomical sites of tremor: a crossover design study of unilateral versus bilateral injection. Laryngoscope 110:1366-1374
196. Pahwa R, Busenbark K, Swanson-Hyland EF, Dubinsky RM, Hubble JP, Gray C et al (1995) Botulinum toxin treatment of essential head tremor. Neurology 45:822-824
197. Adler CH, Bansberg SF, Hentz JG, Ramig LO, Buder EH, Witt K et al (2004) Botulinum toxin type A for treating voice tremor. Arch Neurol 61:1416-1420
198. Schneider SA, Edwards MJ, Cordivari C, Macleod WN, Bhatia KP (2006) Botulinum toxin A may be efficacious as treatment for jaw tremor in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 21: 1722-1724
199. Gonzalez-Alegre P, Kelkar P, Rodnitzky RL (2006) Isolated high-frequency jaw tremor relieved by botulinum toxin injections. Mov Disord 21:1049-1050
200. Deuschl G, Lohle E, Heinen F, Lucking C (1991) Ear click in palatal tremor: its origin and treatment with botulinum toxin. Neurology 41:1677-1679
201. Penney SE, Bruce IA, Saeed SR (2006) Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol 253:857-860
202. Jankovic J (1994) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of dystonic tics. Mov Disord 9: 347-349
203. Scott BL, Jankovic J, Donovan DT (1996) Botulinum toxin injection into vocal cord in the treatment of malignant coprolalia associated with Tourette's syndrome. Mov Disord 11: 431-433
204. Trimble MR, Whurr R, Brookes G, Robertson MM (1998) Vocal tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome treated with botulinum toxin injections. Mov Disord 13:617-619
205. Krauss JK, Jankovic J (1996) Severe motor tics causing cervical myelopathy in Tourette's syndrome. Mov Disord 11:563-566
206. Kwak CH, Hanna PA, Jankovic J (2000) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of tics. Arch Neurol 57:1190-1193
207. Rath JJ, Tavy DL, Wertenbroek AA, Van Woerkom TC, de Bruijn SF (2010) Botulinum toxin type A in simple motor tics: short-term and long-term treatment-effects. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16:478-481
208. Marras C, Andrews D, Sime E, Lang AE (2001) Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Neurology 56:605-610
209. Porta M, Maggioni G, Ottaviani F, Schindler A (2004) Treatment of phonic tics in patients with Tourette's syndrome using botulinum toxin type A. Neurol Sci 24:420-423
210. Cheung MY, Shahed J, Jankovic J (2007) Malignant Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 22: 1743-1750
211. Aguirregomozcorta M, Ramio-Torrenta L, Gich J, Quiles A, Genis D (2008) Paroxysmal dystonia and pathological laughter as a first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14:262-265
212. Truong DD, Hermanowicz N, Rontal M (1990) Botulinum toxin in treatment of tardive dyskinetic syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10:438-439
213. Stip E, Faughnan M, Desjardin I, Labrecque R (1992) Botulinum toxin in a case of severe tardive dyskinesia mixed with dystonia. Br J Psychiatry 161:867-868
214. Kaufman DM (1994) Use of botulinum toxin injections for spasmodic torticollis of tardive dystonia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6:50-53
215. Yasufuku-Takano J, Sakurai M, Kanazawa I, Nagaoka M (1995) Successful treatment of intractable tardive dyskinesia with botulinum toxin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58: 511-512
216. Van Zandijcke M, Marchau MM (1990) Treatment of bruxism with botulinum toxin injections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:530
217. Diamond A, Shahed J, Azher S, Dat-Vuong K, Jankovic J (2006) Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation in dystonia. Mov Disord 21:692-695
218. Albanese A, Bentivoglio AR (2007) Botulinum toxin in movement disorders. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E (eds) Parkinson's disease and movement disorders, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 605-619
219. Jankovic J, Tintner R (2001) Dystonia and parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 8: 109-121
220. Jankovic J, Stacy M (2007) Medical management of levodopa-associated motor complications in patients with Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 21:677-692
221. Pacchetti C, Albani G, Martignoni E, Godi L, Alfonsi E, Nappi G (1995) "Off" painful dystonia in Parkinson's disease treated with botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 10:333-336
222. Ashour R, Jankovic J (2006) Joint and skeletal deformities in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 21:1856-1863
223. Papapetropoulos S, Baez S, Zitser J, Sengun C, Singer C (2008) Retrocollis: classification, clinical phenotype, treatment outcomes and risk factors. Eur Neurol 59:71-75
224. Ghika J, Nater B, Henderson J, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F (1997) Delayed segmental axial dystonia of the trunk on standing after lumbar disk operation. J Neurol Sci 152(2): 193-197
225. Comella CL, Shannon KM, Jaglin J (1998) Extensor truncal dystonia: successful treatment with botulinum toxin injections. Mov Disord 13:552-555
226. Bonanni L, Thomas A, Varanese S, Scorrano V, Onofrj M (2007) Botulinum toxin treatment of lateral axial dystonia in Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 22:2097-2103
227. Djaldetti R, Mosberg-Galili R, Sroka H, Merims D, Melamed E (1999) Camptocormia (bent spine) in patients with Parkinson's disease. Characterization and possible pathogenesis of an unusual phenomenon. Mov Disord 14:443-447
228. Azher SN, Jankovic J (2005) Camptocormia: pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy. Neurology 65:355-359
229. Bloch F, Houeto JL, Tezenas du MS, Bonneville F, Etchepare F, Welter ML et al (2006) Parkinson's disease with camptocormia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:1223-1228
230. von Coelln R, Raible A, Gasser T, Asmus F (2008) Ultrasound-guided injection of the iliopsoas muscle with botulinum toxin in camptocormia. Mov Disord 23:889-892
231. Ashour R, Tintner R, Jankovic J (2005) Striatal deformities of the hand and foot in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 4:423-431
232. Giladi N, Meer J, Honigman S (1994) The use of botulinum toxin to treat "striatal" toes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:659
233. Cordivari C, Misra VP, Catania S, Lees AJ (2001) Treatment of dystonic clenched fist with botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 16:907-913
234. Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:368-376
235. Giladi N (2001) Freezing of gait. Clinical overview. Adv Neurol 87:191-197
236. Giladi N, Honigman S (1997) Botulinum toxin injections to one leg alleviate freezing of gait in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 12:1085-1086
237. Giladi N, Gurevich T, Shabtai H, Paleacu D, Simon ES (2001) The effect of botulinum toxin injections to the calf muscles on freezing of gait in parkinsonism: a pilot study. J Neurol 248:572-576
238. Wieler M, Camicioli R, Jones CA, Martin WR (2005) Botulinum toxin injections do not improve freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. Neurology 65:626-628
239. Gurevich T, Peretz C, Moore O, Weizmann N, Giladi N (2007) The effect of injecting botulinum toxin type a into the calf muscles on freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a double blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Mov Disord 22:880-883
240. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Fahn S, Lange D, Lovelace RE (1986) Botulinum toxin (Botox) for the treatment of "spastic dysphonia" as part of a trial of toxin injections for the treatment of other cranial dystonias. Laryngoscope 96:1300-1301
241. Cohen LG, Hallett M, Geller BD, Hochberg F (1989) Treatment of focal dystonias of the hand with botulinum toxin injections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:355-363
242. Das TK, Park DM (1989) Botulinum toxin in treating spasticity. Br J Clin Pract 43: 401-403
243. Carruthers JD, Carruthers JA (1992) Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18:17-21
244. Mezaki T, Kaji R, Hamano T, Nagamine T, Shibasaki H, Shimizu T et al (1994) Optimisation of botulinum treatment for cervical and axial dystonias: experience with a Japanese type A toxin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:1535-1537
245. Greene P, Kang U, Fahn S, Brin M, Moskowitz C, Flaster E (1990) Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology 40:1213-1218
246. Lew MF, Adornato BT, Duane DD, Dykstra DD, Factor SA, Massey JM et al (1997) Botulinum toxin type B: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety and efficacy study in cervical dystonia. Neurology 49:701-707
247. Brashear A, Lew MF, Dykstra DD, Comella CL, Factor SA, Rodnitzky RL et al (1999) Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-responsive cervical dystonia. Neurology 53:1439-1446
248. Truong D, Duane DD, Jankovic J, Singer C, Seeberger LC, Comella CL et al (2005) Efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 20:783-791
249. Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O'Brien CF, Tagliati M, Aswad AS, Leon JM et al (1996) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 46:1306-1310
250. Hesse S, Reiter F, Konrad M, Jahnke MT (1998) Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 12:381-388
251. Smith SJ, Ellis E, White S, Moore AP (2000) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury. Clin Rehabil 14:5-13
252. Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM (2000) Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:217-221
253. Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB, Poewe W, Wissel J, Muller J et al (2000) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke 31:2402-2406
254. Bakheit AM, Pittock S, Moore AP, Wurker M, Otto S, Erbguth F et al (2001) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke. Eur J Neurol 8:559-565
255. Childers MK, Brashear A, Jozefczyk P, Reding M, Alexander D, Good D et al (2004) Dosedependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:1063-1069
256. Suputtitada A, Suwanwela NC (2005) The lowest effective dose of botulinum A toxin in adult patients with upper limb spasticity. Disabil Rehabil 27:176-184
257. Richardson D, Sheean G, Werring D, Desai M, Edwards S, Greenwood R et al (2000) Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:499-506
258. Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman O, Ehler E, Kovac M, Bojakowski J et al (2003) A doubleblind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15:289-300
259. Sutherland DH, Kaufman KR, Wyatt MP, Chambers HG, Mubarak SJ (1999) Double-blind study of botulinum A toxin injections into the gastrocnemius muscle in patients with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 10:1-9
260. Ubhi T, Bhakta BB, Ives HL, Allgar V, Roussounis SH (2000) Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin on walking in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 83:481-487
261. Baker R, Jasinski M, Maciag-Tymecka I, Michalowska-Mrozek J, Bonikowski M, Carr L et al (2002) Botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity in diplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Dev Med Child Neurol 44:666-675
262. Barwood S, Baillieu C, Boyd R, Brereton K, Low J, Nattrass G et al (2000) Analgesic effects of botulinum toxin A: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 42:116-121
263. Mall V, Heinen F, Siebel A, Bertram C, Hafkemeyer U, Wissel J et al (2006) Treatment of adductor spasticity with BTX-A in children with CP: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Dev Med Child Neurol 48:10-13
264. Bjornson K, Hays R, Graubert C, Price R, Won F, McLaughlin JF et al (2007) Botulinum toxin for spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: a comprehensive evaluation. Pediatrics 120:49-58
265. Kawamura A, Campbell K, Lam-Damji S, Fehlings D (2007) A randomized controlled trial comparing botulinum toxin A dosage in the upper extremity of children with spasticity. Dev Med Child Neurol 49:331-337
266. Moore AP, de-Hall RA, Smith CT, Rosenbloom L, Walsh HP, Mohamed K et al (2008) Two-year placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin A for leg spasticity in cerebral palsy. Neurology 71:122-128