Nervous System Infections

Geriatric Neurology

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 460-477

  Ellis, Ronald ^a   Croteau, David ^a   Hong, Suzi ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute viral encephalitides; Central nervous system (CNS); Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Infectious meningitis; Intracranial abscesses; Nervous system infections; Septic encephalopathy

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015568836     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118730676.ch18     Document Type: Chapter

References (77)

1. Aboud, M., Elgalib, A., Kulasegaram, R., and Peters, B. (2007) Insulin resistance and HIV infection: a review. Int J Clin Pract, 61: 463-472.
2. Agarwal, S. and Busse, P.J. (2010) Innate and adaptive immunosenescence. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 104: 183-190.
3. Ances, B.M., Bhatt, A., Vaida, F., et al. (2009) Role of metabolic syndrome components in human immunodefi ciency virusassociated stroke. J Neurovirol, 15: 249-256.
4. Antinori, A., Arendt, G., Becker, J.T., et al. (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology, 69: 1789-1799.
5. Bradley, W.G., Daroff, R.B., Fenichel, G., and Jankovic, J. (2008) Neuroimaging: structural neuroimaging. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 5th edn, p. 527. Elsevier.
6. Britt, R.H., Enzmann, D.R., and Yeager, A.S. (1981) Neuropathological and computerized tomographic fi ndings in experimental brain abscess. J Neurosurg, 55: 590-603.
7. Brouwer, M.C., Heckenberg, S.G., de Gans, J., et al. (2010) Nationwide implementation of adjunctive dexamethasone therapy for pneumococcal meningitis. Neurology, 75 (17): 1533-1539.
8. Bui, Q.T., Prempeh, M., and Wilensky, R.L. (2009) Atherosclerotic plaque development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 41: 2109-2113.
9. Campbell, G., Marfi n, A., Lanciotti, R., and Gubler, D. (2002) West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis, 2: 519-529.
10. Cao, W., Jamieson, B., et al. (2009) Premature aging of cells is associated with faster HIV-1 disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr, 50 (2): 137-147.
11. Castle, S.C. (2000) Clinical relevance of age-related immune dysfunction. Clin Infect Dis, 31: 578-585.
12. Chang, S.C., Lai, P.H., Chen, W.L., et al. (2002) Diffusion-weighted MRI features of brain abscess and cystic or necrotic brain tumors: comparison with conventional MRI. Clin Imaging, 26: 227-236.
13. Chaudhuri, A. and Kennedy, P.G.E. (2002) Diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis. Postgrad Med, 78: 575-583.
14. Cukierman-Yaffe, T., Gerstein, H.C., Williamson, J.D., et al. (2009) Relationship between baseline glycemic control and cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes-memory in diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial. Diabetes Care, 32: 221-226.
15. Cunningham, K.S. and Gotlieb, A.I. (2005) The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lab Invest, 85: 9-23.
16. Cysique, L.A., Vaida, F., Letendre, S., et al. (2009) Dynamics of cognitive change in impaired HIV-positive patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. Neurology, 73: 342-348.
17. de Gans, J. and van de Beek, D. (2002) Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med, 347: 1549-1556.
18. Debiasi, R.L. and Tyler, K.L. (2004) Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 17 (4): 903-925.
19. Derhovanessian, E., Larbi, A., and Pawelec, G. (2009) Biomarkers of human immunosenescence: impact of cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Immunol, 21: 440-445.
20. Desai, V.S., Weil, M.H., Tang, W., et al. (1995) Hepatic, renal, and cerebral tissue hypercarbia during sepsis and shock in rats. J Lab Clin Med, 125: 456-461.
21. Diamond, M.S. (2009) Progress on the development of therapeutics against West Nile virus. Antiviral Res, 83: 214-227.
22. Dilger, R.N. and Johnson, R.W. (2008) Aging, microglial cell priming, and the discordant central infl ammatory response to signals from the peripheral immune system. J Leukocyte Biol, 84: 932-939.
23. Dubinsky, R.M., Kabbani, H., El-Chami, Z., et al. (2004) Practice parameter: treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an evidencebased report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 63: 959-965.
24. Ellis, R.J., Rosario, D., Clifford, D.B., et al. (2010) Continued high prevalence and adverse clinical impact of human immunodefi - ciency virus-associated neuropathy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: the CHARTER study. Arch Neurol, 67: 552-558.
25. Enting, R., de Gans, J., and Reiss, P. (1992) Ganciclovir/foscarnet for cytomegalovirus meningoencephalitis in AIDS. Lancet, 340: 559-560.
26. Erdogan, E. and Cansever, T. (2008) Pyogenic brain abscess. Neurosurg Focus, 24 (6): E2.
27. Farrall, A.J. and Wardlaw, J.M. (2009) Blood-brain barrier: ageing and microvascular disease-systematic review and metaanalysis. Neurobiol Aging, 30: 337-352.
28. Fitch, M.T. and van de Beek, D. (2007) Emergency diagnosis and treatment of adult meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis, 7: 191-200.
29. Gilden, D.H., Kleinschmidt DeMasters, B.K., Laguardia, J.J., et al. (2000) Neurologic complications of the reactivation of varicellazoster virus. N Engl J Med, 343: 635-645.
30. Godbout, J.P., Chen, J., Abraham, J., et al. (2005) Exaggerated neuroinfl ammation and sickness behavior in aged mice after activation of the peripheral innate immune system. FASEB J, 19 (10): 1329-1331.
31. Gongvatana, A., Schweinsburg, B.C., Taylor, M.J., et al. (2009) White matter tract injury and cognitive impairment in human immunodefi ciency virus-infected individuals. J Neurovirol, 15 (2): 187-195.
32. Grinspoon, S. and Carr, A. (2005) Cardiovascular risk and body-fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med, 352: 48-62.
33. Grunfeld, C., Delaney, J.A.C., Wanke, C., et al. (2009) Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study. AIDS, 23: 1841-1849.
34. Heaton, R., Franklin, D., Clifford, D., et al. (2009) HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment remains prevalent in the era of combination ART: the CHARTER study. Presented at the 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Montreal, Canada.
35. Hsue, P.Y., Hunt, P.W., Schnell, A., et al. (2009) Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodefi ciency in HIVassociated atherosclerosis. AIDS, 9: 1059-1067.
36. Kalayjian, R., Landay, A., Pollard, R.B., et al. (2003) Age-related immune dysfunction in health and in human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) disease: association of age and HIV infection with naïve CD8+ cell depletion, reduced expression of CD28 on CD8+ cells, and reduced thymic volumes. J Infect Dis, 187: 1924-1933.
37. Kastenbauer, S., Winkler, F., Pfi ster, H.W., et al. (2002) Cranial CT before lumbar puncture in suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med, 346: 1248-1251.
38. Kincaid, O. and Lipton, H.L. (2006) Viral myelitis: an update. Curr Neurol and Neurosci Rep, 6: 469-474.
39. Kipnis, J. and Derecki, N.C. (2008) Immunity and cognition: what do age-related dementia, HIV-dementia, and 'chemo-brain' have in common? Trend Immunol, 29 (10): 455-463.
40. Kipnis, J., Cohen, H., Cardon, M., et al. (2004) T cell defi ciency leads to cognitive dysfunction: implications for therapeutic vaccination for schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101 (21): 8180-8185.
41. Knaus, W.A., Wagner, D.P., Draper, E.A., et al. (1991) The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill patients. Chest, 100: 1619-1636.
42. Kuusisto, J., Koivisto, K., Mykkanen, L., et al. (1997) Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independently of apolipoprotein E4 phenotype: cross-sectional population based study. BMJ, 315: 1045-1049.
43. Langford, T.D., Letendre, S.L., Larrea, G.J., and Masliah, E. (2003) Changing patterns in the neuropathogenesis of HIV during the HAART era. Brain Pathol, 13 (2): 195-210.
44. Letendre, S.L., McCutchan, J.A., Childers, M.E., et al. (2004) Enhancing antiretroviral therapy for human immunodefi ciency virus cognitive disorders. Ann Neurol, 56 (3): 416-423.
45. Letendre, S., Marquie-Beck, J., Capparelli, E., et al. (2008) Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol, 65 (1): 65-70.
46. Lu, C.H., Chang, W.N., and Lui, C.C. (2006) Strategies for the management of bacterial brain abscess. J Clin Neuroscience, 13: 979-985.
47. Lynch, M.A. (2010) Age-related neuroinfl ammatory changes negatively impact on neuronal function. Front Aging Neurosci, 1: 1-8.
48. Marra, C.M., Zhao, Y., Clifford, D.B., et al. (2009) Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fl uid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance. AIDS, 23 (11): 1359-1366.
49. McCutchan, A.J., Marquie-Beck, J.A., Letendre, S.L., et al. (2009) Contributions of metabolic syndrome to neurocognitive impairment. Presented at the 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Montreal, Canada.
50. Moorthy, R.K. and Rajshekhar, V. (2008) Management of brain abscess: an overview. Neurosurg Focus, 24 (6): E3.
51. Morgan, E.E., Woods, S.P., Scott, J.C., et al. (2008) Predictive validity of demographically adjusted normative standards for the HIV dementia scale. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 30 (1): 83-90.
52. Murray, C., Sanderson, D.J., Barkus, C., et al. (2012) Systemic infl ammation induces acute working memory defi cits in the primed brain: relevance for delirium. Neurobiol Aging, 33(3): 603-616.
53. Oxman, M.N. (2009) Herpes zoster pathogenesis and cell-mediated immunity and immunosenescence. J Am Osteopath Assoc, 109 (6 Suppl. 2): S13-S17.
54. Oxman, M.N., Levin, M.J., Johnson, G.R., et al. (2005) A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med, 352: 2271-2284.
55. Pawelec, G., Akbar, A., Caruso, C., et al. (2005) Human immunosenescence: is it infectious? Immunol Rev, 205: 257-268.
56. Periard, D., Mayor, C., Aubert, V., et al. (2006) Recurrent ibuprofeninduced aseptic meningitis: evidence against an antigen-specifi c immune response. Neurology, 67: 539-540.
57. Popescu, B.O., Toescu, E.C., Popescu, L.M., et al. (2009) Blood- brain barrier alterations in ageing and dementia. J Neurol Sci, 283: 99-106.
58. Pytel, P. and Alexander, J.J. (2009) Pathogenesis of septic encephalopathy. Curr Opin Neurol, 22: 283-287.
59. Quagliarello, V.J. and Scheld, W.M. (1997) Treatment of bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med, 336: 708-716.
60. Redington, J.J. and Tyler, K.L. (2002) Viral infections of the nervous system, 2002: update on diagnosis and treatment. Arch Neurol, 59: 712-718.
61. Schwartz, M. and Shechter, R. (2010) Protective autoimmunity functions by intracranial immunosurveillance to support the mind: the missing link between health and disease. Mol Psychiatry, 15: 342-354.
62. Shah, G.N. and Mooradian, A.D. (1997) Age-related changes in the blood-brain barrier. Exp Gerontol, 32: 501-519.
63. Skipper, B. and Davis, L. (1997) Ascertaining hypoglycorrhachia in an acute patient. Am J Emerg Med, 15 (4): 378-380.
64. Small, P.M. and Fujiwara, P. (2001) Medical progress: management of tuberculosis in the United States. N Engl J Med, 345: 189-200.
65. Steiner, I., Bubka, H., Chaudhuri, A., et al. (2005) Viral encephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. Europ J Neurol, 12: 331-343.
66. Streck, E.L., Comim, C.M., Barichello, T., and Quevedo, J. (2008) The septic brain. Neurochem Res, 33: 2171-2177.
67. Tozzi, V., Balestra, P., Salvatori, M.F., et al. (2009) Changes in cognition during antiretroviral therapy: comparison of 2 different ranking systems to measure antiretroviral drug effi cacy on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr, 52 (1): 56-63.
68. Tunkel, A.R. and Scheld, W.M. (2002) Corticosteroids for everyone with meningitis? N Engl J Med, 347: 1613-1615.
69. Tuomanen, E. (1994) Susceptibility to infection and age-related changes in the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Aging, 15: 757-758.
70. UNAIDS (2008) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS, The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
71. Valcour, V.G., Shikuma, C.M., Shiramizu, B.T., et al. (2005) Diabetes, insulin resistance, and dementia among HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr, 38: 31-36.
72. Valcour, V.G., Sacktor, N.C., Paul, R.H., et al. (2006) Insulin resistance is associated with cognition among HIV-1-infected patients: the Hawaii aging with HIV cohort. J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr, 43: 405-410.
73. van den Boogaard, M., Ramakers, B.P., van Alfen, N., et al. (2010) Endotoxemia-induced infl ammation and the effect on the human brain. Crit Care, 14 (3): R81.
74. van der Horst, C., Saag, M.S., Cloud, G.A., et al. (1997) Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome. N Engl J Med, 337: 15-21.
75. Wambulwa, C., Bwayo, S., Laiyema, A.O., et al. (2005) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced aseptic meningitis. J Natl Med Assoc, 97: 1725-1728.
76. Wood, M.J., Johnson, R.W., McKendrick, M.W., et al. (1994) A randomized trial of acyclovir for 7 days or 21 days with and without prednisolone for treatment of acute herpes zoster. N Engl J Med, 330 (13): 896-900.
77. Young, G.B., Bolton, C.F., Austin, T.W., et al. (1990) The encephalopathy associated with septic illness. Clin Investigatives Med, 13: 297-304.