Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: A review

JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association

Volumn 317, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 516-524

  Molitch, Mark E ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPEPTIN; BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; CORTICOTROPIN; ETOMIDATE; GROWTH HORMONE; KETOCONAZOLE; METYRAPONE; MIFEPRISTONE; OCTREOTIDE; PASIREOTIDE; PEGVISOMANT; PROLACTIN; TEMOZOLOMIDE; HORMONE ANTAGONIST;

ACROMEGALY; ADENOMA; ADRENALECTOMY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICALLY NONFUNCTIONING ADENOMA; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CUSHING DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADENOMA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREGNANCY; PROLACTINOMA; REVIEW; TRANSSPHENOIDAL SURGERY; TUMOR VOLUME; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; MALE; PITUITARY ACTH HYPERSECRETION; PITUITARY NEOPLASMS;

ADENOMA; FEMALE; HORMONE ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; MALE; PITUITARY ACTH HYPERSECRETION; PITUITARY NEOPLASMS; PROLACTINOMA;

EID: 85014592746     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.19699     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;124:167-184.
2. HallWA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, Patronas NJ, Oldfield EH. Pituitarymagnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120(10):817-820.
3. Famini P, Maya MM, Melmed S. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging for sellar and parasellar masses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96 (6):1633-1641.
4. Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, Dempegioti A, Tichomirowa MA, Beckers A. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(12):4769-4775.
5. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM362444.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2017.
6. Fontana E, Gaillard R. Epidemiologie des adenomes hypophysaires [in French]. Rev Med Suisse. 2009;5(223):2172-2174.
7. Fernandez A, Karavitaki N,Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010; 72(3):377-382.
8. Raappana A, Koivukangas J, Ebeling T, Pirila T. Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992-2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4268-4275.
9. GruppettaM, Mercieca C, Vassallo J. Prevalence and incidence of pituitary adenomas: a population based study in Malta. Pituitary. 2013;16(4):545-553.
10. Tjornstrand A, Gunnarsson K, EvertM, et al. The incidence rate of pituitary adenomas in western Sweden for the period 2001-2011. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(4):519-526.
11. Agustsson TT, Baldvinsdottir T, Jonasson JG, et al. The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in Iceland, 1955-2012: a nationwide population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(5):655-664.
12. Raverot G, Jouanneau E, Trouillas J. Management of endocrine disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(4):R121-R132.
13. Buchfelder M, Schlaffer S. Imaging of pituitary pathology. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;124:151-166.
14. Cooper O, Melmed S. Subclinical hyperfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26(4):447-460.
15. Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(5):257-266.
16. Swearingen B. Update on pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1073-1081.
17. Ammirati M,Wei L, Ciric I. Short-term outcome of endoscopic vs microscopic pituitary adenoma surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(8):843-849.
18. Ciric I, Ragin A, Baumgartner C, Pierce D. Complications of transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(2):225-236.
19. Barker FG II, Klibanski A, Swearingen B. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the United States, 1996-2000. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(10):4709-4719.
20. Cote DJ, Alzarea A, Acosta MA, et al. Predictors and rates of delayed symptomatic hyponatremia after transsphenoidal surgery: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2016;88:1-6.
21. Loeffler JS, Shih HA. Radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1992-2003.
22. Ding D, Starke RM, Sheehan JP. Treatment paradigms for pituitary adenomas. J Neurooncol. 2014;117(3):445-457.
23. Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, Colao A. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2006;27(5):485-534.
24. Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65(2):265-273.
25. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(2):273-288.
26. Karavitaki N, Thanabalasingham G, Shore HC, et al. Do the limits of serum prolactin in disconnection hyperprolactinaemia need re-definition? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65(4): 524-529.
27. Ono M, Miki N, Kawamata T, et al. Prospective study of high-dose cabergoline treatment of prolactinomas in 150 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(12):4721-4727.
28. Delgrange E, Daems T, Verhelst J, Abs R, Maiter D. Characterization of resistance to the prolactin-lowering effects of cabergoline in macroprolactinomas: a study in 122 patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(5):747-752.
29. Simonis G, Fuhrmann JT, Strasser RH. Meta-analysis of heart valve abnormalities in Parkinson disease patients treated with dopamine agonists. Mov Disord. 2007;22(13):1936-1942.
30. Valassi E, Klibanski A, Biller BM. Clinical Review#. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(3):1025-1033.
31. Molitch ME. Management of medically refractory prolactinoma. J Neurooncol. 2014;117(3): 421-428.
32. Noronha S, Stokes V, Karavitaki N, Grossman A. Treating prolactinomas with dopamine agonists. Endocrine. 2016;51(2):205-210.
33. Molitch ME. Endocrinology in pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(5):R205-R213.
34. Melmed S. Medical progress: acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(24):2558-2573.
35. Borson-Chazot F, Garby L, Raverot G, Claustrat F, Raverot V, Sassolas G; GTE group. Acromegaly induced by ectopic secretion of GHRH. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012;73(6):497-502.
36. Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Lombardi G. Systemic complications of acromegaly. Endocr Rev. 2004;25(1):102-152.
37. Holdaway IM, Bolland MJ, Gamble GD. Ameta-analysis of the effect of lowering serum levels of GH and IGF-I on mortality in acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159(2):89-95.
38. Katznelson L, Laws ER Jr, Melmed S, et al. Acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11): 3933-3951.
39. Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, Margantinis G, Koukoulis G. Risk of colorectal neoplasm in patients with acromegaly.World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(22):3484-3489.
40. Dworakowska D, GueorguievM, Kelly P, et al. Repeated colonoscopic screening of patients with acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163(1):21-28.
41. Wolinski K, Czarnywojtek A, Ruchala M. Risk of thyroid nodular disease and thyroid cancer in patients with acromegaly-meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88787.
42. Abu Dabrh AM, Mohammed K, Asi N, et al. Surgical interventions and medical treatments in treatment-naive patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):4003-4014.
43. Mercado M, Gonzalez B, Vargas G, et al. Successful mortality reduction and control of comorbidities in patients with acromegaly followed at a highly specialized multidisciplinary clinic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(12):4438-4446.
44. Wilson TJ, McKean EL, Barkan AL, Chandler WF, Sullivan SE. Repeat endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: remission and complications. Pituitary. 2013;16(4):459-464.
45. Sandret L, Maison P, Chanson P. Place of cabergoline in acromegaly: ameta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(5):1327-1335.
46. Mercado M, Borges F, Bouterfa H, et al. A prospective, multicentre study to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of octreotide LAR (long-acting repeatable octreotide) in the primary therapy of patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66(6):859-868.
47. Melmed S, Cook D, Schopohl J, Goth MI, Lam KS, Marek J. Rapid and sustained reduction of serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acromegaly receiving lanreotide Autogel therapy. Pituitary. 2010;13(1):18-28.
48. Colao A, Bronstein MD, Freda P, et al. Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):791-799.
49. Salvatori R,WoodmanseeWW, Molitch M, Gordon MB, Lomax KG. Lanreotide extended-release aqueous-gel formulation, injected by patient, partner or healthcare provider in patients with acromegaly in the United States. Pituitary. 2014;17(1):13-21.
50. Muller AF, Kopchick JJ, Flyvbjerg A, van der Lely AJ. Clinical review 166. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(4):1503-1511.
51. van der Lely AJ, Biller BM, Brue T, et al. Long-term safety of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(5): 1589-1597.
52. Neggers SJ, de HerderWW, Feelders RA, van der Lely AJ. Conversion of daily pegvisomant to weekly pegvisomant combined with long-acting somatostatin analogs, in controlled acromegaly patients. Pituitary. 2011;14(3):253-258.
53. Bernabeu I, Alvarez-Escola C, Paniagua AE, et al. Pegvisomant and cabergoline combination therapy in acromegaly. Pituitary. 2013;16(1):101-108.
54. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):2807-2831.
55. Bertagna X, Guignat L. Approach to the Cushing disease patient with persistent/recurrent hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):1307-1318.
56. Molitch ME. Current approaches to the pharmacological management of Cushing disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;408(6):185-189.
57. Castinetti F, Guignat L, Giraud P, et al. Ketoconazole in Cushing disease: is it worth a try? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(5):1623-1630.
58. Vilar L, Naves LA, Azevedo MF, et al. Effectiveness of cabergoline in monotherapy and combined with ketoconazole in the management of Cushing disease. Pituitary. 2010;13(2):123-129.
59. Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(10):914-924.
60. Fleseriu M, Biller BMK, Findling JW, Molitch ME, Schteingart DE, Gross C; SEISMIC Study Investigators. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(6): 2039-2049.
61. Fleseriu M, Molitch ME, Gross C, Schteingart DE, Vaughan TB III, Biller BM. A new therapeutic approach in the medical treatment of Cushing syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(2):313-326.
62. Daniel E, Aylwin S, Mustafa O, et al. Effectiveness of metyrapone in treating Cushing syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(11): 4146-4154.
63. Baudry C, Coste J, Bou Khalil R, et al. Efficiency and tolerance of mitotane in Cushing disease in 76 patients from a single center. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012; 167(4):473-481.
64. Preda VA, Sen J, Karavitaki N, Grossman AB. Etomidate in the management of hypercortisolaemia in Cushing syndrome: a review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167(2):137-143.
65. Beck-Peccoz P, Lania A, Beckers A, Chatterjee K,Wemeau JL. 2013 European thyroid association guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Eur Thyroid J. 2013;2(2):76-82.
66. Amlashi FG, Tritos NA. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Endocrine. 2016;52(3):427-440.
67. Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, Newell-Price J, Biller BMK, Colao A. Complications of Cushing syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(7):611-629.
68. Clayton RN, Jones PW, Reulen RC, et al. Mortality in patients with Cushing disease more than 10 years after remission. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(7):569-576.
69. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1526-1540.
70. Raff H. Cushing syndrome: update on testing. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015;44(1):43-50.
71. Petersenn S, Beckers A, Ferone D, et al. Therapy of endocrine disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(6): R227-R239.
72. Patil CG, Prevedello DM, Lad SP, et al. Late recurrences of Cushing disease after initial successful transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(2):358-362.
73. Ram Z, Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH. Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing disease. J Neurosurg. 1994;80 (1):37-45.
74. Starke RM, Williams BJ, Vance ML, Sheehan JP. Radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of Cushing disease: an evidence-based review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010;17(4):356-364.
75. Lo Re V III, Carbonari DM, Lewis JD, et al. Oral azole antifungal medications and risk of acute liver injury, overall and by chronic liver disease status. Am J Med. 2016;129(3):283-91.e5.
76. Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al; Endocrine Society. Pituitary incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(4):894-904.
77. Chanson P, Raverot G, Castinetti F, Cortet-Rudelli C, Galland F, Salenave S; French Endocrinology Society non-functioning pituitary adenoma work-group. Management of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2015;76(3):239-247.
78. ReinckeM, Allolio B, SaegerW, Menzel J, WinkelmannW. The "incidentaloma" of the pituitary gland. JAMA. 1990;263(20):2772-2776.
79. Donovan LE, Corenblum B. The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(2):181-183.
80. Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yokoyama T, Uemura K. Therapeutic strategy for incidentally found pituitary tumors ("pituitary incidentalomas"). Neurosurgery. 1998;43(6):1344-1348.
81. Feldkamp J, Santen R, Harms E, Aulich A, Modder U, ScherbaumWA. Incidentally discovered pituitary lesions. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51(1): 109-113.
82. Igarashi T, Saeki N, Yamaura A. Long-term magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of asymptomatic sellar tumors-their natural history and surgical indications. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1999;39(8):592-598.
83. Sanno N, Oyama K, Tahara S, Teramoto A, Kato Y. A survey of pituitary incidentaloma in Japan. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(2):123-127.
84. Fainstein Day P, Guitelman M, Artese R, et al. Retrospective multicentric study of pituitary incidentalomas [correction appears in Pituitary. 2011 Jun;14(2):198]. Pituitary. 2004;7(3):145-148.
85. Arita K, Tominaga A, Sugiyama K, et al. Natural course of incidentally found nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, with special reference to pituitary apoplexy during follow-up examination. J Neurosurg. 2006;104(6):884-891.
86. Anagnostis P, Adamidou F, Polyzos SA, Efstathiadou Z, Panagiotou A, Kita M. Pituitary incidentalomas: a single-centre experience. Int J Clin Pract. 2011;65(2):172-177.
87. Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, et al. The natural course of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156(2):217-224.
88. Karavitaki N, Collison K, Halliday J, et al. What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67(6):938-943.
89. Honegger J, Zimmermann S, Psaras T, et al. Growth modelling of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in patients referred for surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158(3):287-294.
90. Cheer K, Trainer PJ. Evaluation of pituitary function. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;124:141-149.
91. Kanner AA, Corn BW, Greenman Y. Radiotherapy of nonfunctioning and gonadotroph adenomas. Pituitary. 2009;12(1):15-22.
92. Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Faggiano A, Lombardi G, Savastano S. Medical therapy for clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15(4):905-915.
93. Vieira Neto L, Wildemberg LE, Moraes AB, et al. Dopamine receptor subtype 2 expression profile in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and in vivo response to cabergoline therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;82(5):739-746.