Preventing intrusive memories after trauma via a brief intervention involving Tetris computer game play in the emergency department: A proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial

Molecular Psychiatry

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 674-682

  Iyadurai, L ^a   Blackwell, S E ^b,c   Meiser Stedman, R ^d   Watson, P C ^b   Bonsall, M B ^e   Geddes, J R ^a,f   Nobre, A C ^a   Holmes, E A ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b MRC COGNITION AND BRAIN SCIENCES UNIT   (United Kingdom)

^c RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^f OXFORD HEALTH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^g KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; EMERGENCY WARD; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTRUSIVE MEMORY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEASUREMENT ACCURACY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTRAUMA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT; THERAPY EFFECT; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; TREATMENT DURATION; VIDEO GAME; COGNITION; HOSPITAL EMERGENCY SERVICE; INJURY; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROOF OF CONCEPT; PSYCHOLOGY; SYNDROME;

ADULT; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITION; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; PROOF OF CONCEPT STUDY; PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SYNDROME; VIDEO GAMES; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 85016115352     PISSN: 13594184     EISSN: 14765578     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.23     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing: Arlington, VA, USA, 2013.
2. Kupfer DJ, Regier DA. Neuroscience, clinical evidence, and the future of psychiatric classification in DSM-5. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 172-174.
3. Creamer M, O'Donnell ML, Pattison P. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in severely injured trauma survivors. Behav Res Ther 2004; 42: 315-328.
4. Galatzer-Levy IR, Karstoft K-I, Statnikov A, Shalev AY. Quantitative forecasting of PTSD from early trauma responses: A machine learning application. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 59: 68-76.
5. Birrer E, Michael T, Munsch S. Intrusive images in PTSD and in traumatised and non-traumatised depressed patients: A cross-sectional clinical study. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45: 2053-2065.
6. Bryant RA, Kenny L, Joscelyne A, Rawson N, Maccallum F, Cahill C et al. Treating prolonged grief disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71: 1332-1339.
7. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A 'transdiagnostic' theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41: 509-528.
8. Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Bisson JI. Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3: CD006869.
9. Sijbrandij M, Kleiboer A, Bisson JI, Barbui C, Cuijpers P. Pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2: 413-421.
10. Kornor H, Winje D, Ekeberg O, Weisaeth L, Kirkehei I, Johansen K et al. Early trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy to prevent chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and related symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8: 81.
11. Rothbaum BO, Kearns MC, Price M, Malcoun E, Davis M, Ressler KJ et al. Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72: 957-963.
12. Holmes EA, Craske MG, Graybiel AM. Psychological treatments: A call for mentalhealth science. Clinicians and neuroscientists must work together to understand and improve psychological treatments [comment]. Nature 2014; 511: 287-289.
13. Kazdin AE, Blase SL. Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness. Perspect Psychol Sci 2011; 6: 21-37.
14. Poland GA, Murray D, Bonilla-Guerrero R. New vaccine development. BMJ 2002; 324: 1315-1319.
15. Holmes EA, James EL, Kilford EJ, Deeprose C. Key steps in developing a cognitive vaccine against traumatic flashbacks: visuospatial Tetris versus verbal Pub Quiz. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e13706.
16. McGaugh JL. Memory-a century of consolidation. Science 2000; 287: 248-251.
17. McGaugh JL. Time-dependent processes in memory storage. Science 1966; 153: 1351-1358.
18. Nader K, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE. The labile nature of consolidation theory. Nature 2000; 1: 216-219.
19. Schafe GE, LeDoux JE. Memory consolidation of auditory pavlovian fear conditioning requires protein synthesis and protein kinase A in the amygdala. J Neurosci 2000; 20: RC96.
20. Schafe GE, Nader K, Blair HT, LeDoux JE. Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: A cellular and molecular perspective. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24: 540-546.
21. Stein MB, Kerridge C, Dimsdale JE, Hoyt DB. Pharmacotherapy to prevent PTSD: results from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial in physically injured patients. J Traumatic Stress 2007; 20: 923-932.
22. Pitman RK, Sanders KM, Zusman RM, Healy AR, Cheema F, Lasko NB et al. Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 189-192.
23. Kroes MCW, Tendolka I, van Wingen GA, van Waarde JA, Strange BA, Fernandez G. An electroconvulsive therapy procedure impairs reconsolidation of episodic memories in humans. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17: 204-2016.
24. Baddeley AD, Andrade J. Working memory and the vividness of imagery. J Exp Psychol 2000; 129: 126-145.
25. Kavanagh DJ, Freese S, Andrade J, May J. Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories. Br J Clin Psychol 2001; 40: 267-280.
26. Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA, Smeets MAM. Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2011; 42: 32-37.
27. Holmes EA, Brewin CR, Hennessy RG. Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development. J Exp Psychol 2004; 133: 3-22.
28. Stuart ADP, Holmes EA, Brewin CR. The influence of a visuospatial grounding task on intrusive images of a traumatic film. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44: 611-619.
29. Holmes EA, James EL, Coode-Bate T, Deeprose C. Can playing the computer game 'Tetris' reduce the build-up of flashbacks for trauma A proposal from cognitive science. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e4153.
30. Deeprose C, Zhang S, Dejong H, Dalgleish T, Holmes EA. Imagery in the aftermath of viewing a traumatic film: using cognitive tasks to modulate the development of involuntary memory. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2012; 43: 758-764.
31. Bourne C, Frasquilho F, Roth AD, Holmes EA. Is it mere distraction Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2010; 41: 316-324.
32. Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull 2014; 140: 69-97.
33. Van den Hout MA, Engelhard IM. How does EMDR work J Exp Psychopathol 2012; 3: 724-738.
34. Tetris Zone. Tetris, Version 1. 2. 1. Blue Planet Software: Honolulu, HI, USA, 2007.
35. James EL, Bonsall MB, Hoppitt L, Tunbridge EM, Geddes JR, Milton AL, Holmes EA. Computer game play reduces intrusive memories of experimental trauma via reconsolidation update mechanisms. Psychol Sci 2015; 26: 1201-2015.
36. Kazdin A. Research Design in Clinical Psychology, 4th edn. Pearson: London, UK, 2003.
37. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 304: 81-84.
38. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ et al. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010; 340: c869.
39. Pocock SJ, Simon R. Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial. Biometrics 1975; 31: 103-115.
40. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005 Update 2008. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine: Barrington, IL, USA, 2008.
41. Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Taylor AE, Loos W. Psychiatric morbidity associated with motor vehicle accidents. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183: 495-504.
42. Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ. The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM (eds). Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 1997, pp 412-428.
43. Brunet A, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ, Best SR, Neylan TC, Rogers C et al. The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: A proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1480-1485.
44. Weiss DS, Marmer CR. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM (eds). Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD: A Handbook for Practitioners. Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 1997, pp 399-411.
45. Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S. Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41: 1489-1496.
46. Foa EB. The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) Manual. National Computer Systems: Minneapolis, MN, USA, 1995.
47. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67: 361-370.
48. Qualtrics. Qualtrics. Provo, UT, USA, 2015.
49. Lilley SA, Andrade J, Turpin G, Sabin-Farrell R, Holmes EA. Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma. Br J Clin Psychol 2009; 48: 309-321.
50. Bodner TE. What improves with increased missing data imputations Struct Equ Modelling 2008; 15: 651-675.
51. Sterne JAC, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009; 338: b2393.
52. Rubin DB. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2004.
53. Howell DC. Statistical Methods for Psychology. Wadsworth Group: Pacific Grove, CA, 2002.
54. Cumming G. Exploratory Software for Confidence Intervals, ESCI. La Trobe University: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 2012.
55. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22. 0. IBM Corp. : Armonk, New York, USA, 2013.
56. Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ. Generalized Additive Models. Chapmann & Hall/CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1990.
57. Cohen JW. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale NJ, USA, 1988.
58. Pearson J, Naselaris T, Holmes EA, Kosslyn SM. Mental imagery: functional mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19: 590-602.
59. National Advisory Mental Health Council Workgroup. From Discovery to Cure: Accelerating the Development of New And Personalized Interventions for Mental Illnesses. Report of the National Advisor Mental Health Council Workgroup. National Institute of Mental Health: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2010.
60. Soeter M, Kindt M. Erasing fear for an imagined threat event. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37: 1769-1779.
61. Ehlers A, Hackmann A, Grey N, Wild J, Liness S, Albert I et al. A randomized controlled trial of 7-day intensive and standard weekly cognitive therapy for PTSD and emotion-focused supportive therapy. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171: 294-304.
62. Insel TR, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K et al. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 748-751.
63. Holmes EA, Sandberg A, Iyadurai L. Erasing trauma memories [letter to editor]. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197: 414.
64. Norris FH. Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60: 409-418.
65. Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Initial posttraumatic stress responses following motor vehicle accidents. J Traumatic Stress 1996; 9: 223-234.
66. Ehlers A, Mayou RA, Bryant B. Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. J Abnorm Psychol 1998; 107: 508-519.
67. Department of Health. The Handbook to The NHS Constitution for England 27 July 2015. Department of Health: Whitehall, London, UK, 2015.
68. Bird VJ, Le Boutillier C, Leamy M, Williams J, Bradstreet S, Slade M. Evaluating the feasibility of complex interventions in mental health services: standardised measure and reporting guidelines. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204: 316-321.
69. Lau-Zhu A. Intrusive emotional memories: A special form of memory (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2017.
70. Schlichting ML, Preston AR. Memory integration: neural mechanisms and implications for behavior. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2015; 1: 1-8.
71. Clark IA, Holmes EA, Woolrich MW, Mackay CE. Intrusive memories to traumatic footage: The neural basis of their encoding and involuntary recall. Psychol Med 2016; 46: 505-518.
72. Everitt BS, Wessely S. Clinical Trials in Psychiatry. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2004.
73. Rose SC, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; CD000560: 1-49.
74. Button KS, Munafo MR. Addressing risk of bias in trials of cognitive behavioral therapy. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 2015; 27: 144-148.