Arthrofibrosis Associated With Total Knee Arthroplasty

Journal of Arthroplasty

Volumn 32, Issue 8, 2017, Pages 2604-2611

  Cheuy, Victor A ^a   Foran, Jared R H ^b   Paxton, Roger J ^a   Bade, Michael J ^a   Zeni, Joseph A ^c   Stevens Lapsley, Jennifer E ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Panorama Orthopedics & Spine Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^d VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

arthrofibrosis; arthroplasty; range of motion; stiffness; total knee

Indexed keywords

NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ARTHROFIBROSIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEBRIDEMENT; FIBROSIS; HUMAN; KNEE PAIN; NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PASSIVE MOVEMENT; PHYSIOTHERAPY; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; RANGE OF MOTION; REVIEW; REVISION ARTHROPLASTY; SCAR TISSUE; SPLINTING; TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY; WOUND HEALING; ARTHROPATHY; ECONOMICS; HOSPITAL READMISSION; JOINT CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS; KNEE; KNEE REPLACEMENT; PATHOLOGY; REHABILITATION; RISK FACTOR;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, KNEE; FIBROSIS; HUMANS; JOINT DISEASES; KNEE JOINT; PATIENT READMISSION; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85014660365     PISSN: 08835403     EISSN: 15328406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Sanders, T., Kremers, H., Bryan, A., Kremers, W., Stuart, M., Krych, A., Procedural intervention for arthrofibrosis after ACL reconstruction: trends over two decades. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2015, 1–6, 10.1007/s00167-015-3799-x.
2. Parvataneni, H.K., Shah, V.P., Howard, H., Cole, N., Ranawat, A.S., Ranawat, C.S., Controlling pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty using a multimodal protocol with local periarticular injections: a prospective randomized study. J Arthroplasty 22 (2007), 33–38, 10.1016/j.arth.2007.03.034.
3. Vezeridis, P.S., Goel, D.P., Shah, A.A., Sung, S.-Y., Warner, J.J.P., Postarthroscopic arthrofibrosis of the shoulder. Sports Med Arthrosc 18 (2010), 198–206, 10.1097/JSA.0b013e3181ec84a5.
4. Donaldson, J.R., Tudor, F., Gollish, J., Revision surgery for the stiff total knee arthroplasty. Bone Joint J 98-B (2016), 622–627.
5. Vun, S.H., Shields, D.W., Sen, A., Shareef, S., Sinha, S., Campbell, A.C., A national questionnaire survey on knee manipulation following total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop 12 (2015), 193–196, 10.1016/j.jor.2015.05.016.
6. Manrique, J., Gomez, M.M., Parvizi, J., Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg 28 (2015), 119–126, 10.1055/s-0034-1396079.
7. Solanki, R.B., Bhise, A.R., Arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty. Int J Physiother Res 2 (2014), 762–765, 10.16965/ijpr.2014.686.
8. Millett, P.J., Johnson, B., Carlson, J., Krishnan, S., Steadman, J.R., Rehabilitation of the arthrofibrotic knee. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 32 (2003), 531–538.
9. Magit, D., Wolff, A., Sutton, K., Medvecky, M.J., Arthrofibrosis of the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 15 (2007), 682–694.
10. Kalson, N.S., Borthwick, L.A., Mann, D.A., Deehan, D.J., Lewis, P., Mann, C., et al. International consensus on the definition and classification of fibrosis of the knee joint. Bone Joint J 98-B (2016), 1479–1488.
11. Bong, M.R., Di Cesare, P.E., Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 12 (2004), 164–171.
12. Christensen, C.P., Crawford, J.J., Olin, M.D., Vail, T.P., Revision of the stiff total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 17 (2002), 409–415, 10.1054/arth.2002.32105.
13. Yercan, H.S., Sugun, T.S., Bussiere, C., Ait Si Selmi, T., Davies, A., Neyret, P., Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty: prevalence, management and outcomes. Knee 13 (2006), 111–117, 10.1016/j.knee.2005.10.001.
14. Kim, J., Nelson, C.L., Lotke, P.A., Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty. Prevalence of the complication and outcomes of revision. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A (2004), 1479–1484, 10.1016/j.arth.2004.02.008.
15. Linklater, J., Fessa, C., Imaging findings in arthrofibrosis of the ankle and foot. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 1 (2012), 185–191, 10.1055/s-0032-1320059.
16. Minné C., Velleman, M., Suleman, F.E., MRI findings of cyclops lesions of the knee. SA Orthop J 11 (2012), 56–60.
17. Devu, S., M, U.M., Rajani, S., Marda, S.S., Mvr, S., Devu, S., Cyclops - the giant in postoperative knee. Innov J Med Heal Sci 4 (2014), 298–300.
18. Talbot, B.S., Weinberg, E.P., MR imaging with metal-suppression sequences for evaluation of total joint arthroplasty. Radiographics 36 (2015), 209–225, 10.1148/rg.2016150075.
19. Sneag, D.B., Bogner, E.A., Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the painful total knee arthroplasty. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 19 (2015), 40–48.
20. Scuderi, G.R., Techniques in revision hip and knee arthroplasty: expert consult. 2014, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
21. Sharkey, P.F., Lichstein, P.M., Shen, C., Tokarski, A.T., Parvizi, J., Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today-has anything changed after 10 years?. J Arthroplasty 29 (2014), 1774–1778, 10.1016/j.arth.2013.07.024.
22. Stephenson, J.J., Quimbo, R.A., Gu, T., Knee-attributable medical costs and risk of re-surgery among patients utilizing non-surgical treatment options for knee arthrofibrosis in a managed care population. Curr Med Res Opin 26 (2010), 1109–1118, 10.1185/03007991003676479.
23. Haller, J.M., Holt, D.C., Mcfadden, M.L., Higgins, T.F., Kubiak, E.N., Mcfadden, M.L., Arthrofibrosis of the knee following a fracture of the tibial plateau. Bone Joint J 9797 (2015), 109–114, 10.1302/0301-620X.97B1.
24. Campbell, T.M., Trudel, G., Wong, K.K., Laneuville, O., Genome wide gene expression analysis of the posterior capsule in patients with osteoarthritis and knee flexion contracture. J Rheumatol 41 (2014), 2232–2239, 10.3899/jrheum.140079.
25. Hold, G.L., Untiveros, P., Saunders, K.A., El-Omar, E.M., Role of host genetics in fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair, 2, 2009, 6, 10.1186/1755-1536-2-6.
26. Su, E.P., Su, S.L., The stiff total knee replacement: evaluation and treatment. Semin Arthroplasty 24 (2013), 142–148, 10.1053/j.sart.2013.08.007.
27. Gillespie, M.J., Friedland, J., Dehaven, K.E., Arthrofibrosis: etiology, classification, histopathology, and treatment. Oper Tech Sports Med 6 (1998), 102–110, 10.1016/S1060-1872(98)80057-9.
28. Remst, D.F.G., Blaney Davidson, E.N., Vitters, E.L., Blom, A.B., Stoop, R., Snabel, J.M., et al. Osteoarthritis-related fibrosis is associated with both elevated pyridinoline cross-link formation and lysyl hydroxylase 2b expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 21 (2013), 157–164, 10.1016/j.joca.2012.10.002.
29. Watson, R.S., Gouze, E., Levings, P.P., Bush, M.L., Kay, J.D., Jorgensen, M.S., et al. Gene delivery of TGF-beta1 induces arthrofibrosis and chondrometaplasia of synovium in vivo. Lab Invest 90 (2010), 1615–1627, 10.1038/labinvest.2010.145.
30. Freeman, T.A., Parvizi, J., Della Valle, C.J., Steinbeck, M.J., Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species induce protein and DNA modifications driving arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair, 2, 2009, 5, 10.1186/1755-1536-2-5.
31. Faust, I., Traut, P., Nolting, F., Petschallies, J., Neumann, E., Kunisch, E., et al. Human xylosyltransferases–mediators of arthrofibrosis? New pathomechanistic insights into arthrofibrotic remodeling after knee replacement therapy. Sci Rep, 5, 2015, 12537, 10.1038/srep12537.
32. Pfitzner, T., Geissler, S., Duda, G., Perka, C., Matziolis, G., Increased BMP expression in arthrofibrosis after TKA. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20 (2012), 1803–1808, 10.1007/s00167-011-1774-8.
33. Götting, C., Kuhn, J., Kleesiek, K., Human xylosyltransferases in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 64 (2007), 1498–1517, 10.1007/s00018-007-7069-z.
34. Black, D.W., Treatment of knee arthrofibrosis and quadriceps insufficiency after patellar tendon repair: a case report including use of the graston technique. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork 3 (2010), 14–21, 10.3822/ijtmb.v3i2.79.
35. Rissman, C.M., Keeney, B.J., Ercolano, E.M., Koenig, K.M., Predictors of facility discharge, range of motion, and patient-reported physical function improvement after primary total knee arthroplasty: a prospective cohort analysis. J Arthroplasty 31 (2016), 36–41, 10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.002.
36. Desai, A.S., Karmegam, A., Dramis, A., Board, T.N., Raut, V., Manipulation for stiffness following total knee arthroplasty: when and how often to do it?. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 24 (2014), 1291–1295, 10.1007/s00590-013-1387-7.
37. Schroer, W.C., Berend, K.R., Lombardi, A.V., Barnes, C.L., Bolognesi, M.P., Berend, M.E., et al. Why are total knees failing today? Etiology of total knee revision in 2010 and 2011. J Arthroplasty 28 (2013), 116–119, 10.1016/j.arth.2013.04.056.
38. Schairer, W.W., Vail, T.P., Bozic, K.J., What are the rates and causes of hospital readmission after total knee arthroplasty?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 472 (2014), 181–187, 10.1007/s11999-013-3030-7.
39. Bonutti, P.M., Marulanda, G.A., McGrath, M.S., Mont, M.A., Zywiel, M.G., Static progressive stretch improves range of motion in arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18 (2010), 194–199, 10.1007/s00167-009-0947-1.
40. Kurtz, S., Ong, K., Lau, E., Mowat, F., Halpern, M., Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 (2007), 780–785, 10.2106/JBJS.F.00222.
41. Seyler, T.M., Marker, D.R., Bhave, A., Plate, J.F., Marulanda, G.A., Bonutti, P.M., et al. Functional problems and arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:Suppl 3 (2007), 59–69, 10.2106/JBJS.G.00457.
42. Bhave, A., Mont, M., Tennis, S., Nickey, M., Starr, R., Etienne, G., Functional problems and treatment solutions after total hip and knee joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:Suppl 2 (2005), 9–21, 10.2106/JBJS.E.00628.
43. Laubenthal, K.N., Smidt, G.L., Kettelkamp, D.B., A quantitative analysis of knee motion during activities of daily living. Phys Ther 52 (1972), 34–43.
44. Unterhauser, F.N., Bosch, U., Zeichen, J., Weiler, A., Alpha-smooth muscle actin containing contractile fibroblastic cells in human knee arthrofibrosis tissue. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124 (2004), 5855–5891, 10.1007/s00402-004-0742-x.
45. Creighton, R.A., Bach, B.R., Arthrofibrosis: evaluation, prevention, and treatment. Tech Knee Surg 4 (2005), 163–172, 10.1097/01.btk.0000175762.33382.e0.
46. Perry, J., Antonelli, D., Ford, W., Analysis of knee-joint forces during flexed-knee stance. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 (1975), 961–967.
47. Pfefferle, K.J., Shemory, S.T., Dilisio, M.F., Fening, S.D., Gradisar, I.M., Risk factors for manipulation after total knee arthroplasty: a pooled electronic health record database study. J Arthroplasty 29 (2014), 2036–2038, 10.1016/j.arth.2014.05.001.
48. Namba, R.S., Inacio, M., Early and late manipulation improve flexion after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 22 (2007), 58–61, 10.1016/j.arth.2007.02.010.
49. Bozic, K.J., Kamath, A.F., Ong, K., Lau, E., Kurtz, S., Chan, V., et al. Comparative epidemiology of revision arthroplasty: failed THA poses greater clinical and economic burdens than failed TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res 473 (2015), 2131–2138, 10.1007/s11999-014-4078-8.
50. Burns, A.W.R., Bourne, R.B., Chesworth, B.M., MacDonald, S.J., Rorabeck, C.H., Cost effectiveness of revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 446 (2006), 29–33, 10.1097/01.blo.0000214420.14088.76.
51. Vincent, K.R., Vincent, H.K., Lee, L.W., Alfano, A.P., Inpatient rehabilitation outcomes in primary and revision total knee arthroplasty patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 446 (2006), 201–207, 10.1097/01.blo.0000214435.72398.0e.
52. Maradit Kremers, H., Visscher, S.L., Moriarty, J.P., Reinalda, M.S., Kremers, W.K., Naessens, J.M., et al. Determinants of direct medical costs in primary and revision total knee arthroplasty knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471 (2013), 206–214, 10.1007/s11999-012-2508-z.
53. Graver, R., Da Deppo, L., Harris, E., Feingass, S., The total economic cost of primary total joint replacement surgery in the United States. 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, New Orleans, 2010.
54. Shelbourne, K.D., Wilckens, J.H., Mollabashy, A., DeCarlo, M., Arthrofibrosis in acute anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The effect of timing of reconstruction and rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med 19 (1991), 332–336, 10.1177/036354659101900402.
55. Ranawat, C.S., Ranawat, A.S., Mehta, A., Total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation protocol: what makes the difference?. J Arthroplasty 18 (2003), 27–30, 10.1054/arth.2003.50080.
56. Westby, M.D., Brittain, A., Backman, C.L., Expert consensus on best practices for post-acute rehabilitation after total hip and knee arthroplasty: a Canada and United States Delphi study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 66 (2014), 411–423, 10.1002/acr.22164.
57. Kim, G.K., Mortazavi, S.M.J., Parvizi, J., Purtill, J.J., Revision for stiffness following TKA: a predictable procedure?. Knee 19 (2012), 332–334, 10.1016/j.knee.2011.06.016.
58. Werner, B.C., Carr, J.B., Wiggins, J.C., Gwathmey, F.W., Browne, J.A., Manipulation under anesthesia after total knee arthroplasty is associated with an increased incidence of subsequent revision surgery. J Arthroplasty 30 (2015), 72–75, 10.1016/j.arth.2015.01.061.
59. Livbjerg, A.E., Froekjaer, S., Simonsen, O., Rathleff, M.S., Pre-operative patient education is associated with decreased risk of arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty: a case control study. J Arthroplasty 28 (2013), 1282–1285, 10.1016/j.arth.2013.01.016.
60. Shoji, H., Solomonow, M., Yoshino, S., D'Ambrosia, R., Dabezies, E., Factors affecting postoperative flexion in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics 13 (1990), 643–649.
61. Mauerhan, D.R., Mokris, J.G., Ly, A., Kiebzak, G.M., Relationship between length of stay and manipulation rate after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 13 (1998), 896–900, 10.1016/S0883-5403(98)90196-6.
62. Millett, P.J., Williams, R.J., Wickiewicz, T.L., Open debridement and soft tissue release as a salvage procedure for the severely arthrofibrotic knee. Am J Sports Med 27 (1999), 552–561.
63. Kim, Y.-M., Joo, Y.B., Prognostic factors of arthroscopic adhesiolysis for arthrofibrosis of the knee. Knee Surg Relat Res, 25, 2013, 202, 10.5792/ksrr.2013.25.4.202.
64. Schiavone Panni, A., Cerciello, S., Vasso, M., Tartarone, M., Stiffness in total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Traumatol 10 (2009), 111–118, 10.1007/s10195-009-0054-6.
65. Pope, R.O., Corcoran, S., McCaul, K., Howie, D.W., Continuous passive motion after primary total knee arthroplasty. Does it offer any benefits?. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79 (1997), 914–917.
66. Beaupré L.A., Davies, D.M., Jones, C.A., Cinats, J.G., Exercise combined with continuous passive motion or slider board therapy compared with exercise only: a randomized controlled trial of patients following total knee arthroplasty. Phys Ther 81 (2001), 1029–1037.
67. Joshi, R.N., White, P.B., Murray-Weir, M., Alexiades, M.M., Sculco, T.P., Ranawat, A.S., Prospective randomized trial of the efficacy of continuous passive motion post total knee arthroplasty: experience of the hospital for special surgery. J Arthroplasty 30 (2015), 2364–2369, 10.1016/j.arth.2015.06.006.
68. Boese, C.K., Weis, M., Phillips, T., Lawton-Peters, S., Gallo, T., Centeno, L., The efficacy of continuous passive motion after total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of three protocols. J Arthroplasty 29 (2014), 1158–1162, 10.1016/j.arth.2013.12.005.
69. Wright, R.W., Fetzer, G.B., Bracing after ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res 455 (2007), 162–168, 10.1097/BLO.0b013e31802c9360.
70. Azim, K., Parsley, B., Brinker, M., Chronic patellar tendon rupture and arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty. Curr Orthop Pract 26 (2015), 204–207.
71. McGrath, M.S., Mont, M.A., Siddiqui, J.A., Baker, E., Bhave, A., Evaluation of a custom device for the treatment of flexion contractures after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 467 (2009), 1485–1492, 10.1007/s11999-009-0804-z.
72. Stevens-Lapsley, J.E., Balter, J.E., Wolfe, P., Eckhoff, D.G., Kohrt, W.M., Early neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve quadriceps muscle strength after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther 92 (2012), 210–226, 10.2522/ptj.20110124.
73. Bade, M.J., Stevens-Lapsley, J.E., Restoration of physical function in patients following total knee arthroplasty: an update on rehabilitation practices. Curr Opin Rheumatol 24 (2012), 208–214, 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32834ff26d.
74. Chughtai, M., Mont, M.A., Cherian, C., Cherian, J.J., Elmallah, R.D.K., Naziri, Q., et al. A novel, nonoperative treatment demonstrates success for stiff total knee arthroplasty after failure of conventional therapy. J Knee Surg 29 (2016), 188–193, 10.1055/s-0035-1569482.
75. Bawa, H.S., Wera, G.D., Kraay, M.J., Marcus, R.E., Goldberg, V.M., Predictors of range of motion in patients undergoing manipulation after TKA knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471 (2013), 258–263, 10.1007/s11999-012-2591-1.
76. Cates, H.E., Schmidt, J.M., Closed manipulation after total knee arthroplasty: outcome and affecting variables. Orthopedics, 32, 2009, 398, 10.3928/01477447-20090511-10.
77. Enad, J.G., Arthroscopic lysis of adhesions for the stiff total knee arthroplasty. Arthrosc Tech 3 (2014), e611–e614, 10.1016/j.eats.2014.07.001.
78. Issa, K., Kapadia, B.H., Kester, M., Khanuja, H.S., Delanois, R.E., Mont, M.A., Clinical, objective, and functional outcomes of manipulation under anesthesia to treat knee stiffness following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 29 (2014), 548–552, 10.1016/j.arth.2013.07.046.
79. Mohammed, R., Syed, S., Ahmed, N., Manipulation under anaesthesia for stiffness following knee arthroplasty. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 91 (2009), 220–223, 10.1308/003588409X359321.
80. Fitzsimmons, S.E., Vazquez, E.A., Bronson, M.J., How to treat the stiff total knee arthroplasty?: A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 (2010), 1096–1106, 10.1007/s11999-010-1230-y.
81. Ipach, I., Schäfer, R., Lahrmann, J., Kluba, T., Stiffness after knee arthrotomy: evaluation of prevalence and results after manipulation under anaesthesia. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 97 (2011), 292–296, 10.1016/j.otsr.2011.01.006.
82. Keating, E.M., Ritter, M.A., Harty, L.D., Haas, G., Meding, J.B., Faris, P.M., et al. Manipulation after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 (2007), 282–286, 10.2106/JBJS.E.00205.
83. Scranton, P.E., Management of knee pain and stiffness after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 16 (2001), 428–435, 10.1054/arth.2001.22250.
84. Ipach, I., Mittag, F., Lahrmann, J., Kunze, B., Kluba, T., Arthrofibrosis after TKA - influence factors on the absolute flexion and gain in flexion after manipulation under anaesthesia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 12, 2011, 184, 10.1186/1471-2474-12-184.
85. Pariente, G.M., Lombardi, A.V., Berend, K.R., Mallory, T.H., Adams, J.B., Manipulation with prolonged epidural analgesia for treatment of TKA complicated by arthrofibrosis. Surg Technol Int 15 (2006), 221–224.
86. Issa, K., Banerjee, S., Kester, M.A., Khanuja, H.S., Delanois, R.E., Mont, M.A., The effect of timing of manipulation under anesthesia to improve range of motion and functional outcomes following total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 96 (2014), 1349–1357, 10.2106/JBJS.M.00899.
87. Choi, H.R., Siliski, J.M., Malchau, H., Kwon, Y.M., Effect of repeated manipulation on range of motion in patients with stiff total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics 38 (2015), e157–e162.
88. Tjoumakaris, F.P., Tucker, B.S., Post, Z., Pepe, M.D., Orozco, F., Ong, A.C., Arthroscopic lysis of adhesions for the stiff total knee: results after failed manipulation. Orthopedics 37 (2014), e482–e487.
89. Hegazy, A.M., Elsoufy, M.A., Arthroscopic arthrolysis for arthrofibrosis of the knee after total knee replacement. HSS J 7 (2011), 130–133, 10.1007/s11420-011-9202-7.
90. Jerosch, J., Aldawoudy, A.M., Arthroscopic treatment of patients with moderate arthrofibrosis after total knee replacement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15 (2007), 71–77, 10.1007/s00167-006-0099-5.
91. Schwarzkopf, R., William, A., Deering, R.M., Fitz, W., Arthroscopic lysis of adhesions for stiff total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics 36 (2013), e1544–e1548.
92. Hutchinson, J.R.M., Parish, E.N., Cross, M.J., Results of open arthrolysis for the treatment of stiffness after total knee replacement. Bone Joint J 87 (2005), 1357–1360.
93. Mont, M.A., Seyler, T.M., Marulanda, G.A., Delanois, R.E., Bhave, A., Surgical treatment and customized rehabilitation for stiff knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res 446 (2006), 193–200.
94. Babis, G.C., Trousdale, R.T., Pagnano, M.W., Morrey, B.F., Poor outcomes of isolated tibial insert exchange and arthrolysis for the management of stiffness following total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83 (2001), 1534–1536.
95. Ries, M.D., Badalamente, M., Arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2000, 177–183.
96. Pun, S.Y., Ries, M.D., Effect of gender and preoperative diagnosis on results of revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 466 (2008), 2701–2705, 10.1007/s11999-008-0451-9.
97. Greidanus, N.V., Peterson, R.C., Masri, B.A., Garbuz, D.S., Quality of life outcomes in revision versus primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 26 (2011), 615–620, 10.1016/j.arth.2010.04.026.
98. Mortazavi, S.M.J., Schwartzenberger, J., Austin, M.S., Purtill, J.J., Parvizi, J., Revision total knee arthroplasty infection: incidence and predictors. Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 (2010), 2052–2059, 10.1007/s11999-010-1308-6.
99. Saltzman, B.M., Dave, A., Young, A., Ahuja, M., Amin, S.D., Bush-Joseph, C.A., Prolonged epidural infusion improves functional outcomes following knee arthroscopy in patients with arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective evaluation. J Knee Surg 29 (2016), 40–46, 10.1055/s-0034-1394163.
100. Formby, P.M., Donohue, M.A., Cannova, C.J., Caulfield, J.P., Hydraulic distension of the knee: a novel treatment for arthrofibrosis after total knee replacement (case series). ANZ J Surg 86 (2016), 480–482, 10.1111/ans.13540.
101. Smith, E.B., Shafi, K.A., Greis, A.C., Maltenfort, M.G., Chen, A.F., Decreased flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty using Botulinum toxin A: a randomized controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24 (2016), 3229–3234, 10.1007/s00167-016-4277-9.
102. Farid, Y.R., Thakral, R., Finn, H.A., Low-dose irradiation and constrained revision for severe, idiopathic, arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 28 (2013), 1314–1320, 10.1016/j.arth.2012.11.009.
103. Dixon, D., Coates, J., del Carpio Pons, A., Horabin, J., Walker, A., Abdul, N., et al. A potential mode of action for Anakinra in patients with arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty. Sci Rep, 5, 2015, 16466, 10.1038/srep16466.
104. Efird, W., Kellam, P., Yeazell, S., Weinhold, P., Dahners, L.E., An evaluation of prophylactic treatments to prevent post traumatic joint stiffness. J Orthop Res 32 (2014), 1520–1524, 10.1002/jor.22700.
105. Parvizi, J., Tarity, T., Steinbeck, M.J., Politi, R., Joshi, A., Purtill, J., et al. Management of stiffness following total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88-A (2006), 175–181.
106. Skutek, M., Elsner, H.-A., Slateva, K., Mayr, H.-O., Weig, T.-G., van Griensven, M., et al. Screening for arthrofibrosis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: analysis of association with human leukocyte antigen. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg 20 (2004), 469–473, 10.1016/j.arthro.2004.03.003.