The emergence of Aspergillus species in chronic respiratory disease

Frontiers in Bioscience - Scholar

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 127-138

  Yii, Anthony C A ^a   Koh, Mariko S ^a,b   Lapperre, Therese S ^a,b   Tan, Gan L ^a,b   Chotirmall, Sanjay H ^c  

^a SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^b DUKE NUS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Singapore)

^c NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Aspergillosis; Asthma; Bronchiectasis; COPD; Cystic fibrosis; Mycobiome; Review; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BRONCHIECTASIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; HUMAN; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBIOME; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; ANIMAL; ASPERGILLUS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; ASPERGILLUS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85016153908     PISSN: 19450516     EISSN: 19450524     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/S477     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. A. H. Henderson, M. P. English and R. J. Vecht: Pulmonary aspergillosis. A survey of its occurrence in patients with chronic lung disease and a discussion of the significance of diagnostic tests. Thorax, 23(5), 513-8 (1968) DOI: 10.1136/thx.23.5.513
2. C. Lass-Florl: The changing face of epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in Europe. Mycoses, 52(3), 197-205 (2009) DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01691.x
3. K. J. Kwon-Chung and J. A. Sugui: Aspergillus fumigatus-what makes the species a ubiquitous human fungal pathogen? PLoS Pathog, 9(12), e1003743 (2013)
4. M. Kousha, R. Tadi and A. O. Soubani: Pulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical review. Eur Respir Rev, 20(121), 156-74 (2011) DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00001011
5. J. F. Chmiel, T. R. Aksamit, S. H. Chotirmall, E. C. Dasenbrook, J. S. Elborn, J. J. LiPuma, S. C. Ranganathan, V. J. Waters and F. A. Ratjen: Antibiotic management of lung infections in cystic fibrosis. I. The microbiome, methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, gramnegative bacteria, and multiple infections. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 11(7), 1120-9 (2014) DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201402-050AS
6. J. F. Chmiel, T. R. Aksamit, S. H. Chotirmall, E. C. Dasenbrook, J. S. Elborn, J. J. LiPuma, S. C. Ranganathan, V. J. Waters and F. A. Ratjen: Antibiotic management of lung infections in cystic fibrosis. II. Nontuberculous mycobacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and fungi. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 11(8), 1298-306 (2014) DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201405-203AS
7. S. H. Chotirmall, M. Al-Alawi, B. Mirkovic, G. Lavelle, P. M. Logan, C. M. Greene and N. G. McElvaney: Aspergillus-associated airway disease, inflammation, and the innate immune response. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 723129 (2013)
8. S. H. Chotirmall and N. G. McElvaney: Fungi in the cystic fibrosis lung: bystanders or pathogens? Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 52, 161-73 (2014)
9. S. H. Chotirmall, B. Mirkovic, G. M. Lavelle and N. G. McElvaney: Immunoevasive Aspergillus virulence factors. Mycopathologia, 178(5-6), 363-70 (2014)
10. A. Schaffner, H. Douglas and A. Braude: Selective protection against conidia by mononuclear and against mycelia by polymorphonuclear phagocytes in resistance to Aspergillus. Observations on these two lines of defense in vivo and in vitro with human and mouse phagocytes. J Clin Invest, 69(3), 617-31 (1982) DOI: 10.1172/JCI110489
11. M. S. Jaakkola, A. Ieromnimon and J. J. K. Jaakkola: Are atopy and specific IgE to mites and molds important for adult asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117, 642-648 (2006)
12. A. P. Knutsen, R. K. Bush, J. G. Demain, D. W. Denning, A. Dixit, A. Fairs, P. A. Greenberger, B. Kariuki, H. Kita, V. P. Kurup, R. B. Moss, R. M. Niven, C. H. Pashley, R. G. Slavin, H. M. Vijay and A. J. Wardlaw: Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 129, 280-291 (2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.970
13. K. F. Hinson, A. J. Moon and N. S. Plummer: Broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis; a review and a report of eight new cases. Thorax, 7(4), 317-33 (1952) DOI: 10.1136/thx.7.4.317
14. P. A. Greenberger and R. Patterson: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and the evaluation of the patient with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 646-650 (1988) DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(88)91034-2
15. A. D. Parulekar, Z. Diamant and N. A. Hanania: Antifungals in severe asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 21(1), 48-54 (2015) DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000117
16. P. A. Wark, M. J. Hensley, N. Saltos, M. J. Boyle, R. C. Toneguzzi, G. D. Epid, J. L. Simpson, P. McElduff and P. G. Gibson: Antiinflammatory effect of itraconazole in stable allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 111(5), 952-7 (2003) DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.1388
17. L. Chishimba, R. M. Niven, J. Cooley and D. W. Denning: Voriconazole and posaconazole improve asthma severity in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitization. J Asthma, 49(4), 423-33 (2012) DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.662568
18. K. R. Jat, D. K. Walia and A. Khairwa: Anti-IgE therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, CD010288 (2015)
19. B. Ram, A. N. Aggarwal, S. Dhooria, I. S. Sehgal, M. Garg, D. Behera, A. Chakrabarti and R. Agarwal: A pilot randomized trial of nebulized amphotericin in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Asthma, 53(5), 517-24 (2016) DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1127935
20. D. W. Denning, B. R. O'Driscoll, C. M. Hogaboam, P. Bowyer and R. M. Niven: The link between fungi and severe asthma: a summary of the evidence. European Respiratory Journal, 27, 615-626 (2006) DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00074705
21. R. Agarwal, A. N. Aggarwal, D. Gupta and S. K. Jindal: Aspergillus hypersensitivity and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with bronchial asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 13(8), 936-44 (2009)
22. B. R. O'Driscoll, L. C. Hopkinson and D. W. Denning: Mold sensitization is common amongst patients with severe asthma requiring multiple hospital admissions. BMC Pulm Med, 5, 4 (2005)
23. R. Agarwal, A. Nath, A. N. Aggarwal, D. Gupta and A. Chakrabarti: Aspergillus hypersensitivity and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute severe asthma in a respiratory intensive care unit in North India. Mycoses, 53(2), 138-43 (2010) DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01680.x
24. D. Menzies, L. Holmes, G. McCumesky, C. Prys-Picard and R. Niven: Aspergillus sensitization is associated with airflow limitation and bronchiectasis in severe asthma. Allergy, 66(5), 679-85 (2011) DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02542.x
25. A. Fairs, J. Agbetile, B. Hargadon, M. Bourne, W. R. Monteiro, C. E. Brightling, P. Bradding, R. H. Green, K. Mutalithas, D. Desai, I. D. Pavord, A. J. Wardlaw and C. H. Pashley: IgE sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with reduced lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 182(11), 1362-8 (2010) DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201001-0087OC
26. D. W. Denning, B. R. O'Driscoll, G. Powell, F. Chew, G. T. Atherton, A. Vyas, J. Miles, J. Morris and R. M. Niven: Randomized controlled trial of oral antifungal treatment for severe asthma with fungal sensitization: The Fungal Asthma Sensitization Trial (FAST) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 179(1), 11-8 (2009) DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200805-737OC
27. J. Agbetile, M. Bourne, A. Fairs, B. Hargadon, D. Desai, C. Broad, J. Morley, P. Bradding, C. E. Brightling, R. H. Green, P. Haldar, C. H. Pashley, I. D. Pavord and A. J. Wardlaw: Effectiveness of voriconazole in the treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus associated asthma (EVITA3 study). J Allergy Clin Immunol, 134, 33-39 (2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.050
28. S. Pizzimenti, C. Bussolino, I. Badiu and G. Rolla: Itraconazole as 'bridge therapy' to anti-IgE in a patient with severe asthma with fungal sensitisation. BMJ Case Rep, 2013 (2013)
29. F. Di Stefano, B. Cinti and L. Antonicelli: Efficacy of omalizumab in severe asthma with fungal sensitisation: a case report. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol, 46(1), 56-9 (2014)
30. S. Namvar, P. Warn, E. Farnell, M. Bromley, M. Fraczek, P. Bowyer and S. Herrick: Aspergillus fumigatus proteases, Asp f 5 and Asp f 13, are essential for airway inflammation and remodelling in a murine inhalation model. Clin Exp Allergy, 45(5), 982-93 (2015) DOI: 10.1111/cea.12426
31. N. A. Balenga, M. Klichinsky, Z. Xie, E. C. Chan, M. Zhao, J. Jude, M. Laviolette, R. A. Panettieri, Jr. and K. M. Druey: A fungal protease allergen provokes airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Nat Commun, 6, 6763 (2015)
32. A. Huerta, N. Soler, M. Esperatti, M. Guerrero, R. Menendez, A. Gimeno, R. Zalacain, N. Mir, J. M. Aguado and A. Torres: Importance of Aspergillus spp. isolation in Acute exacerbations of severe COPD: prevalence, factors and follow-up: the FUNGI-COPD study. Respir Res, 15, 17 (2014)
33. J. Garnacho-Montero, R. Amaya-Villar, C. Ortiz-Leyba, C. Leon, F. Alvarez-Lerma, J. Nolla-Salas, J. R. Iruretagoyena and F. Barcenilla: Isolation of Aspergillus spp. from the respiratory tract in critically ill patients: risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome. Crit Care, 9(3), R191-9 (2005)
34. R. Agarwal, B. Hazarika, D. Gupta, A. N. Aggarwal, A. Chakrabarti and S. K. Jindal: Aspergillus hypersensitivity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: COPD as a risk factor for ABPA? Med Mycol, 48(7), 988-94 (2010)
35. J. Jin, X. Liu and Y. Sun: The prevalence of increased serum IgE and Aspergillus sensitization in patients with COPD and their association with symptoms and lung function. Respir Res, 15, 130 (2014)
36. M. Bafadhel, S. McKenna, J. Agbetile, A. Fairs, D. Desai, V. Mistry, J. P. Morley, M. Pancholi, I. D. Pavord, A. J. Wardlaw, C. H. Pashley and C. E. Brightling: Aspergillus fumigatus during stable state and exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J, 43(1), 64-71 (2014) DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00162912
37. P. Samarakoon and A. Soubani: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with COPD: a report of five cases and systematic review of the literature. Chron Respir Dis, 5(1), 19-27 (2008) DOI: 10.1177/1479972307085637
38. J. Guinea, M. Torres-Narbona, P. Gijon, P. Munoz, F. Pozo, T. Pelaez, J. de Miguel and E. Bouza: Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect, 16(7), 870-7 (2010) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03015.x
39. H. Y. He, S. Chang, L. Ding, B. Sun, F. Li and Q. Y. Zhan: Significance of Aspergillus spp. isolation from lower respiratory tract samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl), 125(17), 2973-8 (2012)
40. A. Muquim, S. Dial and D. Menzies: Invasive aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Can Respir J, 12(4), 199-204 (2005) DOI: 10.1155/2005/676878
41. B. A. Leav, B. Fanburg and S. Hadley: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with high-dose inhaled fluticasone. N Engl J Med, 343(8), 586 (2000) DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200008243430818
42. S. J. Lin, J. Schranz and S. M. Teutsch: Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: systematic review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis, 32(3), 358-66 (2001) DOI: 10.1086/318483
43. N. Tutar, G. Metan, A. N. Koc, I. Yilmaz, I. Bozkurt, Z. O. Simsek, H. Buyukoglan, A. Kanbay, F. S. Oymak, I. Gulmez and R. Demir: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multidiscip Respir Med, 8(1), 59 (2013) DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-8-59
44. F. Ader, A.-L. Bienvenu, B. Rammaert and S. Nseir: Management of invasive aspergillosis in patients with COPD: Rational use of voriconazole. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 4, 279-287 (2009) DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S4229
45. P. Bulpa, A. Dive and Y. Sibille: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J, 30(4), 782-800 (2007) DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00062206
46. R. Herbrecht, D. W. Denning, T. F. Patterson, J. E. Bennett, R. E. Greene, J. W. Oestmann, W. V. Kern, K. A. Marr, P. Ribaud, O. Lortholary, R. Sylvester, R. H. Rubin, J. R. Wingard, P. Stark, C. Durand, D. Caillot, E. Thiel, P. H. Chandrasekar, M. R. Hodges, H. T. Schlamm, P. F. Troke, B. de Pauw, R. Invasive Fungal Infections Group of the European Organisation for, C. Treatment of and G. the Global Aspergillus Study: Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med, 347(6), 408-15 (2002) DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020191
47. J. Bahous, J. L. Malo, R. Paquin, A. Cartier, P. Vyas and J. L. Longbottom: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus in chronic bronchiectasis in adults. Clin Allergy, 15(6), 571-9 (1985) DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb02311.x
48. V. N. Maturu and R. Agarwal: Prevalence of Aspergillus sensitization and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy, 45(12), 1765-78 (2015) DOI: 10.1111/cea.12595
49. J. W. Becker, W. Burke, G. McDonald, P. A. Greenberger, W. R. Henderson and M. L. Aitken: Prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and atopy in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest, 109(6), 1536-40 (1996) DOI: 10.1378/chest.109.6.1536
50. P. Laufer, J. N. Fink, W. T. Bruns, G. F. Unger, J. H. Kalbfleisch, P. A. Greenberger and R. Patterson: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73(1 Pt 1), 44-8 (1984)
51. R. Agarwal, A. Khan, A. N. Aggarwal and D. Gupta: Link between CFTR mutations and ABPA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mycoses, 55(4), 357-65 (2012) DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02130.x
52. G. Mastella, M. Rainisio, H. K. Harms, M. E. Hodson, C. Koch, J. Navarro, B. Strandvik and S. G. McKenzie: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis. A European epidemiological study. Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis. Eur Respir J, 16(3), 464-71 (2000) DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.016003464.x
53. S. H. Chotirmall, P. Branagan, C. Gunaratnam and N. G. McElvaney: Aspergillus/allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in an Irish cystic fibrosis population: a diagnostically challenging entity. Respir Care, 53(8), 1035-41 (2008)
54. S. H. Chotirmall and N. G. McElvaney: Fungi in the cystic fibrosis lung: Bystanders or pathogens? Int J Biochem Cell Biol (2014)
55. M. A. McMahon, S. H. Chotirmall, B. McCullagh, P. Branagan, N. G. McElvaney and P. M. Logan: Radiological abnormalities associated with Aspergillus colonization in a cystic fibrosis population. Eur J Radiol, 81(3), e197-202 (2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.114
56. C. A. Coughlan, S. H. Chotirmall, J. Renwick, T. Hassan, T. B. Low, G. Bergsson, A. Eshwika, K. Bennett, K. Dunne, C. M. Greene, C. Gunaratnam, K. Kavanagh, P. M. Logan, P. Murphy, E. P. Reeves and N. G. McElvaney: The effect of Aspergillus fumigatus infection on vitamin D receptor expression in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 186(10), 999-1007 (2012) DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201203-0478OC
57. Y. Gernez, J. Walters, B. Mirkovic, G. M. Lavelle, D. E. Colleen, Z. A. Davies, C. Everson, R. Tirouvanziam, E. Silver, S. Wallenstein, S. H. Chotirmall, N. G. McElvaney, L. A. Herzenberg and R. B. Moss: Blood basophil activation is a reliable biomarker of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J (2015)
58. B. Mirkovic, G. M. Lavelle, A. A. Azim, K. Helma, F. S. Gargoum, K. Molloy, Y. Gernez, K. Dunne, J. Renwick, P. Murphy, R. B. Moss, C. M. Greene, C. Gunaratnam, S. H. Chotirmall and N. G. McElvaney: The basophil surface marker CD203c identifies Aspergillus species sensitization in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2015)
59. A. Hector, S. H. Chotirmall, G. M. Lavelle, B. Mirkovic, D. Horan, L. Eichler, M. Mezger, A. Singh, A. Ralhan, S. Berenbrinker, I. Mack, R. Ensenauer, J. Riethmuller, U. Graepler-Mainka, M. A. Murray, M. Griese, N. G. McElvaney and D. Hartl: Chitinase activation in patients with fungus-associated cystic fibrosis lung disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2016)
60. L. Maiz, M. Vendrell, C. Olveira, R. Giron, R. Nieto and M. A. Martinez-Garcia: Prevalence and factors associated with isolation of Aspergillus and Candida from sputum in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respiration, 89(5), 396-403 (2015) DOI: 10.1159/000381289
61. N. Bakare, V. Rickerts, J. Bargon and G. Just-Nubling: Prevalence of Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungal species in the sputum of adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Mycoses, 46(1-2), 19-23 (2003)
62. J. Bargon, N. Dauletbaev, B. Köhler, M. Wolf, H.-G. Posselt and T. O. F. Wagner: Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is associated with an increased prevalence of Aspergillus colonization in adult cystic fibrosis patients. Respir Med, 93, 835-838 (1999) DOI: 10.1016/S0954-6111(99)90270-6
63. R. Amin, A. Dupuis, S. D. Aaron and F. Ratjen: The effect of chronic infection with Aspergillus fumigatus on lung function and hospitalization in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest, 137(1), 171-6 (2010) DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-1103
64. D. Shoseyov, K. G. Brownlee, S. P. Conway and E. Kerem: Aspergillus bronchitis in cystic fibrosis. Chest, 130(1), 222-6 (2006) DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.1.222
65. C. E. Milla, C. L. Wielinski and W. E. Regelmann: Clinical significance of the recovery of Aspergillus species from the respiratory secretions of cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol, 21(1), 6-10 (1996) DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199601)21:1<6:AID-PPUL1>3.0.CO;2-R
66. A. M. de Vrankrijker, C. K. van der Ent, F. T. van Berkhout, R. K. Stellato, R. J. Willems, M. J. Bonten and T. F. Wolfs: Aspergillus fumigatus colonization in cystic fibrosis: implications for lung function? Clin Microbiol Infect, 17(9), 1381-6 (2011)
67. C. G. Baxter, G. Dunn, A. M. Jones, K. Webb, R. Gore, M. D. Richardson and D. W. Denning: Novel immunologic classification of aspergillosis in adult cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 132(3), 560-566 e10 (2013)
68. J. L. Kreindler, C. Steele, N. Nguyen, Y. R. Chan, J. M. Pilewski, J. F. Alcorn, Y. M. Vyas, S. J. Aujla, P. Finelli, M. Blanchard, S. F. Zeigler, A. Logar, E. Hartigan, M. Kurs-Lasky, H. Rockette, A. Ray and J. K. Kolls: Vitamin D3 attenuates Th2 responses to Aspergillus fumigatus mounted by CD4+ T cells from cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Invest, 120(9), 3242-54 (2010) DOI: 10.1172/JCI42388
69. N. L. Nguyen, J. M. Pilewski, J. C. Celedon, S. Mandalapu, M. L. Blanchard, A. DeRicco, E. Hartigan, J. F. Alcorn and J. K. Kolls: Vitamin D supplementation decreases specific Th2 responses in CF patients with aspergillus sensitization: a phase one open-label study. Asthma Res Pract, 1 (2015)
70. S. D. Aaron, K. L. Vandemheen, A. Freitag, L. Pedder, W. Cameron, A. Lavoie, N. Paterson, P. Wilcox, H. Rabin, E. Tullis, N. Morrison and F. Ratjen: Treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus in patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. PLoS One, 7(4), e36077 (2012) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036077
71. Aspergillus in persistent lung cavities after tuberculosis. A report from the Research Committee of the British Tuberculosis Association. Tubercle, 49(1), 1-11 (1968)
72. M. T. Hedayati, Y. Azimi, A. Droudinia, B. Mousavi, A. Khalilian, N. Hedayati and D. W. Denning: Prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with tuberculosis from Iran. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 34(9), 1759-65 (2015) DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2409-7
73. H. Ohba, S. Miwa, M. Shirai, M. Kanai, T. Eifuku, T. Suda, H. Hayakawa and K. Chida: Clinical characteristics and prognosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Respir Med, 106(5), 724-9 (2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.01.014
74. D. W. Denning, A. Pleuvry and D. C. Cole: Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to pulmonary tuberculosis. In: Bulletin of the World Health Organization scielosp (2011)
75. A. D. Harries, D. Maher and P. Nunn: An approach to the problems of diagnosing and treating adult smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in high-HIV-prevalence settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ, 76(6), 651-62 (1998)
76. D. W. Denning, K. Riniotis, R. Dobrashian and H. Sambatakou: Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: case series, proposed nomenclature change, and review. Clin Infect Dis, 37 Suppl 3, S265-80 (2003)
77. J. H. Campbell, J. H. Winter, M. D. Richardson, G. S. Shankland and S. W. Banham: Treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma with itraconazole. Thorax, 46(11), 839-41 (1991) DOI: 10.1136/thx.46.11.839
78. L. Moodley, J. Pillay and K. Dheda: Aspergilloma and the surgeon. J Thorac Dis, 6(3), 202-9 (2014)
79. J. Cadranel, B. Philippe, C. Hennequin, A. Bergeron, E. Bergot, A. Bourdin, V. Cottin, T. Jeanfaivre, C. Godet, M. Pineau and P. Germaud: Voriconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: a prospective multicenter trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 31(11), 3231-9 (2012) DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1690-y
80. H. S. Nam, K. Jeon, S. W. Um, G. Y. Suh, M. P. Chung, H. Kim, O. J. Kwon and W. J. Koh: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: a review of 43 cases. Int J Infect Dis, 14(6), e479-82 (2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.07.011
81. J. L. Saraceno, D. T. Phelps, T. J. Ferro, R. Futerfas and D. B. Schwartz: Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: approach to management. Chest, 112(2), 541-8 (1997) DOI: 10.1378/chest.112.2.541
82. A. H. Limper, K. S. Knox, G. A. Sarosi, N. M. Ampel, J. E. Bennett, A. Catanzaro, S. F. Davies, W. E. Dismukes, C. A. Hage, K. A. Marr, C. H. Mody, J. R. Perfect, D. A. Stevens and G. American Thoracic Society Fungal Working: An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183(1), 96-128 (2011) DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2008-740ST
83. L. Cui, A. Morris and E. Ghedin: The human mycobiome in health and disease. Genome Med, 5(7), 63 (2013) DOI: 10.1186/gm467
84. E. Kolwijck and F. L. van de Veerdonk: The potential impact of the pulmonary microbiome on immunopathogenesis of Aspergillusrelated lung disease. Eur J Immunol, 44(11), 3156-65 (2014) DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344404
85. E. Mowat, R. Rajendran, C. Williams, E. McCulloch, B. Jones, S. Lang and G. Ramage: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their small diffusible extracellular molecules inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 313(2), 96-102 (2010) DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02130.x
86. L. D. Nguyen, E. Viscogliosi and L. Delhaes: The lung mycobiome: an emerging field of the human respiratory microbiome. Front Microbiol, 6, 89 (2015)