Production of nanoparticles during experimental deformation of smectite and implications for seismic slip

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 463, Issue , 2017, Pages 221-231

  Aretusini, S ^a   Mittempergher, S ^b   Plumper O ^c   Spagnuolo, E ^d   Gualtieri, A F ^e   Di Toro, G ^a,d,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

clay amorphization; earthquakes; friction; nanoparticles; smectite

Indexed keywords

AMORPHIZATION; BUDGET CONTROL; CALCIUM SILICATE; CLAY MINERALS; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKES; FRICTION; HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; NANOPARTICLES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION;

EARTHQUAKE ENERGY BUDGET; EXPERIMENTAL DEFORMATION; INTEGRATED ANALYTICAL APPROACHES; NANO-PARTICLE PRODUCTION; QUANTITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS; SCANNING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SMECTITES; SOLID-STATE AMORPHIZATION;

FAULT SLIPS;

ACTIVE FAULT; AMORPHOUS MEDIUM; DEFORMATION; FRICTION; NANOPARTICLE; SLIP RATE; SMECTITE; STRESS;

EID: 85013037498     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.048     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Ashby, M.F., Verrall, R.A., Diffusion-accommodated flow and superplasticity. Acta Metall. 21 (1973), 149–163, 10.1016/0001-6160(73)90057-6.
2. Bergmann, J., Friedel, P., Kleeberg, P., BGMN – a new fundamental parameters based rietveld program for laboratory X-ray Sources, it's use in quantitative analysis and structure investigations. CPD Newsletter, 1998, 5–8.
3. Boutareaud, S., Calugaru, D.-G., Han, R., Fabbri, O., Mizoguchi, K., Tsutsumi, A., Shimamoto, T., Clay-clast aggregates: a new textural evidence for seismic fault sliding?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 2008, 10.1029/2007GL032554.
4. Brantut, N., Schubnel, A., Rouzaud, J.-N., Brunet, F., Shimamoto, T., High-velocity frictional properties of a clay-bearing fault gouge and implications for earthquake mechanics. J. Geophys. Res., 113, 2008, 10.1029/2007JB005551.
5. Chester, J.S., Chester, F.M., Kronenberg, A.K., Fracture surface energy of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system. Nature 437 (2005), 133–136, 10.1038/nature03942.
6. Chester, F.M., Rowe, C., Ujiie, K., Kirkpatrick, J., Regalla, C., Remitti, F., Moore, J.C., Toy, V., Wolfson-Schwehr, M., Bose, S., Kameda, J., Mori, J.J., Brodsky, E.E., Eguchi, N., Toczko, S., Expedition 343 and 343T Scientists, Structure and composition of the plate-boundary slip zone for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Science 342 (2013), 1208–1211, 10.1126/science.1243719.
7. Chipera, S.J., Bish, D.L., Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source clays: powder X-ray diffraction analyses. Clays Clay Miner. 49 (2001), 398–409.
8. De Castro, C.L., Mitchell, B.S., Nanoparticles from mechanical attrition. Synthesis, Functualization and Surface Treatment of Nanoparticles, 2002, 1–14.
9. De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R.E., Viti, C., Collettini, C., Bullock, R., Can grain size sensitive flow lubricate faults during the initial stages of earthquake propagation?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 431 (2015), 48–58, 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.002.
10. Di Toro, G., Goldsby, D.L., Tullis, T.E., Friction falls towards zero in quartz rock as slip velocity approaches seismic rates. Nature 427 (2004), 436–439.
11. Di Toro, G., Han, R., Hirose, T., De Paola, N., Nielsen, S., Mizoguchi, K., Ferri, F., Cocco, M., Shimamoto, T., Fault lubrication during earthquakes. Nature 471 (2011), 494–498, 10.1038/nature09838.
12. Di Toro, G., Niemeijer, A., Tripoli, A., Nielsen, S., Di Felice, F., Scarlato, P., Spada, G., Alessandroni, R., Romeo, G., Di Stefano, G., Smith, S., Spagnuolo, E., Mariano, S., From field geology to earthquake simulation: a new state-of-the-art tool to investigate rock friction during the seismic cycle (SHIVA). Rend. Lincei 21 (2010), 95–114, 10.1007/s12210-010-0097-x.
13. Ferrage, E., Kirk, C.A., Cressey, G., Cuadros, J., Dehydration of Ca-montmorillonite at the crystal scale. Part 2. Mechanisms and kinetics. Am. Mineral. 92 (2007), 1007–1017, 10.2138/am.2007.2397.
14. Ferri, F., Di Toro, G., Hirose, T., Han, R., Noda, H., Shimamoto, T., Quaresimin, M., De Rossi, N., Low- to high-velocity frictional properties of the clay-rich gouges from the slipping zone of the 1963 Vaiont slide, northern Italy. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 116 (2011), 1–17, 10.1029/2011JB008338.
15. French, M.E., Kitajima, H., Chester, J.S., Chester, F.M., Hirose, T., Displacement and dynamic weakening processes in smectite-rich gouge from the Central Deforming Zone of the San Andreas Fault. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 119 (2014), 1777–1802, 10.1002/2013JB010757.
16. Fulton, P.M., Brodsky, E.E., Kano, Y., Mori, J., Chester, F., Ishikawa, T., Harris, R.N., Lin, W., Eguchi, N., Toczko, S., Expedition 343, 343T, and KR13-08 Scientists, 2013. Low coseismic friction on the Tohoku-Oki fault determined from temperature measurements. Science 342 (2013), 1214–1217, 10.1126/science.1243641.
17. Green, H.W., Shi, F., Bozhilov, K., Xia, G., Reches, Z., Phase transformation and nanometric flow cause extreme weakening during fault slip. Nat. Geosci. 8 (2015), 484–489, 10.1038/ngeo2436.
18. Gualtieri, A.F., Accuracy of XRPD QPA using the combined Rietveld-RIR method. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 33 (2000), 267–278, 10.1107/S002188989901643X.
19. Hadizadeh, J., Tullis, T.E., White, J.C., Konkachbaev, A.I., Shear localization, velocity weakening behavior, and development of cataclastic foliation in experimental granite gouge. J. Struct. Geol. 71 (2015), 86–99, 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.013.
20. Hirono, T., Kameda, J., Kanda, H., Tanikawa, W., Ishikawa, T., Mineral assemblage anomalies in the slip zone of the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake: ultrafine particles preserved only in the latest slip zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 (2014), 3052–3059, 10.1002/2014GL059805.
21. Hirono, T., Tanikawa, W., Honda, G., Kameda, J., Fukuda, J., Ishikawa, T., Importance of mechanochemical effects on fault slip behavior during earthquakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (2013), 2988–2992, 10.1002/grl.50609.
22. Holdsworth, R.E., van Diggelen, E.W.E., Spiers, C.J., de Bresser, J.H.P., Walker, R.J., Bowen, L., Fault rocks from the SAFOD core samples: implications for weakening at shallow depths along the San Andreas Fault, California. J. Struct. Geol. 33 (2011), 132–144, 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.11.010.
23. Janssen, C., Naumann, R., Morales, L., Wirth, R., Rhede, D., Dresen, G., Co-seismic and/or a-seismic microstructures of JFAST 343 core samples from the Japan Trench. Mar. Geol. 362 (2015), 33–42, 10.1016/j.margeo.2015.01.013.
24. Janssen, C., Wirth, R., Lin, A., Dresen, G., TEM microstructural analysis in a fault gouge sample of the Nojima Fault Zone, Japan. Tectonophysics 583 (2013), 101–104, 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.10.020.
25. Janssen, C., Wirth, R., Rybacki, E., Naumann, R., Kemnitz, H., Wenk, H.-R., Dresen, G., Amorphous material in SAFOD core samples (San Andreas Fault): evidence for crush-origin pseudotachylytes?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 2010, L01303, 10.1029/2009GL040993.
26. Janssen, C., Wirth, R., Wenk, H.-R., Morales, L., Naumann, R., Kienast, M., Song, S.-R., Dresen, G., Faulting processes in active faults – evidences from TCDP and SAFOD drill core samples. J. Struct. Geol. 65 (2014), 100–116, 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.04.004.
27. Kameda, J., Shimizu, M., Ujiie, K., Hirose, T., Ikari, M., Mori, J., Oohashi, K., Kimura, G., Pelagic smectite as an important factor in tsunamigenic slip along the Japan Trench. Geology 43 (2015), 155–158, 10.1130/G35948.1.
28. Kanamori, H., Rivera, L., Energy partitioning during an earthquake. Abercrombie, R., McGarr, A., Toro, G.D., Kanamori, H., (eds.) Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting, 2006, American Geophysical Union, 3–13.
29. Kitajima, H., Chester, J.S., Chester, F.M., Shimamoto, T., High-speed friction of disaggregated ultracataclasite in rotary shear: characterization of frictional heating, mechanical behavior, and microstructure evolution. J. Geophys. Res., 115, 2010, 10.1029/2009JB007038.
30. Kuo, L.-W., Song, S.-R., Yeh, E.-C., Chen, H.-F., Clay mineral anomalies in the fault zone of the Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan, and their implications. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 2009, 10.1029/2009GL039269.
31. Logan, J.M., Dengo, C.A., Higgs, N.G., Wang, Z.Z., Fabrics of experimental fault zones: their development and relationship to mechanical behavior. Fault Mech. Transp. Prop. Rock, 1992, 33–67, 10.1016/S0074-6142(08)62814-4.
32. Ma, K.-F., Tanaka, H., Song, S.-R., Wang, C.-Y., Hung, J.-H., Tsai, Y.-B., Mori, J., Song, Y.-F., Yeh, E.-C., Soh, W., Sone, H., Kuo, L.-W., Wu, H.-Y., Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project. Nature 444 (2006), 473–476, 10.1038/nature05253.
33. Mizoguchi, K., Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Fukuyama, E., Reconstruction of seismic faulting by high-velocity friction experiments: an example of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 2007, 10.1029/2006GL027931.
34. Nakamura, Y., Oohashi, K., Toyoshima, T., Satish-Kumar, M., Akai, J., Strain-induced amorphization of graphite in fault zones of the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Hokkaido, Japan. J. Struct. Geol. 72 (2015), 142–161, 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.012.
35. Ohtani, T., Fujimoto, K., Ito, H., Tanaka, H., Tomida, N., Higuchi, T., Fault rocks and past to recent fluid characteristics from the borehole survey of the Nojima fault ruptured in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, southwest Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000), 16161–16171, 10.1029/2000JB900086.
36. Ozawa, K., Takizawa, S., Amorphous material formed by the mechanochemical effect in natural pseudotachylyte of crushing origin: a case study of the Iida-Matsukawa Fault, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. J. Struct. Geol. 29 (2007), 1855–1869, 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.08.008.
37. Reches, Z., Dewers, T.A., Gouge formation by dynamic pulverization during earthquake rupture. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 235 (2005), 361–374, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.009.
38. Remitti, F., Smith, S.A.F., Mittempergher, S., Gualtieri, A.F., Di Toro, G., Frictional properties of fault zone gouges from the J-FAST drilling project (Mw 9.0 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake). Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (2015), 2691–2699, 10.1002/2015GL063507.
39. Rempe, M., Smith, S.a.F., Ferri, F., Mitchell, T.M., Di Toro, G., Clast-cortex aggregates in experimental and natural calcite-bearing fault zones. J. Struct. Geol. 68 (2014), 142–157, 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.09.007.
40. Sammis, C.G., Ben-Zion, Y., Mechanics of grain-size reduction in fault zones. J. Geophys. Res., 113, 2008, 10.1029/2006JB004892.
41. Schleicher, A.M., Van der Pluijm, B.A., Warr, L.N., Nanocoatings of clay and creep of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California. Geology 38 (2010), 667–670, 10.1130/G31091.1.
42. Smith, S.A.F., Nielsen, S., Di Toro, G., Strain localization and the onset of dynamic weakening in calcite fault gouge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 413 (2015), 25–36, 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.043.
43. Spagnuolo, E., Plümper, O., Violay, M., Cavallo, A., Di Toro, G., Fast-moving dislocations trigger flash weakening in carbonate-bearing faults during earthquakes. Sci. Rep., 5, 2015, 16112, 10.1038/srep16112.
44. Tinti, E., Spudich, P., Cocco, M., Earthquake fracture energy inferred from kinematic rupture models on extended faults. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 110, 2005, B12303, 10.1029/2005JB003644.
45. Ufer, K., Roth, G., Kleeberg, R., Stanjek, H., Dohrmann, R., Bergmann, J., Description of X-ray powder pattern of turbostratically disordered layer structures with a Rietveld compatible approach. Z. Kristallogr., Cryst. Mater. 219 (2009), 519–527, 10.1524/zkri.219.9.519.44039.
46. Verberne, B.A., Plümper, O., de Winter, D.M., Spiers, C.J., Superplastic nanofibrous slip zones control seismogenic fault friction. Science 346 (2014), 1342–1344, 10.1126/science.1259003.
47. Veveakis, E., Vardoulakis, I., Di Toro, G., Thermoporomechanics of creeping landslides: the 1963 Vaiont slide, northern Italy. J. Geophys. Res., 112, 2007, 10.1029/2006JF000702.
48. Westphal, T., Füllmann, T., Pöllmann, H., Rietveld quantification of amorphous portions with an internal standard – mathematical consequences of the experimental approach. Powder Diffr. 24 (2009), 239–243, 10.1154/1.3187828.
49. Yund, R.A., Blanpied, M.L., Tullis, T.E., Weeks, J.D., Amorphous material in high strain experimental fault gouges. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 95 (1990), 15589–15602, 10.1029/JB095iB10p15589.