Identification and quantification of ethyl carbamate occurring in urea complexation processes commonly utilized for polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration

Food Chemistry

Volumn 229, Issue , 2017, Pages 28-34

  Vázquez, Luis ^a   Prados, Isabel M ^a   Reglero, Guillermo ^a,b   Torres, Carlos F ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b IMDEA FOOD INSTITUTE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Ethyl carbamate; Fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE); PUFA concentration; Urea adduct; Urethane

Indexed keywords

COMPLEXATION; ESTERS; ETHANOL; METABOLISM; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS; UREA;

ETHYL CARBAMATE; FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTER; HIGH TEMPERATURE; UREA COMPLEXATION; URETHANE; WASHING STEPS;

FATTY ACIDS;

ALCOHOL; FISH OIL; HEXANE; LINOLEIC ACID; OLEIC ACID; PALMITIC ACID; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; STEARIC ACID; STEARIC ACID DERIVATIVE; SUNFLOWER OIL; UREA; URETHAN; VEGETABLE OIL; UNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; COMPLEX FORMATION; ECHIUM; HIGH TEMPERATURE; LIPID COMPOSITION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; ROOM TEMPERATURE;

FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED; UREA; URETHANE;

EID: 85013209356     PISSN: 03088146     EISSN: 18737072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.123     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Ahmed, S.U., Reddy, K.K., Swathy, S.L., Singh, S.K., Kanjilal, S., Prasad, R.B.N., et al. Enrichment of γ-linolenic acid in the lipid extracted from Mucor zychae MTCC 5420. Food Research International 42:4 (2009), 449–453.
2. Calder, P.C., n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83:6 (2006), S1505–S1519.
3. Canas, B., Yurawecz, M., Ethyl carbamate formation during urea complexation for fractionation of fatty acids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 76(4), 1999, 537.
4. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Ethyl carbamate and hydrocyanic acid in food and beverages. EFSA Journal 551 (2007), 1–44.
5. Guil-Guerrero, J.L., Campra-Madrid, P., Belarbi, E.-H., Γ-Linolenic acid purification from seed oil sources by argentated silica gel chromatography column. Process Biochemistry 36:4 (2000), 341–354.
6. Guil-Guerrero, J., López-Martínez, J., Rincón-Cervera, M., Campra-Madrid, P., One-step extraction and concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish liver. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 84:4 (2007), 357–361.
7. Herbert, P., Santos, L., Bastos, M., Barros, P., Alves, A., New HPLC method to determine ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages using fluorescence detection. Journal of Food Science 67:5 (2002), 1616–1620.
8. Hibbelin, J., Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet, 351, 1998, 1213.
9. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), Volume 96: Alcoholic beverage consumption and ethyl carbamate (Urethane). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 2010.
10. Kris-Etherton, P.M., Harris, W.S., Appel, L.J., Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 106:21 (2002), 2747–2757.
11. Linstead, R.P., Whalley, M., The formation of crystalline complexes between urea and esters, and their application to the separation of mixtures of esters. Journal of the Chemical Society 583 (1950), 2987–2989.
12. Liu, S., Zhang, C., Hong, P., Ji, H., Concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of tuna oil by urea complexation: Optimization of process parameters. Journal of Food Engineering 73:3 (2006), 203–209.
13. Mendes, A., Lopes da Silva, T., Reis, A., DHA concentration and purification from the marine heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii CCMP 316 by winterization and urea complexation. Food Technology and Biotechnology 45:1 (2007), 38–44.
14. NTP (National Toxicology Program), Toxicology and carcinogensis. Studies of urethane, ethanol, and urethane/ethanol (urethane, CAS No. 51-79-6; ethanol, CAS No. 64-17-5) in B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies). National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 510 (2004), 1–360.
15. Ratnayake, W.M.N., Olsson, B., Matthews, D., Ackman, R.G., Preparation of omega-3 PUFA concentrates from fish oils via urea complexation. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 90:10 (1988), 381–386.
16. Roynette, C.E., Calder, P.C., Dupertuis, Y.M., Pichard, C., n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and colon cancer prevention. Clinical Nutrition 23:2 (2004), 139–151.
17. Salmon, A., Zeise, L., Risks of carcinogenesis from urethane exposure. 1991, EEUU, Boca Raton.
18. Senanayake, S.P.J.N., Shahidi, F., Concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from algal oil via urea complexation. Journal of Food Lipids 7:1 (2000), 51–61.
19. Shimada, Y., Sugihara, A., Tominaga, Y., Enzymatic purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 91:6 (2001), 529–538.
20. Smith, A., The crystal structure of the urea-hydrocarbon complexes. Acta Crystallography 5:2 (1952), 224–235.
21. Torres, C.F., Vázquez, L., Señoráns, F.J., Reglero, G., Study of the analysis of alkoxyglycerols and other non-polar lipids by liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector. Journal of Chromatography A 1078:1–2 (2005), 28–34.
22. Vázquez, L., Akoh, C.C., Concentration of stearidonic acid in free fatty acid and fatty acid ethyl ester forms from modified soybean oil by winterization. Journal of the American Chemical Society 88:11 (2011), 1775–1785.
23. Vázquez, L., Akoh, C.C., Enrichment of stearidonic acid in modified soybean oil by low temperature crystallisation. Food Chemistry 130:1 (2011), 147–155.
24. Wanasundara, U.N., Shahidi, F., Concentration of omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal blubber oil by urea complexation: Optimization of reaction conditions. Food Chemistry 65:1 (1999), 41–49.
25. Wanasundara, U.N., Wanasundara, P.K.J.P.D., Shahidi, F., Novel separation techniques for isolation and purification of fatty acids and oil by-products. Shahidi, F., (eds.) Bailey's industrial oil and fat products, 6th ed., 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, USA.
26. Weber, J.V., Sharypov, V.I., Ethyl carbamate in foods and beverages: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters 7 (2009), 233–247.
27. Zhu, M., Zhou, P.P., Yu, L.J., Extraction of lipids from Mortierella alpina and enrichment of arachidonic acid from the fungal lipids. Bioresource Technology 84:1 (2002), 93–95.