Tokishakuyakusan: Pharmacological evidence for neuroactive and neuroprotective actions

Journal of Traditional Medicines

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 149-155

  Fujiwara, Michihiro ^a   Egashira, Nobuaki ^a,b   Mishima, Kenichi ^a   Iwasaki, Katsunori ^a  

^a FUKUOKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b KYUSHU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Japan)

Author keywords

acetylcholine; Alzheimer's disease; neuroprotection; Tokishakuyakusan; vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

EID: 85009544183     PISSN: 18801447     EISSN: 18813747     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.11339/jtm.24.149     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Hagino, N.: An overview of kampo medicine: Toki-Shakuyaku-San (TJ-23). Phytother. Res., 7, 391-394, 1994.
2. Bartus, R.T., Dean, R.L., Beer, B. and Lippa, A.S.: The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science, 217, 408-417, 1982.
3. Coyle, J.T., Price, D.L. and DeLong, M.R.: Alzheimers disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science, 219, 1184-1190, 1983.
4. Summers, W.K., Majovski, L.V., Marsh, G.M., Tachiki, K. and Kling, A.: Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type. N. Engl. J. Med., 315, 1241-1245, 1986.
5. Rogers, S.L., Farlow, M.R., Doody, R.S., Mohs, R. and Friedhoff, L.T.: A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil Study Group. Neurology, 50, 136-145, 1998.
6. Smith, G.: Animal models of Alzheimers disease: experimental cholinergic denervation. Brain Res. Rev., 13, 103-118, 1988.
7. Egashira, N., Yuzurihara, M., Hattori, N., Sakakibara, I. and Ishige, A.: Ninjin-yoei-to (Ren-Shen-Yang-Rong-Tang) and polygalae radix improves scopolamine-induced impairment of passive avoidance response in mice. Phytomedicine, 10, 467-473, 2003.
8. Murray, T.K., Cross, A.J. and Green, A.R.: Reversal by tetrahydroaminoacridine of scopolamine-induced memory and performance deficits in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 105, 134-136, 1991.
9. Higgins, G.A., Enderlin, M., Fimbel, R., Haman, M., Grottick, A.J., Soriano, M., Richards, J.G., Kemp, J.A. and Gill, R.: Donepezil reverses a mnemonic deficit produced by scopolamine but not by perforant path lesion or transient cerebral ischaemia. Eur. J. Neurosci., 15, 1827-1840, 2002.
10. Egashira, N., Mishima, K., Kurauchi, K., Iwasaki, K., Matsumoto, Y. and Fujiwara, M.: Cholinergic involvement in the improving effects of Yoku-kan-san-chimpi-hange (Yi-Gan-San-Jia-Chen-Pi-Ban-Xia) on the disruption of spatial cognition and the electroconvulsive shock-induced immobilization. J. Trad. Med., 18, 71-80, 2001.
11. Fujiwara, M. and Ueki, S.: Toki-Shakuyaku-San (TJ-23) improves scopolamine-induced spatial disruption. In Medicines of Plant Origin in Modern Therapy. A Symposium Report from the 4th World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology. Oxford Clinical Communications, Oxford, 60-66, 1990.
12. Fujiwara, M. and Iwasaki, K.: Toki-Shakuyaku-San and Oren-Gedoku-To improve the disruption of spatial cognition induced by cerebral ischaemia and central cholinergic dysfunction in rats. Phytother. Res., 7, S60-S62, 1993.
13. Fujiwara, M., Iwasaki, K. and Ogata, T.: Effect of TJ-23 on scopolamine-induced deficit of learning and memory in rats. In Basic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspect of Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease: Nagatsu, T. (ed). Plenum Press: New York; 379-382, 1990.
14. Toriizuka, K., Hou, P.H., Yabe, T., Iijima, K., Hanawa, T. and Cyong, J.C.: Effects of kampo medicine, Toki-shakuyaku-san (Tang-Kuei-Shao-Yao-San), on choline acetyltransferase activity and norepinephrine contents in brain regions, and mitogenic activity of splenic lymphocytes in ovariectomized mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 71, 133-143, 2000.
15. Hatip-Al-Khatib, I., Hatip, F.B., Yoshimitsu, Y., Iwasaki, K., Egashira, N., Liu, A.X., Mishima, K. and Fujiwara, M.: Effect of Toki-shakuyaku-san on acetylcholine level and blood flow in dorsal hippocampus of intact and twice-repeated ischemic rats. Phytother. Res., 21, 291-294, 2007.
16. Hatip-Al-Khatib, I., Egashira, N., Mishima, K., Iwasaki, K., Iwasaki, K., Kurauchi, K., Inui, K., Ikeda, T. and Fujiwara, M.: Determination of the effectiveness of components of herbal medicine Toki-Shakuyaku-San and fractions of Angelica acutiloba in improving the Scopolamine-induced impairment of rats spatial cognition in eight-armed radial maze test. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 96, 33-41, 2004.
17. Sharma, A.C. and Kulkarni, S.K.: Evidence for GABA-BZ receptor modulation in short-term memory passive avoidance task paradigm in mice. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 12, 175-180, 1990.
18. Smith, C.G., Beniger, R.J., Mallet, P.E., Jhamandas, K. and Boegman, R.J.: Basal forebrain injections of the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist FG 7142 enhance memory of rats in the double Y-maze. Brain Res., 666, 61-67, 1994.
19. Mason, K.I., Mallet, P.E., Jhmandas, K., Boegman, R.J. and Beninger, R.J.: Nucleus basalis injections of N-methyl-D-aspartate enhance memory of rats in the double Y-maze. Brain Res. Bull., 48, 65-71, 1999.
20. Burk, J.A., Glode, B.M., Drugan, R.C. and Mair, R.G.: Effects of chlordiazepoxide and FG 7142 on a rat model of diencephalic amnesia as measured by delayed-matching-to-sample performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 142, 413-420, 1999.
21. Halonen, T., Sivenius, J., Miettinen, R., Halmekytö, M., Kauppinen, R., Sinervirta, R., Alakuijala, L., Alhonen, L., MacDonald, E. and Jänne, J.: Elevated seizure threshold and impaired spatial learning in transgenic mice with putrescine overproduction in the brain. Eur. J. Neurosci., 5, 1233-1239, 1993.
22. Slotkin, T.A., Freibaum, B.D., Tate, C.A., Thillai, I., Ferguson, S.A., Cada, A.M. and Seidler, F.J.: Long-lasting CNS effects of a short-term chemical knockout of ornithine decarboxylase during development: nicotinic cholinergic receptor upregulation and subtle macromolecular changes in adulthood. Brain Res., 981, 118-125, 2003.
23. Liu, P., Smith, P.F., Appleton, I., Darlington, C.L. and Bilkey, D.K.: Regional variations and age-related changes in nitric oxide synthase and arginase in the sub-regions of the hippocampus. Neuroscience, 119, 679-687, 2003.
24. Matsuzawa, T, and Obara, Y.: Amino acid synthesis from ornithine: enzymes and quantitative comparison in brain slices and detached retinas from rats and chicks. Brain Res., 413, 314-319, 1987.
25. Stancampiano, R., Cocco, S., Melis, F., Cugusi, C., Sarais, L. and Fadda, F.: The decrease of serotonin release induced by a tryptophan-free amino acid diet does not affect spatial and passive avoidance learning. Brain Res., 762, 269-274, 1997.
26. Sobczak, S., Honig, A., Schmitt, J.A. and Riedel, W.J.: Pronounced cognitive deficits following an intravenous L-tryptophan challenge in first-degree relatives of bipolar patients compared to healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 711-719, 2003.
27. Song, Q.H., Toriizuka, K., Jin, G.B., Yabe, T. and Cyong, J.C.: Long term effects of Toki-shakuyaku-san on brain dopamine and nerve growth factor in olfactory-bulb-lesioned mice. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 86, 183-188, 2001.
28. Sakamoto, S., Hagino, N. and Toriizuka, K.: Effect of Toki-Shakuyaku-San (TJ-23) on the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the brain of menopausal rats. Phytother. Res., 8, 208-211, 1994.
29. Itoh, T., Murai, S., Saito, H. and Masuda, Y.: Effects of single and repeated administrations of Toki-shakuyaku-san on the concentrations of brain neurotransmitters in mice. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 20, 11-17, 1998.
30. Enomoto, K., Higashida, H. and Maeno, T.: Effects of Toki-shakuyaku-san (Tsumura TJ-23) on electrical activity in neuroblastoma cells and frog neuromuscular junctions. Neurosci. Res., 15, 81-89, 1992.
31. Takei, H., Yamamoto, M., Kase, Y. and Takeda, S.: The effect of herbal medicine Toki-shakuyaku-san on blood pressure in an Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced pre-eclampsia rat model during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 98, 255-262, 2005.
32. Ueda, J., Ohya, E., Udagawa, K., Hara, A., Fukui, M., Yamagishi, H., Nakazawa, T., Yasuda, T. and Ohsawa, K.: Effect of Kampo medicines on the peripheral blood flow rate of betamethason-induced Oketsu syndrome mice by laser Doppler flow meter. Yakugaku Zasshi, 124, 365-369, 2004.
33. Sugiyama, A. and Hashimoto, K.: Chronotropic and inotropic effects of kampo extracts in the canine isolated, blood-perfused heart preparations. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 51, 239-246, 1989.
34. Selkoe, D.J.: Translating cell biology into therapeutic advances in Alzheimers disease. Nature, 399, A23-A31, 1999.
35. Movsesyan, V.A., Stoica, B.A. and Faden, A.I.: MGLuR5 activation reduces beta-amyloid-induced cell death in primary neuronal cultures and attenuates translocation of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor. J. Neurochem., 89, 1528-1536, 2004.
36. Allen, J.W., Eldadah, B.A., Huang, X., Knoblach, S.M. and Faden, A.I.: Multiple caspases are involved in beta-amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis. J. Neurosci. Res., 65, 45-53, 2001.
37. Christen, Y.: Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 621S-629S, 2000.
38. Ueda, Y., Komatsu, M. and Hiramatsu, M.: Free radical scavenging activity of the Japanese herbal medicine Toki-shakuyaku-san (TJ-23) and its effect on superoxide dismutase activity, lipid peroxides, glutamate, and monoamine metabolites in aged rat brain. Neurochem. Res., 21, 909-914, 1996.
39. Stefek, M. and Benes, L.: In vitro studies on the activity of Japanese kampo herbal medicines Oren-Gedoku-To (TJ-15) and Toki-Shakuyaku-San (TJ-23) as scavengers of free radicals. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact., 11, 25-36, 1994.
40. Kataoka, Y., Kouzuma, M., Koizumi, S., Niwa, M., Taniyama, K. and Fujiwara, M.: Neuroprotective effect of Toki-Shakuyaku-San on hypoglycemia/hypoxia-induced neural damage in rat striatal slices. Phytother. Res., 7, S67-S69, 1991.
41. Zhang, X.Q., Hagino, N. and Nozaki, T.: Neuroprotective effects of Toki-shakuyaku-san (TJ-23) on glutamate induced neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Phytother. Res., 11, 107-112, 1997.
42. Watanabe, Y., Zhang, X.Q., Liu, J.S., Guo Z, Ohnishi, M. and Shibuya, T.: Protection of glutamate induced neuronal damages in cultured cerebellar granule cells by chinese herbal medicine, Toki-Shakuyaku-San and its comprised six medicinal herbs. J. Trad. Med., 12, 93-101, 1995.
43. Egashira, N., Iwasaki, K., Akiyoshi, Y., Takagaki, Y., Hatip-Al-Khatib, I., Mishima, K., Kurauchi, K., Ikeda, T. and Fujiwara, M.: Protective effect of Toki-shakuyaku-san on amyloid beta 25-35-induced neuronal damage in cultured rat cortical neurons. Phytother. Res., 19, 450-453, 2005.
44. Sun, A.Y.: Draczynska-Lusiak B and Sun GY. Oxidized lipoproteins, beta amyloid peptides and Alzheimer's disease. Neurotox. Res., 3, 167-178, 2001.
45. Lovell, M.A., Xie, C., Xiong, S. and Markesbery, W.R.: Protection against amyloid beta peptide and iron/hydrogen peroxide toxicity by alpha lipoic acid. J. Alzheimers. Dis., 5, 229-239, 2003.
46. Barkats, M., Millecamps, S., Abrioux, P., Geoffroy, M.C. and Mallet, J.: Overexpression of glutathione peroxidase increases the resistance of neuronal cells to Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem., 75, 1438-1446, 2000.
47. Chung, E.H., Iwasaki, K., Mishima, K., Egashira, N. and Fujiwara, M.: Repeated cerebral ischemia induced hippocampal cell death and impairments of spatial cognition in the rat. Life Sci., 72, 609-619, 2002.
48. Iwasaki, K., Chung, E.H., Egashira, N., Hatip-Al-Khatib, I., Mishima, K., Egawa, T., Irie, K. and Fujiwara, M.: Non-NMDA mechanism in the inhibition of cellular apoptosis and memory impairment induced by repeated ischemia in rats. Brain Res., 995, 131-139, 2004.
49. Ozawa, S., Kamiya, H. and Tsuzuki, K.: Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Pro. Neurobio., 54, 581-618, 1998.
50. Jia, Z., Agopyan, N., Miu, P., Xiong, Z., Henderson, J., Gerlai, R., Taverna, F.A., Velumian, A., MacDonald, J., Carlen, P., Abramow-Newerly, W. and Roder, J.: Enhanced LTP in mice deficient in the AMPA receptor GluR2. Neuron, 17, 945-956, 1996.
51. Colbourne, F., Grooms, S.Y., Zukin, R.S., Buchan, A.M. and Bennett, M.V.: Hypothermia rescues hippocampal CA1 neurons and attenuates down-regulation of the AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit after forebrain ischemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 100, 2906-2910, 2003.
52. Tanaka, H., Grooms, S.Y., Bennett, M.V. and Zukin, R.S.: The AMPAR subunit GluR2: still front and center-stage. Brain Res., 886, 190-207, 2000.
53. Hatip-Al-Khatib, I., Iwasaki, K., Egashira, N., Ishibashi, D., Mishima, K. and Fujiwara, M.: Comparison of single- and repeated-ischemia-induced changes in expression of flip and flop splice variants of AMPA receptor subtypes GluR1 and GluR2 in the rats hippocampus CA1 subregion. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 103, 83-91, 2007.
54. Pu, F., Mishima, K., Egashira, N., Akiyoshi, Y., Liu, A.X., Sano, K., Irie, K., Ishibashi, D., Hatip-Al-Khatib, I., Iwasaki, K., Kurauchi, K., Iwasaki, K. and Fujiwara, M.: Post-ischemic treatment with toki-shakuyaku-san (tang-gui-shao-yao-san) prevents the impairment of spatial memory induced by repeated cerebral ischemia in rats. Am. J. Chin. Med., 33, 475-489, 2005.
55. Choi, D.W.: Ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 6, 667-672, 1996.
56. Driscoll, M.: Cell death in C. elegans: molecular insights into mechanisms conserved between nematodes and mammals. Brain Pathol., 6, 411-425, 1996.
57. Davies, S.N., Lester, R.A.J., Reymann, K.G. and Collingridge, G.L.: Temporally distinct pre- and post-synaptic mechanism maintain long-term potentiation. Nature, 338, 500-503, 1989.
58. Bene, S.M.: In vitro studies on the activity of Japanese Kampo herbal medicines Oren-Gedoku-To (TJ-15) and Toki-Shakuyaku-San (TJ-23) as scavengers of free radicals. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact., 11, 25-36, 1994.
59. Iwasaki, K., Hatip-Al-Khatib, I., Egashira, N., Akiyoshi, Y., Arai, T., Mishima, K., Takagaki, Y., Inui, K. and Fujiwara, M.: Ovariectomy combined with amyloid β1-42 impairs memory by decreasing acetylcholine release and α+7nAChR expression without induction of apoptosis in the hippocampus CA1 neurons of rats. Neurotox. Res., 6, 299-309, 2004.
60. Kitabayashi, Y., Shibata, K., Nakamae, T., Narumoto, J. and Fukui, K.: Effect of traditional Japanese herbal medicine toki-shakuyaku-san for mild cognitive impairment: SPECT study. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 61, 447-448, 2007.