Reductive technology and the epipaleolithic of the middle east and north africa

Archaeological Variability and Interpretation in Global Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 71-97

  Olszewski, Deborah I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85012815378     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (103)

1. Adams, William Y., and Ernest W. Adams. 1991. Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality. New York: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO 9780511558207.
2. Bardon, L., J. Bouyssonie, and A. Bouyssonie. 1906. "Outils écaillées par Percussion." Revue de l'école d'Anthropologie XVI:170-175.
3. Barrera, William M., Jr., and Patrick Vinton Kirch. 1973. "Basaltic-Glass Artefacts from Hawaii: Their Dating and Prehistoric Uses." Journal of the Polynesian Society (N. Z.) 82:177-187.
4. Barton, R.N.E., A. Bouzouggar, S. N. Collcutt, R. Gale, T.F.G. Higham, L. T. Humphrey, S. Parfitt, E. Rhodes, C. B. Stringer, and F. Malek. 2005. "The Late Upper Palaeolithic Occupation of the Moroccan Northwest Maghreb during the Last Glacial Maximum." African Archaeological Review 22(2):77-100. http://dx.doi .org/10.1007/s10437-005-4190-y.
5. Barton, C. Michael, Deborah I. Olszewski, and Nancy R. Coinman. 1996. "Beyond the Graver: Reconsidering Burin Function." Journal of Field Archaeology 23(1):111- 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530611.
6. Bar-Yosef, Ofer. 1991. "Stone Tools and Social Context in Levantine Prehistory." In Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean Hunter-Gatherer Research, ed. Geoffrey A. Clark, 371-395. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
7. Bar-Yosef, Ofer, and Philip Van Peer. 2009. "The Chaîne Opératoire Approach in Middle Paleolithic Archaeology." Current Anthropology 50(1):103-131. http://dx.doi .org/10.1086/592234.
8. Becker, Mark, and Fred Wendorf. 1993. "A Microwear Study of a Late Pleistocene Quadan Assemblage from Southern Egypt." Journal of Field Archaeology 20:389-398.
9. Bettinger, Robert L., James F. O'Connell, and David Hurst Thomas. 1991. "Projectile Points as Time Markers in the Great Basin." American Anthropologist 93(1):166-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1991.93.1.02a00140.
10. Binford, Lewis R., and Sally R. Binford. 1966. "A Preliminary Analysis of Functional Variability in the Mousterian of Levallois Facies." American Anthropologist 68(2):238-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1966.68.2.02a001030.
11. Bisson, Michael. 2000. "Nineteenth Century Tools for Twenty-First Century Archaeology? Why the Middle Paleolithic Typology of François Bordes Must Be Replaced." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7(1):1-48. http://dx.doi .org/10.1023/A:1009578011590.
12. Bleed, Peter. 2001. "Trees or Chains, Links or Branches: Conceptual Alternatives for Consideration of Stone Tool Production and Other Sequential Activities." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8(1):101-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023 /A:1009526016167.
13. Bordes, François. 1961. "Mousterian Cultures in France." Science 134(3482):803-810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.134.3482.803.
14. Bordes, François. 1979. Typologie du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Cahiers du Quaternaire 1. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
15. Bourguignon, Laurence, J.-P. Faivre, and Alain Turq. 2004. "Ramification des Chaînes Opératoires: Une Spécificité du Moustérien?" Paléo 16:37-48.
16. Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil. 1997. "économie des Matières Premières et du Débitage dans la Séquence Atérienne de la Grotte d'El Mnasra I (Ancienne grotte des Contrebandiers-Maroc)." Préhistoire Anthropologie Méditerranéennes 6:35-52.
17. Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil, R.N.E. Barton, S. Blockley, C. Bronk-Ramsey, S. N. Collcutt, R. Gale, T.F.G. Higham, L. T. Humphrey, S. Parfitt, E. Turner, et al. 2008. "Reevaluating the Age of the Iberomaurusian in Morocco." African Archaeological Review 25(1-2):3-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-008-9023-3.
18. Braidwood, Robert J., and Bruce Howe. 1960. Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization No. 31. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Braidwood, Robert J., Bruce Howe, and Charles A. Reed. 1961. "The Iranian Prehistoric Project." Science 133(3469):2008-2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science .133.3469.2008.
20. Byrd, Brian F. 1988. "Late Pleistocene Settlement Diversity in the Azraq Basin." Paléorient 14(2):257-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1988.4472.
21. Byrd, Brian F., and Andrew N. Garrard. 2013. "Regional Patterns in Late Palaeolithic Chipped Stone Production and Technology in the Levant." In Beyond the Fertile Crescent: Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic Communities of the Jordanian Steppe, The Azraq Basin Project, ed. Andrew N. Garrard and Brian F. Byrd, vol. 1., 350-393. Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books.
22. Camps, Gabriel. 1974. Le Civilisations Préhistoriques de l'Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
23. Carr, Philip J., and Andrew P. Bradbury. 2011. ""Learning from Lithics: A Perspective on the Foundation and Future of the Organization of Technology." Special Issue: Reduction Sequence, Chaîne Opératoire, and Other Methods: The Epistemologies of Different Approaches to Lithic Analysis." PaleoAnthropology 2011:305-319.
24. Chauchat, Cl., C. Normand, J.-P. Raynal, and R. Santa-Maria. 1985. "Le Retour de la Pièce Esquillée." Bulletin de la Societé Préhistorique Française 82:35-41.
25. Clark, Geoffrey A. 1993. "Paradigms in Science and Archaeology." Journal of Archaeological Research 1(3):203-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01326535.
26. Clark, Geoffrey A. 2002. "Observations on Paradigmatic Bias in French and American Paleolithic Archaeology." In The Role of American Archeologists in the Study of the European Upper Paleolithic, ed. Lawrence Straus, 19-26. BAR International Series 1048. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
27. Clark, Geoffrey A., John Lindly, Marcia Donaldson, Andrew Garrard, Nancy Coinman, Joseph Schuldenrein, Suzanne Fish, and Deborah Olszewski. 1988. "Excavations at Middle, Upper and Epipaleolithic Sites in the Wadi 'Hasa, West-Central Jordan." In The Prehistory of Jordan in 1986, ed. Andrew Garrard and Hans-Georg Gebel, 209-285. BAR International Series 396. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
28. Clark, J. Desmond, and Maxine R. Kleindienst. 1974. "The Stone Age Cultural Sequence: Terminology, Typology and Raw Material." In Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, vol. 2. ed. J. Desmond Clark, 71-106. London: Cambridge University Press.
29. Close, Angela E. 1989. "Report on Site E-81-1: An Early Kubbaniyan Site on the Edge of the Kubbaniyan Dune Field." In The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, Volume 3. Late Paleolithic Archaeology, ed. Fred Wendorf, Romuald Schild, and Angela E. Close, 490-523. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.
30. Coinman, Nancy R., Deborah I. Olszewski, Kholood Abdo, Todd G. Clausen, Jason B. Cooper, Jason Fox, Maysoon al-Nahar, Edward Richey, and Leslie Saele. 1999. "The Eastern Hasa Late Pleistocene Project: Preliminary Report on the 1998 Season." Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 43:9-25.
31. Debénath, André, and Harold L. Dibble. 1994. Handbook of Paleolithic Typology. Volume One: Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
32. Demars, P.-Yves, and Pierre Laurent. 1992. Types d'Outils Lithiques du Paléolithique Supérieure en Europe. Paris: Presses du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
33. de Sonneville-Bordes, Denise, and Jean Perrot. 1954. "Lexique Typologique du Paléolithique Supérieur. I. Grattoirs-II. Outils Solutréens." Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 51(7):327-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1954.3106.
34. de Sonneville-Bordes, Denise, and Jean Perrot. 1955. "Lexique Typologique du Paléolithique Supérieur. III. Outils composites-Perçoirs." Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 52(1/2):76-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1955.3156.
35. de Sonneville-Bordes, Denise, and Jean Perrot. 1956. "Lexique Typologique du Paléolithique Supérieur. IV. Burins-V. Outillage à Bord Abattu-VI. Pièces Tronquées-VII. Lames Retouchées-VIII. Pièces Variées-IX. Outillage Lamellaire. Pointe Azilienne." Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 53(7):408-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1956.3357.
36. Dibble, Harold L. 1987. "The Interpretation of Middle Paleolithic Scraper Morphology." American Antiquity 52(1):109-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281062.
37. Dibble, Harold L. 1995. "Middle Paleolithic Scraper Reduction: Background, Clarification, and Review of the Evidence to Date." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2(4):299-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02229003.
38. Dibble, Harold L., and Simon J. Holdaway. 1993. "The Middle Paleolithic Industries of Warwasi." In The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, ed. Deborah I. Olszewski and Harold L. Dibble, 75-99. University Museum Symposium Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
39. Dibble, Harold L., and Shannon P. McPherron. 2006. "The Missing Mousterian." Current Anthropology 47(5):777-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/506282.
40. Dibble, Harold L., Shannon P. McPherron, Philip Chase, William R. Farrand, and André Debénath. 2006. "Taphonomy and the Concept of Paleolithic Cultures: The Case of the Tayacian from Fontéchevade." PaleoAnthropology 2006:1-21.
41. Donaldson, Marcia L. 1991. "Historic Biases in Modern Perceptions of the Levantine Epipaleolithic." In Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean Hunter-Gatherer Research, ed. Geoffrey A. Clark, 341-352. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
42. Escalon de Fonton, M. 1969. "La Pièce Esquillée-Essai d'Interpretation." Bulletin de la Societé Préhistorique Française 66(3):76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406 /bspf.1969.10365.
43. Flenniken, J. Jeffrey, and Philip J. Wilke. 1989. "Typology, Technology, and Chronology of Great Basin Dart Points." American Anthropologist 91(1):149-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00100.
44. Frison, George. 1968. "A Functional Analysis of Certain Chipped Stone Tools." American Antiquity 3(2):149-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/278516.
45. Garcea, Elena A. A., and Carlo Giraudi. 2006. "Late Quaternary Human Settlement Patterning in the Jebel Gharbi." Journal of Human Evolution 51(4):411-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.05.002.
46. Garrard, Andrew N., Alison V. G. Betts, Brian F. Byrd, Susan Colledge, and Christopher Hunt. 1988. "Summary of Palaeoenvironmental and Prehistoric Investigations in the Azraq Basin." In The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, ed. Andrew N. Garrard and Hans-Georg Gebel, 311-337. BAR International Series 396. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
47. Garrod, Dorothy A. E. 1930. "The Palaeolithic of Southern Kurdistan: Excavations in the Caves of Zarzi and Hazar Merd." Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research 6:8-43.
48. Goring-Morris, A. Nigel. 1987. At the Edge: Terminal Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherers in the Negev and Sinai. BAR International Series 361. 2 vols. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
49. Goring-Morris, A. Nigel, and Anna Belfer-Cohen. 1997. "The Articulation of Cultural Processes and Late Quaternary Environmental Changes in Cisjordan." Paléorient 23(2):71-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1997.4653.
50. Goring-Morris, A. Nigel, Donald O. Henry, James L. Phillips, Geoffrey A. Clark, C. Michael Barton, and Michael P. Neely. 1996. "Pattern in the Epipalaeolithic of the Levant: Debate after Neeley and Barton." Antiquity 70:130-137.
51. Hours, Francis. 1974. "Remarques sur l'Utilisation des Listes-Types pour l'étude du Paléolithique Supérieur et de l'épipaléolithique du Levant." Paléorient 2(1):3-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1974.4172.
52. Jelinek, Arthur J. 1976. "Form, Function, and Style in Lithic Analysis." In Cultural Change and Continuity: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin, ed. C. E. Cleland, 19-33. New York: Academic Press.
53. Kaufman, Daniel. 1995. "Microburins and Microliths of the Levantine Epipaleolithic: A Comment on the Paper by Neeley and Barton." Antiquity 69(263):375-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00064784.
54. Knecht, Heidi. 1988. Upper Paleolithic Burins: Type, Form, and Function. BAR International Series 434. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
55. Kusimba, Sibel Barut. 2001. "The Early Later Stone Age in East Africa: Excavations and Lithic Assemblages from Lukenya Hill." African Archaeological Review 18(2):77-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011032025300.
56. Leakey, Louis S. B. 1951. Olduvai Gorge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Leakey, Mary D. 1966. "A Review of the Oldowan Culture from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." Nature 210(5035):462-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/210462a0.
58. Leguay, Louis. 1877. "Les Procèdes Employés pour la Gravure et la Sculpture des Os avec le Silex." Bulletin de la Societé d'Anthropologie de Paris 12(1):280-296. http://dx .doi.org/10.3406/bmsap.1877.3234.
59. Lindly, John M., Roman F. Beck, and Geoffrey A. Clark. 2000. "Core Reconstructions and Lithic Reduction Sequences at WHS 623X: An Upper Paleolithic Site in the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan." In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Volume 2, Excavations at Middle, Upper, and Epipaleolithic Sites, ed. Nancy R. Coinman, 211-226. Anthropological Research Papers No. 52. Tempe: Arizona State University.
60. Lombard, Marlize. 2012. "Thinking Through the Middle Stone Age of Sub-Saharan Africa." Quaternary International 270:140-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint .2012.02.033.
61. McPherron, Shannon P. 1999. "Ovate and Pointed Handaxe Assemblages: Two Points Make a Line." Préhistoire Européenne 14:9-32.
62. McPherron, Shannon P., ed. 2007. Tools Versus Cores. Alternative Approaches to Stone Tool Analysis. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.
63. Monnier, Gilliane. 2006. "Testing Retouched Flake Tool Standardization During the Middle Paleolithic: Patterns and Implications." In Transitions before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, ed. E. Hovers and S. Kuhn, 57-83. New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24661 -4_4.
64. Neeley, Michael P., and C. Michael Barton. 1994. "A New Approach to Interpreting Late Pleistocene Microlith Industries in Southwest Asia." Antiquity 68:275-288.
65. Neeley, Michael P., Jane D. Peterson, Geoffrey A. Clark, Suzanne K. Fish, and Margaret Glass. 1998. "Investigations at Tor al-Tareeq: An Epipaleolithic Site in the Wadi el-Hasa, Jordan." Journal of Field Archaeology 25:295-317.
66. Olszewski, Deborah I. 1993a. "Zarzian Microliths from Warwasi Rockshelter, Iran: Scalene Triangles as Arrow Components." In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, ed. Gail Larsen-Peterkin, Harvey M. Bricker and Paul A. Mellars, 199-205. Archaeological Papers No. 4. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4 .1.199.
67. Olszewski, Deborah I. 1993b. "The Zarzian Occupation of Warwasi Rockshelter, Iran." In The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, ed. Deborah I. Olszewski and Harold L. Dibble, 206-236. University Museum Symposium Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
68. Olszewski, Deborah I. 1996. "The Lithic Transition to the Early Neolithic in the Zagros Region: Zarzian and M'lefaatian Industries." In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, ed. Stefan Kozlowski and Hans-Georg Gebel, 183-192. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Berlin: Ex Oriente.
69. Olszewski, Deborah I. 1999. "The Early Upper Paleolithic in the Zagros Mountains." In Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeolithic. Studies in the Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East and Europe, ed. William Davies and Ruth Charles, 167-180. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
70. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2000. "The Epipaleolithic in the Wadi al-Hasa: An Overview." In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan, Volume 2. Excavations at Middle, Upper, and Epipaleolithic Sites, ed. Nancy R. Coinman, 227-243. Anthropological Research Papers No. 52. Tempe: Arizona State University.
71. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2001a. "My 'Backed and Truncated Bladelet,' Your 'Point': Terminology and Interpretation in Levantine Epipaleolithic Assemblages." In Beyond Tools: Redefining the PPN Lithic Assemblages of the Levant, ed. Isabella Caneva, Cristina Lemorini, Daniela Zampetti, and Paolo Biagi, 303-318. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 9. Berlin: Ex Oriente.
72. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2001b. "Ruminations on the Early Upper Paleolithic and a Consideration of the Zagros Aurignacian." In Questioning the Answers: Re-solving Fundamental Problems of the Early Upper Paleolithic, ed. Maureen A. Hays and Paul T. Thacker, 79-89. BAR International Series 1005. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
73. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2003. "The Conundrum of the Levantine Late Upper Palaeolithic and Early Epipalaeolithic: Perspectives from the Wadi al-Hasa, Jordan." In More Than Meets the Eye: Studies in Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Nigel Goring-Morris and Anna Belfer-Cohen, 230-241. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
74. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2006. "Issues in the Levantine Epipaleolithic: The Madamaghan, Nebekian, and Qalkhan (Levant Epipaleolithic)." Paléorient 32(1):19-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2006.5168.
75. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2007a. "Carinated Tools, Cores, and Mobility: The Zagros Aurignacian Example." In Tools Versus Cores: Alternative Approaches to Stone Tool Analysis, ed. Shannon P. McPherron, 91-106. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.
76. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2007b. "Issues in the Development of the Early Upper Paleolithic and a 'Transitional' Industry from the Zagros Region." In New Approaches to the Study of Early Upper Paleolithic "Transitional" Industries in Western Eurasia: Transitions Great and Small, ed. Julien Riel-Salvatore and Geoffrey A. Clark, 131-142. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1620. Oxford: Archaeopress.
77. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2008. "The Palaeolithic Period, Including the Epipaleolithic." In Jordan: An Archaeological Reader, ed. Russell Adams, 35-69. Oakville, CT: Equinox Publishing.
78. Olszewski, Deborah I. 2016. "Late Upper Paleolithic and Initial Epipaleolithic in the Marshlands: A View from Tor Sageer, Wadi al-Hasa, Jordan." In Fresh Fields and Pastures New: Papers Presented in Honor of Andrew M.T. Moore, ed. K. Lillois and M. Chazan, 41-53. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
79. Olszewski, Deborah I., and Maysoon al-Nahar. 2014. "The 2012 Excavations in the Area A Early Epipaleolithic at Tor at-Tareeq, Wadi al-Hasa." Neo-Lithics 1/14:25-32.
80. Olszewski, Deborah I., Nancy R. Coinman, Todd G. Clausen, Jason B. Cooper, Henrik Jansson, Maysoon al-Nahar, Utsav Schurmans, Leslie S. Saele, Amy J. Sampson, and Jason R. Thompson. 2001. "The Eastern Hasa Late Pleistocene Project: Preliminary Report on the 2000 Field Season." Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 45:39-60.
81. Olszewski, Deborah I., Nancy R. Coinman, Joseph Schuldenrein, Todd G. Clausen, Jason B. Cooper, Jason Fox, J. Brett Hill, Maysoon al-Nahar, and John Williams. 1998. "The Eastern Hasa Late Pleistocene Project: Preliminary Report on the 1997 Season." Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42:53-74.
82. Olszewski, Deborah I., and Harold L. Dibble. 1994. "The Zagros Aurignacian." Current Anthropology 35(1):68-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/204242.
83. Olszewski, Deborah I., and Harold L. Dibble. 2006. "To Be or Not to Be Aurignacian: The Zagros Upper Paleolithic." In Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian, ed. Ofer Bar-Yosef and João Zilhão, 355-373. Trabalhos de Arqueologia 45. Lisbon: American School of Prehistoric Research/Instituto Português de Arqueologia.
84. Olszewski, Deborah I., Utsav A. Schurmans, and Beverly A. Schmidt. 2011. "The Epipaleolithic (Iberomaurusian) from Grotte des Contrebandiers, Morocco." African Archaeological Review 28(2):97-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437 -010-9086-9.
85. Pallary, P. 1909. Instructions pour la Recherché Préhistorique dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Afrique. Mémoires de la Société Historique Algérienne No. 3. Algiers.
86. Pirie, Anne. 2004. "Constructing Prehistory: Lithic Analysis in the Levantine Epipalaeolithic." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10(3):675-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00207.x.
87. Roche, Jean. 1963. L'épipaléolithique Marocain. Paris: Librairie Marcel Didier.
88. Roche, Jean. 1973. "Notes sur les Activités de Chantiers (1972)." Bulletin d'Archéologie Marocaine 9:147-153.
89. Roche, Jean, and Jean-Pierre Texier. 1976. "Découverte de Restes Humains dans un Niveau Atérien Supérieur de la Grotte des Contrebandiers, à Temara (Maroc)." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 282:45-47.
90. Rust, Alfred. 1950. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.
91. Sellet, Frédéric. 1993. "Chaîne Opératoire: The Concept and Its Applications." Lithic Technology 8:106-122.
92. Shackley, M. Steven. 2005. Obsidian: Geology and Archaeology in the North American Southwest. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
93. Shea, John J. 2008. "The Lower and Middle Paleolithic in the Middle East and Neighboring Regions." Evolutionary Anthropology 17(5):205-207. http://dx.doi.org /10.1002/evan.20183.
94. Shea, John J. 2013. "Lithic Modes A-I: A New Framework for Describing Global- Scale Variation in Stone Tool Technology Illustrated with Evidence from the East Mediterranean Levant." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20(1):151-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-012-9128-5.
95. Shott, Michael J., John M. Lindly, and Geoffrey A. Clark. 2011. "Continuous Modeling of Core Reduction: Lessons from Refitting Cores from WHS 623x, an Upper Paleolithic Site in Jordan." Special Issue: Reduction Sequence, Chaîne Opératoire, and Other Methods: The Epistemologies of Different Approaches to Lithic Analysis. PaleoAnthropology 2011:320-333.
96. Steenhuyse, Alexandre. 2007. "Continuity and Change in Lithic Technological and Economic Strategies: The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Industries of the Brive Basin (France)." PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
97. Tixier, Jacques. 1963. Typologie de l'épipaléolithique du Maghreb. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.
98. Tostevin, Gilbert B. 2011. "Levels of Theory and Social Practice in the Reduction Sequence and Chaîne Opératoire Methods of Lithic Analysis." Special Issue: Reduction Sequence, Chaîne Opératoire, and Other Methods: The Epistemologies of Different Approaches to Lithic Analysis. PaleoAnthropology 2011:351-374.
99. Toth, Nicholas. 1985. "The Oldowan Reassessed: A Close Look at Early Stone Artifacts." Journal of Archaeological Science 12(2):101-120. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/0305-4403(85)90056-1.
100. Toth, Nicholas. 1987. "The First Technology." Scientific American 256(4):112-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0487-112.
101. Turnbull, Priscilla F., and Charles A. Reed. 1974. The Fauna from the Terminal Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave. A Zarzian Occupation Site in Northeastern Iraq. Fieldiana: Anthropology, Vol. 63(3). Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
102. Vaughan, Patrick. 1985. "The Burin-Blow Technique: Creator or Eliminator?" Journal of Field Archaeology 12:488-496.
103. Willoughby, Pamela R. 2001. "Middle and Later Stone Age Technology from the Lake Rukwa Rift, Southwestern Tanzania." South African Archaeological Bulletin 56(173/174):34-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889026.