Internet-delivered cognitive therapy for PTSD: a development pilot series

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Wild, Jennifer ^a,b   Warnock Parkes, Emma ^a,b,c   Grey, Nick ^c   Stott, Richard ^c   Wiedemann, Milan ^a,b   Canvin, Lauren ^a,b   Rankin, Harriet ^c   Shepherd, Emma ^a,b   Forkert, Ava ^a,b   Clark, David M ^a,b   Ehlers, Anke ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Oxford NIHR Cognitive Health Clinical Research Facility   (United Kingdom)

^c SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cognitive therapy; Internet based treatment; posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD; trauma

Indexed keywords

EID: 85009994604     PISSN: 20008198     EISSN: 20008066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3402/EJPT.V7.31019     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Retrieved from http://psychiatryonline.org/guidelines
3. Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. (2013). Australian guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Retrieved from http://phoenixaustralia.org/resources/ptsd-guidelines/
4. Bisson, J., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Systematic review and metaanalysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 97-104.
5. Bisson, J.I., Roberts, N.P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD003388. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4
6. Blais, R.K., Tsai, J., Southwick, S.M., & Pietrzak, R.H. (2015). Barriers and facilitators related to mental health care use among older veterans in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 66, 500-506.
7. Bovin, M.J., Marx, B.P., Weathers, F.W., Gallagher, M.W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P.P., & Keane, T.M. (2015). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in Veterans. Psychological Assessment. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254
8. Clark, D.M., Wild, J., Warnock-Parkes, E., Stott, R., Grey, N., & Ehlers, A. (2016). Internet-delivered versus face-to-face cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Manuscript submitted for publication.
9. Clohessy, S., & Ehlers, A. (1999). PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories, and coping in ambulance service workers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 251-265.
10. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hilsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Department of Health. (2011). The IAPT data handbook: Guidance for monitoring and reporting outcomes to support evidence-based practice. Retrieved from http://www.iapt.nhs.uk/silo/files/the-iapt-data-handbook.pdf
12. Duffy, M., Gillespie, K., & Clark, D.M. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 334(7604), 1147.
13. Ehlers, A., Bisson, J., Clark, D.M., Creamer, M., Pilling, S., Richards, S., & … Yule, W. (2010). Do all psychological treatments really work the same in posttraumatic stress disorder? Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 269-276. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.001
14. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.
15. Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005). Cognitive therapy for PTSD: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 413-431.
16. Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., & Mayou, R. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, self-help booklet, and repeated assessment as early interventions for PTSD. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1024-1032.
17. Ehlers, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Stott, R., Liness, S., Deale, A., & … Clark, D.M. (2013). Implementation of cognitive therapy for PTSD into routine clinical care: Effectiveness and moderators of outcome in a consecutive sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 742-752. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat. 2013.08.006
18. Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Liness, S., Albert, I., & … Clark, D.M. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of 7-day intensive and standard weekly cognitive therapy for PTSD and emotion-focused supportive therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 294-304. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi. ajp.2013.13040552
19. Ehlers, A., Wild, J., Stott, R., Warnock-Parkes, R., Grey, N., & Clark, D.M. (2016). A randomised controlled trial of brief cognitive therapy for PTSD. Manuscript submitted for publication.
20. Feske, U., & Chambless, D.L. (1995). Cognitive behavioral versus exposure only treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26, 695-720.
21. First, B.M., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., & Benjamin, L.S. (1997). User’s guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders: SCID II. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
22. First, B.M., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J.B.W. (1995). User’s guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders: SCID-I clinician version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
23. Foa, E.B., Dancu, C.V., Hembree, E.A., Jaycox, L.H., Meadows, E.A., & Street, G.P. (1999). A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 194-200.
24. Foa, E.B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Tolin, D., & Orsillo, S. (1999). The post-traumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI). Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303-314.
25. Foa, E.B., Keane, T.M., Friedman, M.J., & Cohen, J.A. (2005). Effective treatments for PTSD (2nd ed.): Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: Guilford Press.
26. Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., Dancu, C.V., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459-473.
27. Gellatly, J., Bower, P., Hennessy, S., Richards, D., Gilbody, S., & Lovell, K. (2007). What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1217-1228.
28. Health and Social Care Information Centre. (2015). Psychological therapies: Annual report on the use of IAPT services: England 2014/15. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/psychological-therapies-annual-report-on-the-use-of-iapt-services-england-201415
29. Hoge, C.W., Castro, C.A., Messer, S.C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D.I., & Koffman, R.L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13-22.
30. Hoge, C.W., Grossman, S.H., Auchterlonie, J.L., Riviere, L.A., Milliken, C.S., & Wilk, J.E. (2014). PTSD treatment for soldiers after combat deployment: Low utilization of mental health care and reasons for dropout. Psychiatric Services, 65, 997-1004.
31. Imel, Z.E., Laska, K., Jakupcak, M., & Simpson, T.L. (2013). Meta-analysis of dropout in treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 394-404.
32. Johansson, R., & Andersson, G. (2012). Internet-based psychological treatments for depression. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12, 861-870.
33. Kessler, R.C. (2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 4-12.
34. Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
35. Kleim, B., Grey, N., Hackmann, A., Nussbeck, F., Wild, J., Stott, R., & … Ehlers, A. (2013). Cognitive change predicts symptom reduction with cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 383-393. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031290
36. Klein, B., Mitchell, J., Abbott, J., Shandley, K., Austin, D., Gilson, K., & . .. Redman, T. (2010). A therapist-assisted cognitive behavior therapy internet intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder: Pre-, post-and 3-month follow-up results from an open trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 635-644.
37. Knaevelsrud, C., & Maercker, A. (2007). Internet-based treatment for PTSD reduces distress and facilitates the development of a strong therapeutic alliance: A randomized controlled clinical trial. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 7, 13.
38. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., & Williams, J.B.W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
39. Kuester, A., Niemeyer, H., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2016). Internet-based interventions for posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 1-16.
40. Lange, A., Van De Ven, J.P., Schrieken, B., & Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2001). Interapy.treatment of posttraumatic stress through the Internet: A controlled trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 32, 73-90.
41. Marks, I., Lovell, K., Noshirvani, H., Livanou, M., & Thrasher, S. (1998). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 317-325.
42. Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., McKinnon, A., Dixon, C., Trickey, D., Ehlers, A., … Dalgleish, T. (2016). Cognitive therapy versus wait list as an early intervention for PTSD in children and adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Manuscript submitted for publication.
43. Mundt, J.C., Marks, I.M., Shear, M.K., & Greist, J.M. (2002). The work and social adjustment scale: A simple measure of impairment in functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 461-464.
44. Murray, J., Ehlers, A., & Mayou, R.A. (2002). Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of road traffic accident victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 363-368.
45. National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence NICE. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. UK: Cromwell Press Limited.
46. Schnurr, P.P., Friedman, M.J., Engel, C.C., Foa, E.B., Shea, M.T., Chow, B.K., & … Bernardy, N. (2007). Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297, 820-830.
47. Schnyder, U., Ehlers, A., Elbert, T., Foa, E.B., Gersons, B.P.R., Resick, P.A., & … Cloitre, M. (2015). Psychotherapies for PTSD: What do they have in common? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 28186. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.28186
48. Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T., & Clark, D.M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD in children and adolescents: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1051-1061.
49. Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092-1097.
50. Stein, D.J., Cloitre, M., Nemeroff, C.B., Nutt, D.J., Seedat, S., Shalev, A.Y., & … Zohar, J. (2009). Cape Town consensus on posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectrums, 14(Suppl. 1), 52-58.
51. Stott, R., Wild, J., Grey, N., Liness, S., Warnock-Parkes, E., Commins, S., & … Clark, D.M. (2013). Internet-delivered cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder: A development pilot series. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41, 383-397.
52. Van Etten, M.L., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5, 126-144.
53. Veterans Health Administration and Department of Defense. (2004). VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of post-traumatic stress. Version 1.0. Washington, DC: Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense. Retrieved from http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ptsd/ptsd_full.pdf
54. Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Keane, T.M., Palmieri, P.A., Marx, B.P., & Schnurr, P.P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from www.ptsd. va.gov
55. Weiss, D.S., & Marmar, C.R. (1996). The impact of event scale* revised. In J. Wilson & T.M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford.
56. Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2010). Self-study assisted cognitive therapy for PTSD: A case study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1, 5599. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt/v1i0/5599