Multidisciplinary consensus on the therapeutic recommendations for iatrogenic hyperprolactinemia secondary to antipsychotics

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 45, Issue , 2017, Pages 25-34

  Montejo, Ángel L ^a   Arango, Celso ^b   Bernardo, Miquel ^c   Carrasco, José L ^d   Crespo Facorro, Benidicto ^e   Cruz, Juan J ^a   Del Pino Montes, Javier ^f   García Escudero, Miguel A ^g   García Rizo, Clemente ^c   González Pinto, Ana ^h   Hernández, Ana I ⁱ   Martín Carrasco, Manuel ^h,j   Mayoral Cleries, Fermín ^k   Mayoral van Son, Jaqueline ^l   Mories, M Teresa ^f   Pachiarotti, Isabella ^c   Pérez, Jesús ^m   Ros, Salvador ⁿ   Vieta, Eduard ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL CLÍNICO SAN CARLOS   (Spain)

^e HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO MARQUÉS DE VALDECILLA   (Spain)

^f HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE SALAMANCA   (Spain)

^g HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO DE ELCHE   (Spain)

^h CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN BIOMÉDICA EN RED DE SALUD MENTAL CIBERSAM   (Spain)

ⁱ Red de Salud Mental de Guipúzcoa   (Spain)

^j Institute of Psychiatric Research   (Spain)

^k Mental Health Department   (Spain)

^l HOSPITAL SIERRALLANA   (Spain)

^m UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ Institute of Neurosciences   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

Antipsychotic; Consensus; Hyperprolactinemia; Neuroleptic; Physical health

Indexed keywords

AMISULPRIDE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; CALCIUM; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PALIPERIDONE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PROLACTIN; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; VITAMIN D; ZIPRASIDONE;

ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; EXERCISE; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; IATROGENIC DISEASE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PERSONALITY DISORDER; RELAPSE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; CONSENSUS; MENTAL DISEASE;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; ARIPIPRAZOLE; CONSENSUS; HUMANS; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; IATROGENIC DISEASE; MENTAL DISORDERS;

EID: 85014205182     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: 10956808     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Aldemir, E., Akdeniz, F., Altay, A.B., Arıcı, Ş., Umul, M., Aydın, H.H., et al. Valproate-associated reproductive hormone abnormalities: do bipolar men have the same risk as epileptic men?. Türk Psikiy. Derg. 23 (2012), 223–227.
2. Alexopoulos, G.S., Streim, J., Carpenter, D., Docherty, J.P., Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65:Suppl. 2 (2004), 5–99.
3. Almandil, Weight gain and other metabolic adverse effects associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr. Drugs 15 (2013), 139–150.
4. Andersohn, F., Garbe, E., Cardiac and noncardiac fibrotic reactions caused by ergot-and nonergot-derived dopamine agonists. Mov. Disord. Jan. 15:24 (2009), 129–133.
5. Ansell, E.B., Sanislow, C.A., McGlashan, T.H., Grilo, C.M., Psychosocial impairment and treatment utilization by patients with borderline personality disorder, other personality disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, and a healthy comparison group. Compr. Psychiatry 48 (2007), 329–336.
6. Arakawa, R., Okumura, M., Ito, H., Takano, A., Takahashi, H., Takano, H., et al. Positron emission tomography measurement of dopamine D receptor occupancy in the pituitary and cerebral cortex: relation to antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 71 (2010), 1131–1137.
7. Aviv, A., Shelef, A., Weizman, A., An open-label trial of sildenafil addition in risperidone-treated male schizophrenia patients with erectile dysfunction. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65 (2004), 97–103.
8. Bai, Y.M., Ciu, H.J., Guo, Z.Z., Risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in an elderly woman. Am. J. Psychiatry, 159, 2002, 2112.
9. Bellantuono, C., Santone, G., Efficacy, tolerability and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Riv Psichiatr. 47 (2012), 5–20.
10. Barszcz, Z., Mucha, S., Rabe-Jabłońska, J., The assessment of the mental state of patients during simultaneous treatment with psychotropic drugs, antipsychotics included, and bromocriptine. Psychiatr. Pol. 42 (2008), 595–607.
11. Baştürk, M., Karaaslan, F., Esel, E., Sofuoğlu, S., Tutuş, A., Yabanoğlu, I., Effects of short and long-term lithium treatment on serum prolactin levels in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 25 (2001), 315–322.
12. Ben Amor, L., Antipsychotics in pediatric and adolescent patients: a review of comparative safety data. J. Affect. Disord. 138:Suppl. (2012), S22–S30.
13. Bernardo, M., Bioque, M., Parellada, M., Saiz Ruiz, J., Cuesta, M.J., Llerena, A., et al. Assessing clinical and functional outcomes in a gene-environment interaction study in first episode of psychosis (PEPs). Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 6 (2013), 4–16.
14. Bernardo, M., Vieta, E., Saiz Ruiz, J., Rico-Villademoros, F., Alamo, C., Bobes, J., Recommendations for switching antipsychotics. A position statement of the Spanish Society of Psychiatry and the Spanish Society of Biological Psychiatry. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 4 (2011), 150–168.
15. Besnard, I., Auclair, V., Callery, G., Gabriel-Bordenave, C., Roberge, C., Antipsychotic-drug-induced hyperprolactinemia: physiopathology, clinical features and guidance. Encephale 40 (2014), 86–94.
16. Bobes, J., Sáiz Ruiz, J., Manuel Montes, J., Mostaza, J., Rico-Villademoros, F., Vieta, E., Spanish consensus on physical health of patients with bipolar disorder. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 1 (2008), 26–37.
17. Boggs, D.L., Ranganathan, M., Boggs, A.A., Bihday, C.M., Peluse, B.E., D'Souza, D.C., Treatment of hyperprolactinemia and gynecomastia with adjunctive aripiprazole in 2 men receiving long-acting injectable antipsychotics. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord., 15, 2013 pii: PCC.13l01519.
18. Bostwick, J.R., Guthrie, S.K., Ellingrod, V.L., Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Pharmacotherapy 29 (2009), 64–73.
19. Breier, A.F., Malhotra, A.K., Su, T.P., Pinals, D.A., Elman, I., Adler, C.M., et al. Clozapine and risperidone in chronic schizophrenia: effects on symptoms, parkinsonian side effects, and neuroendocrine response. Am. J. Psychiatry 156 (1999), 294–298.
20. Bushe, C., Shaw, M., Peveler, R.C., A review of the association between antipsychotic use and hyperprolactinaemia. J. Psychopharmacol. 22 (2008), 46–55.
21. Bushe, C.J., Bradley, A., Pendlebury, J., A review of hyperprolactinaemia and severe mental illness: are there implications for clinical biochemistry?. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 47 (2010), 292–300.
22. Byerly, M., Suppes, T., Tran, Q.V., Clinical implications of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar spectrum disorders: recent developments and current perspectives. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 27 (2007), 639–661.
23. Byerly, M.J., Lescouflair, E., Weber, M.T., Bugno, R.M., Fisher, R., Carmody, T., et al. An open-label trial of quetiapine for antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction. J. Sex Marital Ther. 30 (2004), 325–332.
24. Byerly, M.J., Marcus, R.N., Tran, Q.V., Eudicone, J.M., Whitehead, R., Baker, R.A., Effects of aripiprazole on prolactin levels in subjects with schizophrenia during cross-titration with risperidone or olanzapine: analysis of a randomized, open-label study. Schizophr. Res. 107 (2009), 218–222.
25. Calarge, C.A., Zimmerman, B., Xie, D., Kuperman, S., Schlechte, J.A., A cross-sectional evaluation of the effect of risperidone and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on bone mineral density in boys. J. Clin. Psychiatry 71 (2010), 338–347.
26. Carrasco, J.L., Palomares, N., Marsá, M.D., Effectiveness and tolerability of long-acting intramuscular risperidone as adjuvant treatment in refractory borderline personality disorder. Psychopharmacology 224 (2012), 347–348.
27. Carvalho, M.M.1., Góis, C., Hyperprolactinemia in mentally ill patients. Acta Med. Port. 24 (2011), 1005–1012.
28. Cavallaro, R., Cocchi, F., Angelone, S.M., Lattuada, E., Smeraldi, E., Cabergoline treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia: a pilot study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65 (2004), 187–190.
29. Chang, S.C., Chen, C.H., Lu, M.L., Cabergoline-induced psychotic exacerbation in schizophrenic patients. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 30 (2008), 378–380.
30. Chen, C.Y., Lin, T.Y., Wang, C.C., Shuai, H.A., Improvement of serum prolactin and sexual function after switching to aripiprazole from risperidone in schizophrenia: a case series. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 65 (2011), 95–97.
31. Chen, C.K., Huang, Y.S., Ree, S.C., Hsiao, C.C., Differential add-on effects of aripiprazole in resolving hyperprolactinemia induced by risperidone in comparison to benzamide antipsychotics. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 34 (2010), 1495–1499.
32. Chen, J.X., Su, Y.A., Wang, S.L., Bian, Q.T., Liu, Y.H., Wang, N., et al. Aripiprazole treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 70 (2009), 1058–1059.
33. Chwieduk, C.M., Keating, G.M., Paliperidone extended release: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. Drugs 70 (2010), 1295–1317.
34. Citrome, L., Jaffe, A., Levine, J., Allingham, B., Robinson, J., Relationship between antipsychotic medication treatment and new cases of diabetes among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatr. Serv. 55 (2004), 1006–1013.
35. Cohen, L.G., Biederman, J., Treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia with a dopamine agonist in children. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 11 (2001), 435–440.
36. Coid, J., Epidemiology, public health and the problem of personality disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry 182 (2003), s3–s10.
37. Colao, A., Sarno, A.D., Cappabianca, P., Briganti, F., Pivonello, R., Somma, C.D., et al. Gender differences in the prevalence, clinical features and response to cabergoline in hyperprolactinemia. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 148 (2003), 325–331.
38. Cookson, J., Hodgson, R., Wildgust, H.J., Prolactin, hyperprolactinaemia and antipsychotic treatment: a review and lessons for treatment of early psychosis. J. Psychopharmacol. 26 (2012), 42–51.
39. Correll, C.U., Recognizing and monitoring adverse events of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 15 (2006), 177–206.
40. Correll, C.U., Frederickson, A.M., Kane, J.M., Manu, P., Does antipsychotic polypharmacy increase the risk for metabolic syndrome?. Schizophr. Res. 89:1–3 (2007), 91–100.
41. De Berardis, D., Fornaro, M., Serroni, N., Marini, S., Piersanti, M., Cavuto, M., et al. Treatment of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: an update on the role of the dopaminergic receptors D2 partial agonist aripiprazole. Recent Pat. Endocr. Metab. Immune Drug Discov. 8 (2014), 30–37.
42. Deanna, L.K., Wehring, J.H., Earl, K.A., Sullivan, M.K., Dickerson, B.F., Feldman, S., et al. Treating symptomatic hyperprolactinemia in women with schizophrenia: presentation of the ongoing DAAM- SEL Clinical Trial (Dopamine partial Agonist, Aripiprazole, for the Management of Symptomatic ELevated Prolactin). BMC Psychiatry, 13, 2013, 214.
43. de Dios, C., Goikolea, J.M., Colom, F., Moreno, C., Vieta, E., Bipolar disorders in the new DSM-5 and ICD-11 classifications. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 17:7 (2014), 179–185.
44. De Hert, M., van Winkel, R., Silic, A., Van Eyck, D., Peuskens, J., Physical health management in psychiatric settings. Eur. Psychiatry 25 (2010), S22–S28.
45. dos Santos Nunes, V., El Dib, R., Boguszewski, C.L., Nogueira, C.R., Cabergoline versus bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. Pituitary 14 (2011), 259–265.
46. Druyts, E., Eapen, S., Wu, P., Thorlund, K., The risk of elevated prolactin levels in pediatric patients exposed to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst. Rev., 13(3), 2014, 116.
47. El Khoury, A., Tham, A., Mathé, A.A., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Stain-Malmgren, R., Decreased plasma prolactin release in euthymic lithium-treated women with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology 48 (2003), 14–18.
48. Fraguas, D., Correll, C.U., Merchán-Naranjo, J., Rapado-Castro, M., Parellada, M., Moreno, C., et al. Efficacy and safety of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with psychotic and bipolar spectrum disorders: comprehensive review of prospective head-to-head and placebo-controlled comparisons. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 21 (2011), 621–645.
49. Garcia-Rizo, C., Fernandez-Egea, E., Oliveira, C., Justicia, A., Parellada, E., Bernardo, M., et al. Prolactin concentrations in newly diagnosed, antipsychotic-naïve patients with nonaffective psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 134 (2012), 16–19.
50. Geller, B., Luby, J.L., Joshi, P., Wagner, K.D., Emslie, G., Walkup, J.T., et al. A randomized controlled trial of risperidone, lithium, or divalproex sodium for initial treatment of bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed phase, in children and adolescents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69 (2012), 515–528.
51. Giner, J., Saiz Ruiz, J., Bobes, J., Zamorano, E., López, F., Hernando, T., et al. Spanish consensus on the physical health of patients with depressive disorders. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 7 (2014), 195–207.
52. Gopalakrishnan, R.1., Jacob, K.S., Kuruvilla, A., Vasantharaj, B., John, J.K., Sildenafil in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, two-way crossover trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 163 (2006), 494–499.
53. Graham, S.M., Howgate, D., Anderson, W., Howes, C., Heliotis, M., Mantalaris, A., Risk of osteoporosis and fracture incidence in patients on antipsychotic medication. Expert. Opin. Drug Saf. 10 (2011), 575–602.
54. Grande, I., Bernardo, M., Bobes, J., Saiz-Ruiz, J., Alamo, C., Vieta, E., Antipsychotic switching in bipolar disorders: a systematic review. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17 (2014), 497–507.
55. Haddad, P.M., Wieck, A., Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs 64 (2004), 2291–2314.
56. Halperin, I., Cámara, R., García, M., Ollero, D., Guía clínica de diagnóstico y tratamiento del prolactinoma y la hiperprolactinemia. Endocrinol. Nutr. 60 (2013), 308–319.
57. Hashimoto, K., Sugawara, N., Ishioka, M., Nakamura, K., Yasui-Furukori, N., The effects of additional treatment with terguride, a partial dopamine agonist, on hyperprolactinemia induced by antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients: a preliminary study. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 10 (2014), 1571–1576.
58. Holt, R.I., Peveler, R.C., Antipsychotics and hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, consequences and management. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 74 (2011), 141–147.
59. Holt, R.I., Medical causes and consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. A context for psychiatrists. J. Psychopharmacol. 22 (2008), 28–37.
60. Igarashi, Y., Higuchi, T., Toyoshima, R., Noguchi, T., Moroji, T., Tolerance to prolactin secretion in the long-term treatment with neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 40 (1985), 95–98.
61. Ishitobi, M., Kosaka, H., Shukunami, K., Murata, T., Wada, Y., Adjunctive treatment with low-dosage aripiprazole for blonanserin-induced hyperprolactinemia in a female patient with schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1:34 (2010), 1361–1362.
62. Juruena, M.F.1., de Sena, E.P., de Oliveira, I.R., Safety and tolerability of antipsychotics: focus on amisulpride. Drug Healthc. Patient Saf. 2 (2010), 205–211.
63. Kane, J.M., Correll, C.U., Goff, D.C., Kirkpatrick, B., Marder, S.R., Vester-Blokland, E., et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 16-week study of adjunctive aripiprazole for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder inadequately treated with quetiapine or risperidone monotherapy. J. Clin. Psychiatry 70 (2009), 1348–1357.
64. Kaneda, 1., Kawamura, I., Fujii, A., Ohmori, T., Impact of a switch from typical to atypical antipsychotic drugs on quality of life and gonadal hormones in male patients with schizophrenia. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 25 (2004), 135–140.
65. Kelly, D.L., Wehring, H.J., Earl, A.K., Sullivan, K.M., Dickerson, F.B., Feldman, S., McMahon, R.P., Buchanan, R.W., Warfel, D., Keller, W.R., Fischer, B.A., Shim, J.C., Treating symptomatic hyperprolactinemia in women with schizophrenia: presentation of the ongoing DAAMSEL clinical trial (Dopamine partial Agonist, Aripiprazole, for the Management of Symptomatic ELevated prolactin). BMC Psychiatry, 13, 2013, 214, 10.1186/1471-244X-13-214.
66. Kim, K.S., Pae, C.U., Chae, J.H., Bahk, W.M., Jun, T.Y., Kim, D.J., et al. Effects of olanzapine on prolactin levels of female patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone. J. Clin. Psychiatry 63 (2002), 408–413.
67. Kinon, B.J., Ahl, J., Liu-Seifert, H., Maguire, G.A., Improvement in hyperprolactinemia and reproductive comorbidities in patients with schizophrenia switched from conventional antipsychotics or risperidone to olanzapine. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31 (2006), 577–588.
68. Kinon, B.J., Gilmore, J.A., Liu, H., Halbreich, U.M., Prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28:Suppl. 2 (2003), 55–68.
69. Kinon, B.J., Stauffer, V.L., McGuire, H.C., Kaiser, C.J., Dickson, R.A., Kennedy, J.S., The effects of antipsychotic drug treatment on prolactin concentrations in elderly patients. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 4 (2003), 189–194.
70. Kryzhanovskaya, L., Schulz, S.C., McDougle, C., Frazier, J., Dittmann, R., Robertson-Plouch, C., et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in adolescents with schizophrenia: a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 48 (2009), 60–70.
71. Kuloglu, M., Ekinci, O., Albayrak, Y., Caykoylu, A., Benefits of switching women schizophrenic patients to aripiprazole: a case study and brief review of the literature. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 13 (2010), 443–447.
72. Laita, P., Cifuentes, A., Doll, A., Llorente, C., Cortés, I., Parellada, M., et al. Antipsychotic-related abnormal involuntary movements and metabolic and endocrine side effects in children and adolescents. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 17 (2007), 487–502.
73. Lee, M.S., Song, H.C., An, H., Yang, J., Ko, Y.H., Jung, I.K., Joe, S.H., Effect of bromocriptine on antipsychotic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia: eight-week randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 64 (2010), 19–27.
74. Li, X., Tang, Y., Wang, C., Adjunctive aripiprazole versus placebo for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 1(8), 2013, e70179.
75. Lin, C.Y., Wu, P.L., Pariante, C.M., Su, K.P., A crossover study of prolactin changes associated with risperidone and olanzapine. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 67, 2006, 1470.
76. Lu, M.L., Shen, W.W., Chen, C.H., Time course of the changes in antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia following the switch to aripiprazole. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 12:32 (2008), 1978–1981.
77. Mané, A., Bernardo, M., Actualización en esquizofrenia. Morbilidad médica en la esquizofrenia. Barcelona: SCM, SL. Dep. legal: B-32 (2005), 107–2002.
78. Melmed, S., Casanueva, F.F., Hoffman, A.R., Kleinberg, D.L., Montori, V.M., Schlechte, J.A., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (2011), 273–288.
79. Meltzer, H.Y., Fang, V.S., The effect of neuroleptics on serum prolactin in schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 33 (1976), 279–286.
80. Merchán-Naranjo, J., Tapia, C., Bailón, C., Moreno, C., Baeza, I., Calvo-Escalona, R., et al. Secondary effects of antipsychotic treatment in naive or quasi-naive children and adolescents: design of a follow-up protocol and baseline results. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 5 (2012), 217–228.
81. Mir, A., Shivakumar, K., Williamson, R.J., McAllister, V., O'Keane, V., Aitchison, K.J., Change in sexual dysfunction with aripiprazole: a switching or add-on study. J. Psychopharmacol. 22 (2008), 244–253.
82. Mitsonis, C.I., Mitropoulos, P.A., Dimopoulos, N.P., Kararizou, E.G., Psarra, V.V., Tsakiris, F.E., et al. Vardenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia: a flexible-dose, open-label study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 69 (2008), 206–212.
83. Montejo, A.L., Arango, C., Bernardo, M., Carrasco, J.L., Crespo-Facorro, B., Cruz, J.J., et al. Spanish consensus on the risks and detection of antipsychotic drug-related hyperprolactinaemia. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment., 2016 pii: S1888-9891 00023-9.
84. Montejo, A.L., Majadas, S., Rico-Villademoros, F., Llorca, G., De La Gándara, J., Franco, M., et al. Frequency of sexual dysfunction in patients with a psychotic disorder receiving antipsychotics. J. Sex. Med. 7 (2010), 3404–3413.
85. Montejo, A.L., Rico-Villademoros, F., Psychometric properties of the Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire (PRSexDQ-SALSEX) in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J. Sex Marital Ther. 34 (2008), 227–239.
86. Montejo, A.L., Rico-Villademoros, F., Tafalla, M., Majadas, S., Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction. A 6-month prospective observational study on the effects of quetiapine on sexual functioning. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 25 (2005), 533–538.
87. Montejo, A.L., Riesgo, Y., Luque, J., Barber, I., Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction. Observational, open-label, prospective multicenter study of sexual function in patients starting treatment with aripiprazole. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 38 (2010), 13–21.
88. Montejo, A.L., Prolactin awareness: an essential consideration for physical health in schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18:Suppl. 2 (2008), S108–S114.
89. Nakajima, M., Terao, T., Iwata, N., Nakamura, J., Switching female schizophrenic patients to quetiapine from conventional antipsychotic drugs: effects on hyperprolactinemia. Pharmacopsychiatry 38 (2005), 17–19.
90. Nakonezny, P.A., Byerly, M.J., Rush, A.J., The relationship between serum prolactin level and sexual functioning among male outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized double-blind trial of risperidone vs. quetiapine. J. Sex Marital Ther. 33 (2007), 203–216.
91. Nunes, L.V., Moreira, H.C., Razzouk, D., Nunes, S.O., Mari, J.deJ., Strategies for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction and/or hyperprolactinemia among patients of the schizophrenia spectrum: a review. J. Sex Marital Ther. 38 (2012), 281–301.
92. Papakostas, G.I., Miller, K.K., Petersen, T., Sklarsky, K.G., Hilliker, S.E., Klibanski, A., et al. Serum prolactin levels among outpatients with major depressive disorder during the acute phase of treatment with fluoxetine. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67 (2006), 952–957.
93. Pardal, P.K., Konwar, R., Prakash, J., Switching to quetiapine for risperidone-induced amenorrhea: report of two cases. Ind. Psychiatry J. 19 (2010), 136–137.
94. Paton, C.1., Lelliott, P., Harrington, M., Okocha, C., Sensky, T., Duffett, R., Patterns of antipsychotic and anticholinergic prescribing for hospital inpatients. J. Psychopharmacol. 17 (2003), 223–229.
95. Peveler, R.C., Branford, D., Citrome, L., Fitzgerald, P., Harvey, P.W., Holt, R.I.G., et al. Antipsychotics and hyperprolactinaemia: clinical recommendations. J. Psychopharmacol. 22 (2008), 98–103.
96. Pollice, R., Di Giovambattista, E., Tomassini, A., Di Pucchio, A., Mazza, M., Di Michele, V., et al. Risperidone-induced symptomatic hyperprolactinemia in youth with schizophrenia: efficacy and tolerability of cabergoline treatment. Clin. Ter. 158 (2007), 121–126.
97. Popovic, D., Reinares, M., Goikolea, J.M., Bonnin, C.M., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Vieta, E., Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 22 (2012), 339–346.
98. Rack, M.J., Baran, A.S., Richert, A.C., Roffwarg, H.P., Cardiopulmonary complications of ergot-derivative dopamine agonists. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65 (2004), 1429–1430.
99. Rado, J., Janicak, P.G., Pharmacological and clinical profile of recently approved second-generation antipsychotics: implications for treatment of schizophrenia in older patients. Drugs Agin. 29 (2012), 783–791.
100. Riecher-Rössler, A.L., Rybakowski, J.K., Pflueger, M.O., Beyrau, R., Kahn, R.S., Malik, P., et al. Hyperprolactinemia in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode psychosis. Psychol. Med. 43 (2013), 2571–2582.
101. Rocha, F.L., Hara, C., Ramos, M.G., Using aripiprazole to attenuate paliperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 16:34 (2010), 1153–1154.
102. Rosenbloom, A.L., Hyperprolactinemia with antipsychotic drugs in children and adolescents. Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol., 2010 pii: 159402.
103. Rubio-Aurioles, E., Bivalacqua, T.J., Standard operational procedures for low sexual desire in men. J. Sex. Med. 10 (2013), 94–107.
104. Sagud, M., Pivac, N., Mück-Seler, D., Jakovljević, M., Mihaljević-Peles, A., Korsić, M., Effects of sertraline treatment on plasma cortisol, prolactin and thyroid hormones in female depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology 45 (2002), 139–143.
105. Sáiz Ruiz, J., Bobes García, J., Vallejo Ruiloba, J., Giner Ubago, J., García-Portilla González, M.P., Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Salud Física del Paciente con Esquizofrenia. Consensus on physical health of patients with schizophrenia from the Spanish Societies of Psychiatry and Biological Psychiatry. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 36 (2008), 251–264.
106. Schulz, S.C., Zanarini, M.C., Bateman, A., Bohus, M., Detke, H.C., Trzaskoma, Q., et al. Olanzapine for the treatment of borderline personality disorder: variable dose 12-week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br. J. Psychiatry 193 (2008), 485–492.
107. Seida, J.C., Schouten, J.R., Boylan, K., Newton, A.S., Mousavi, S.S., Beaith, A., et al. Antipsychotics for children and young adults: a comparative effectiveness review. Pediatrics 129 (2012), e771–e784.
108. Shim, J.C., Shin, J.G., Kelly, D.L., Jung, D.U., Seo, Y.S., Liu, K.H., et al. Adjunctive treatment with a dopamine partial agonist, aripiprazole, for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 164 (2007), 1404–1410.
109. Skoog, I., Psychiatric disorders in the elderly. Can. J. Psychiatry 56 (2011), 387–397.
110. Takase, M., Kanahara, N., Oda, Y., Kimura, H., Watanabe, H., Iyo, M., Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis and dopamine partial agonist: a retrospective survey of failure of switching to aripiprazole in schizophrenia. J. Psychopharmacol. 29 (2015), 383–389.
111. Takahashi, T., Uchida, H., John, M., Hirano, J., Watanabe, K., Mimura, M., et al. The impact of prolactin-raising antipsychotics on bone mineral density in patients with schizophrenia: findings from a longitudinal observational cohort. Schizophr. Res. 147 (2013), 383–386.
112. Tollin, S.R., Use of the dopamine agonists bromocriptine and cabergoline in the management of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with psychotic disorders. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 23 (2000), 765–770.
113. Valdés Socin, H., Magis, D., Betea, D., Dechenne, C., Legros, J.J., Beckers, A., Pituitary diseases in elderly patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Rev. Med. Liege 57 (2002), 375–381.
114. van Kooten, M., Arends, J., Cohen, D., Preliminary report: a naturalistic study of the effect of aripiprazole addition on risperidone-related hyperprolactinemia in patients treated with risperidone long-acting injection. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 31 (2011), 126–128.
115. Vieta, E., Langosch, J.M., Figueira, M.L., Souery, D., Blasco-Colmenares, E., Medina, E., et al. Clinical management and burden of bipolar disorder: results from a multinational longitudinal study (WAVE-bd). Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 16 (2013), 1719–1732.
116. Vieta, E., Valentí, M., Mixed states in DSM-5: implications for clinical care, education, and research. J. Affect. Disord. 15:148 (2013), 28–36.
117. Vita, A., De Peri, L., Sacchetti, E., Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and placebo on the symptom dimensions of borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled and open-label trials. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 31 (2011), 613–624.
118. Weiden, P.J., Daniel, D.G., Simpson, G., Romano, S.J., Improvement in indices of health status in outpatients with schizophrenia switched to ziprasidone. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 23 (2003), 595–600.
119. Weizman, A., Weizman, R., Hart, J., Maoz, B., Wijsenbeek, H., Ben David, M., The correlation of increased serum prolactin levels with decreased sexual desire and activity in elderly men. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 31 (1983), 485–488.
120. Yamada, K., Kanba, S., Yagi, G., Asai, M., Effectiveness of herbal medicine (shakuyaku-kanzo-to) for neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 17 (1997), 234–235.
121. Yasui-Furukori, N., Furukori, H., Sugawara, N., Fujii, A., Kaneko, S., Dose-dependent effects of adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole on hyperprolactinemia induced by risperidone in female patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 30 (2010), 596–599.
122. ∗A1 allele. Br. J. Psychiatry 185 (2004), 147–151.
123. Yuan, H.N., Wang, C.Y., Sze, C.W., Tong, Y., Tan, Q.R., Feng, X.J., et al. A randomized, crossover comparison of herbal medicine and bromocriptine against risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 28 (2008), 264–370.
124. Ziadi Trives, M., Bonete Llácer, J.M., García Escudero, M.A., Martínez Pastor, C.J., Effect of the addition of aripiprazole on hyperprolactinemia associated with risperidone long-acting injection. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 33 (2013), 538–541.