Human enteric bacteria and viruses in five wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Journal of Infection and Public Health

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 541-547

  Osuolale, Olayinka ^a   Okoh, Anthony ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Eastern Cape; Effluent; Enterovirus; Faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli; Rotavirus; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA; BACTERIAL RNA; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA;

ADSORPTION; ARTICLE; AUTUMN; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BACTERIUM DETECTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EFFLUENT; ELUTION; ENTEROVIRUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECAL COLIFORM; LIMIT OF DETECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; ROTAVIRUS; SEASONAL VARIATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SOUTH AFRICA; SPRING; SUMMER; VIRAL CONTAMINATION; VIRUS CONCENTRATION; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS GENOME; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; WATER CONTAMINATION; WINTER; FECES; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; SEASON; VIROLOGY; WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY; WASTE WATER; WATER MANAGEMENT;

DNA, VIRAL; ENTEROVIRUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES; GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME; HUMANS; ROTAVIRUS; SEASONS; SOUTH AFRICA; WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES; WASTE WATER; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 85011371070     PISSN: 18760341     EISSN: 1876035X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.11.012     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Water Policies and Agriculture. 1993, The State of Food and Agriculture.
2. Stringer, R., The environment, economics and water policies. Centre for International Economic Studies, 1997, University of Adelaide.
3. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, South Africa environment outlook: a report on the state of environment of South Africa., 2006.
4. Mema, V., Impact of poorly maintained waste water and sewage treatment plants: lessons from South Africa. ReSource, 12, 2010 60–1, 63, 65.
5. Akpor, O., Muchie, B., Environmental and public health implications of wastewater quality. Afr J Biotechnol 10 (2011), 2379–2387.
6. Szymanski, N., Patterson, R., Effective microorganisms (EM) and wastewater systems. Future directions for on-site systems: best management practice proceedings of on-site ’03 conference, 2003, 347–354.
7. Akpor, O., Wastewater effluent discharge: effects and treatment processes. 3rd international conference on chemical, biological and environmental engineering 20 (2011), 85–91.
8. Sowers, A., The effects of wastewater effluent on a fish and amphibian species. 2009, Clemson University.
9. DWAF D of WA, 2nd ed. South African water quality guidelines: domestic use, vol. 1, 1996, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.
10. Ashbolt, N., Grabow, W., Snozzi, M., Indicators of microbial water quality. Water Qual Guidel Stand Health 28 (2001), 289–316.
11. Mara, D., Horan, N.J., Handbook of water and wastewater microbiology. 2003, Elsevier Science.
12. Lin, J., Ganesh, A., Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses. Int J Environ Health Res 23 (2013), 484–506, 10.1080/09603123.2013.769201.
13. La Rosa, G., Pourshaban, M., Iaconelli, M., Muscillo, M., Quantitative real-time PCR of enteric viruses in influent and effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants in Italy. Ann Ist Super Sanita 46 (2010), 266–273, 10.4415/ANN-10-03-07.
14. Nordgren, J., Matussek, A., Mattsson, A., Svensson, L., Lindgren, P.-E.E., Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 43 (2009), 1117–1125, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053.
15. Simmons, F.J., Xagoraraki, I., Release of infectious human enteric viruses by full-scale wastewater utilities. Water Res 45 (2011), 3590–3598, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.001.
16. Rodrígue, R.A., Occurrence of enteric viruses on combined sewer overflows. 2007, University of Arizona.
17. Fong, T.-T., Phanikumar, M.S., Xagoraraki, I., Rose, J.B., Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflows influencing a Michigan river. Appl Environ Microbiol 76 (2010), 715–723, 10.1128/AEM.01316-09.
18. Pusch, D., Oh, D.-Y., Wolf, S., Dumke, R., Schröter-Bobsin, U., Höhne, M., et al. Detection of enteric viruses and bacterial indicators in German environmental waters. Arch Virol 150 (2005), 929–947, 10.1007/s00705-004-0467-8.
19. Haramoto, E., Katayama, H., Phanuwan, C., Ohgaki, S., Quantitative detection of sapoviruses in wastewater and river water in Japan. Lett Appl Microbiol 46 (2008), 408–413, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02330.x.
20. Okoh, A.I., Sibanda, T., Gusha, S.S., Inadequately treated wastewater as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7 (2010), 2620–2637, 10.3390/ijerph7062620.
21. Haramoto, E., Katayama, H., Utagawa, E., Ohgaki, S., Recovery of human norovirus from water by virus concentration methods. J Virol Methods 160 (2009), 206–209, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.002.
22. Jothikumar, N., Kang, G., Hill, V.R., Broadly reactive TaqMan assay for real-time RT-PCR detection of rotavirus in clinical and environmental samples. J Virol Methods 155 (2009), 126–131, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.09.025 JIN2@cdc.gov.
23. Seidel, G., Detection of non-CPE producing enteric viruses via ICC-PCR at wastewater land application sites in Arizona and California; endocrine disruption activity after wetland, pond, and soil aquifer treatment of wastewater. 2003, University of Arizona.
24. Sans SANS, Drinking water—part 1: microbiological, physical, chemical, aesthetic and chemical determinands. 2011.
25. Jiang, S.C., Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol 40 (2006), 7132–7140.
26. Myers, D.N., Fecal indicator bacteria: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations. National field manual for the collection of water-quality data, vol. 7, 2003, 1–64.
27. Myers, B.D.N., Stoeckel, D.M., Bushon, R.N., Francy, D.S., Brady, A.M.G., Fecal indicator bacteria: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations. National field manual for the collection of water-quality data, vol. 0, 2007.
28. Sibanda, T., Chigor, V.N., Okoh, A.I., Seasonal and spatio-temporal distribution of faecal-indicator bacteria in Tyume River in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Environ Monit Assess 185 (2013), 6579–6590, 10.1007/s10661-012-3048-4.
29. Chigor, V.N., Sibanda, T., Okoh, A.I., Studies on the bacteriological qualities of the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20 (2013), 4125–4136, 10.1007/s11356-012-1348-4.
30. Dungeni, M., van Der Merwe, R.R., Momba, M.N.B., Abundance of pathogenic bacteria and viral indicators in chlorinated effluents produced by four wastewater treatment plants in the Gauteng Province, South. Water SA 36 (2010), 607–614, 10.4314/wsa.v36i5.61994.
31. Mazibuko, N.N., Evaluation of the quality indices of the final effluents of an urban wastewater treatment plant in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. 2012, University of Fort Hare.
32. Farasat, T., Bilal, Z., Yunus, F., Isolation and biochemical identification of Escherichia coli from wastewater effluents of food and beverage industry. J Cell Mol Biol 10 (2012), 13–18.
33. Zanetti, F., De, Luca G., Sacchetti, R., Microbe removal in secondary effluent by filtration. Ann Microbiol 56 (2006), 313–317.
34. Diallo, A.A., Brugère, H., Kérourédan, M., Dupouy, V., Toutain, P.L., Bousquet-Mélou, A., et al. Persistence and prevalence of pathogenic and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving slaughterhouse wastewater. Water Res 47 (2013), 4719–4729, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.047.
35. Verma, T., Ramteke, P.W., Garg, S.K., Quality assessment of treated tannery wastewater with special emphasis on pathogenic E. coli detection through serotyping. Environ Monit Assess 145 (2008), 243–249, 10.1007/s10661-007-0033-4.
36. Ben, Salem I., Ouardani, I., Hassine, M., Aouni, M., Bacteriological physico-chemical assessment of wastewater in different region of Tunisia: impact on human health. BMC Res Notes, 4, 2011, 144, 10.1186/1756-0500-4-144.
37. Veneman, P.L.M., Stewart, B., Greywater Characterization and Treatment Efficiency. 2002, The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts.
38. Asano, T., Bahri, A., Anderson, J., Milestones in water reuse: the best success stories. 2013, IWA Publishing.
39. Hendricks, R., Pool, E.J., The effectiveness of sewage treatment processes to remove faecal pathogens and antibiotic residues. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 47 (2012), 289–297, 10.1080/10934529.2012.637432.
40. Luyt, C.D., Tandlich, R., Muller, W.J., Wilhelmi, B.S., Microbial monitoring of surface water in South Africa: an overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9 (2012), 2669–2693, 10.3390/ijerph9082669.
41. Naidoo, S., Olaniran, A.O., Treated wastewater effluent as a source of microbial pollution of surface water resources. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11 (2014), 249–270, 10.3390/ijerph110100249.
42. Chigor, V.N., Okoh, A.I., Quantitative RT-PCR detection of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and source water dams in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9 (2012), 4017–4032, 10.3390/ijerph9114017.
43. Sibanda, T., Okoh, A.I., Real-time PCR quantitative assessment of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Tyume River located in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Water SA 39 (2013), 295–304.
44. Taylor, M.B., Marx, F.E., Grabow, W.O., Rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a South African child care centre. Epidemiol Infect 119 (1997), 227–230, 10.1017/S0950268897007814.
45. Steele, D., Reynecke, E., De Beer, M., Bos, P., Smuts, I., Characterization of rotavirus infection in a hospital neonatal unit in Pretoria, South Africa. J Trop Pediatr 48 (2002), 167–171, 10.1093/tropej/48.3.167.
46. Li, D., Gu, A.Z., Zeng, S.Y., Yang, W., He, M., Shi, H.C., Monitoring and evaluation of infectious rotaviruses in various wastewater effluents and receiving waters revealed correlation and seasonal pattern of occurrences. J Appl Microbiol 110 (2011), 1129–1137, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04954.x.
47. Cook, S.M., Glass, R.I., LeBaron, C.W., Ho, M.S., Global seasonality of rotavirus infections. Bull World Health Organ 68 (1990), 171–177.
48. Zuccotti, G., Meneghin, F., Dilillo, D., Romanò, L., Bottone, R., Mantegazza, C., et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of rotavirus among children younger than 5 years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Northern Italy. BMC Infect Dis, 10, 2010, 218, 10.1186/1471-2334-10-218.
49. Nakajima, H., Nakagomi, T., Kamisawa, T., Sakaki, N., Muramoto, K., Mikami, T., et al. Winter seasonality and rotavirus diarrhoea in adults. Lancet, 357, 2001, 1950, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05086-8.
50. Maldonado, Y.A., Yolken, R.H., Rotavirus. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 4 (1990), 609–625.
51. Grassi, T., Bagordo, F., Idolo, A., Lugoli, F., Gabutti, G., De Donno, A., Rotavirus detection in environmental water samples by tangential flow ultrafiltration and RT-nested PCR. Environ Monit Assess 164 (2010), 199–205, 10.1007/s10661-009-0885-x.
52. Kittigul, L., Khamoun, P., Sujirarat, D., Utrarachkij, F., Chitpirom, K., Chaichantanakit, N., et al. An improved method for concentrating rotavirus from water samples. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 (2001), 815–821, 10.1590/S0074-02762001000600013.
53. He, X.Q., Cheng, L., Li, W., Xie, X.M., Ma, M., Wang, Z.J., Detection and distribution of rotavirus in municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) and surface water in Beijing. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 43 (2008), 424–429, 10.1080/10934520701795731.
54. Pachepsky, Y.A., Shelton, D.R., Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms in freshwater and estuarine sediments. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 41 (2011), 1067–1110, 10.1080/10643380903392718.
55. Hachich, E.M., Di Bari, M., Christ, A.P.G., Lamparelli, C.C., Ramos, S.S., Sato, M.I.Z., Comparison of thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli densities in freshwater bodies. Brazilian J Microbiol 43 (2012), 675–681, 10.1590/S1517-83822012000200032.
56. Hood, M.A., Ness, G.E., Blake, N.J., Relationship among fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 45 (1983), 122–126.
57. Dogan-Halkman, H.B., Çakır, I., Keven, F., Worobo, R.W., Halkman, A.K., Relationship among fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in various foods. Eur Food Resour Technol 216 (2003), 331–334, 10.1007/s00217-002-0647-2.
58. Bass, D., Reinmund, A., Lower Colorado River Authority. Bacteria Study on the Tres Palacios River. 1999, Lower Colorado River Authority, Austin, TX.
59. Francy, D., Myers, D., Metzker, K., Escherichia coli and fecal-coliform bacteria as indicators of recreational water quality. Aps-Accents Publ. Serv., 1993.
60. Gregory, J.B., Litaker, R.W., Noble, R.T., Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 (2006), 3960–3967, 10.1128/AEM.02291-05.
61. Noble, R.T., Griffith, J.F., Blackwood, A.D., Fuhrman, J.A., Gregory, J.B., Hernandez, X., et al. Multitiered approach using quantitative PCR to track sources of fecal pollution affecting Santa Monica Bay, California. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 (2006), 1604–1612, 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1604-1612.2006.