The mechanistic role of antibodies to dengue virus in protection and disease pathogenesis

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 111-119

  Gan, Esther Shuyi ^a   Ting, Donald Heng Rong ^b   Chan, Kuan Rong ^a  

^a DUKE NUS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Singapore)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

antibody; antibody dependent enhancement; dengue vaccine; Dengue virus; Fc R; immune correlates; neutralization

Indexed keywords

DIACYLGLYCEROL; FC RECEPTOR; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 4; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1BETA; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 5 PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 5 PHOSPHATASE 1; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5 BISPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHOLIPASE C GAMMA; PHOSPHOLIPASE D; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP 1; STAT1 PROTEIN; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DENGUE VACCINE; VIRUS ANTIBODY;

ANTIBODY DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; DENGUE; DENGUE VIRUS 1; DENGUE VIRUS 2; DENGUE VIRUS 3; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TH2 CELL; VIRUS ENTRY; VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS REPLICATION; DENGUE VIRUS; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM;

ANTIBODIES, NEUTRALIZING; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT; DENGUE; DENGUE VACCINES; DENGUE VIRUS; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, IGG;

EID: 85009469946     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1254550     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Kabra SK, Jain Y, Singhal T, et al. Dengue hemorrhagic fever:clinical manifestations and management. Indian J Pediatr. 1999;66(1):93–101.
2. Kalayanarooj S., Clinical manifestations and management of dengue/DHF/DSS. Trop Med Health. 2011;39(4 Suppl):83–87.
3. Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(3):480–496.
4. Dietz V, Gubler DJ, Ortiz S, et al. The 1986 dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemic in Puerto Rico:epidemiologic and clinical observations. P R Health Sci J. 1996;15(3):201–210.
5. Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, et al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature. 2013;496(7446):504–507.
6. World Health Organization. Prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever:comprehensive guidelines. SEARO technical publication series. World Health Organization; 2011.
7. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Singapore City, Chan YC, Ho BC, Chan KL, et al. 5. Observations in relation to dengue haemorrhagic fever. Bull World Health Organ. 1971;44(5):651–657.
8. Walker T, Johnson PH, Moreira LA, et al. The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations. Nature. 2011;476(7361):450–453.
9. Erlanger TE, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Effect of dengue vector control interventions on entomological parameters in developing countries:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22(3):203–221.
10. Horstick O, Runge-Ranzinger S, Nathan MB, et al. Dengue vector-control services:how do they work? A systematic literature review and country case studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104(6):379–386.
11. Capeding MR, Tran NH, Hadinegoro S. Clinical efficacy and safety of a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children in Asia:a phase 3, randomised, observer-masked, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2014; 384:1358-1365.
12. Sabchareon A, Wallace D, Sirivichayakul C, et al. Protective efficacy of the recombinant, live-attenuated, CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine in Thai schoolchildren:a randomised, controlled phase 2b trial. The Lancet. 2012;380(9853):1559–1567.
13. Guy B, Lang J, Saville M, et al. Vaccination against dengue:challenges and current developments. Annu Rev Med. 2016;67(1):387–404.
14. Pyke AT, Moore PR, Taylor CT, et al. Highly divergent dengue virus type 1 genotype sets a new distance record. Scientific …. 2016;6:22356.
15. Ioos S, Mallet H-P, Leparc Goffart I, et al. Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Med Mal Infect. 2014;44(7):302–307.
16. Santos Dos T, Rodriguez A, Almiron M, et al. Zika Virus and the Guillain–Barré Syndrome — Case Series from Seven Countries. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1598–1601.
17. Arias A, Torres-Tobar L, Hernández G, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in patients with a recent history of Zika in Cúcuta, Colombia:A descriptive case series of 19 patients from December 2015 to March 2016. J Crit Care. 2016;37:19–23.
18. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(10):951–958.
19. Štrafela P, Vizjak A, Mraz J, et al. Zika virus-associated micrencephaly:a thorough description of neuropathologic findings in the fetal central nervous system. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;arpa.2016–0341–SA.
20. Halstead SB, O’Rourke EJ. Antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection in primate leukocytes. Nature. 1977;265(5596):739–741.
21. Tamura M, Webster RG, Ennis FA. Subtype cross-reactive, infection-enhancing antibody responses to influenza A viruses. J Virol. 1994;68(6):3499–3504.
22. Sauter P, Hober D. Mechanisms and results of the antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infections and role in the pathogenesis of coxsackievirus B-induced diseases. Microbes Infect. 2009;11(4):443–451.
23. Krilov LR, Anderson LJ, Marcoux L, et al. Antibody-mediated enhancement of respiratory syncytial virus infection in two monocyte/macrophage cell lines. J Infect Dis. 1989;160(5):777–782.
24. Takada A, Feldmann H, Ksiazek TG, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection. J Virol. 2003;77(13):7539–7544.
25. Willey S, Aasa-Chapman MMI, O’Farrell S, et al. Extensive complement-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 by autologous non-neutralising antibodies at early stages of infection. Retrovirology. 2011;8(1):16.
26. Dejnirattisai W, Supasa P, Wongwiwat W, et al. Dengue virus sero-cross-reactivity drives antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with zika virus. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(9):1102–1108.
27. Chan KR, Ong EZ, Tan HC, et al. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 is critical for antibody-dependent dengue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(7):2722–2727.
28. Rodrigo WWSI, Jin X, Blackley SD, et al. Differential enhancement of dengue virus immune complex infectivity mediated by signaling-competent and signaling-incompetent human Fcgamma RIA (CD64) or FcgammaRIIA (CD32). J Virol. 2006;80(20):10128–10138.
29. Chawla T, Chan KR, Zhang SL, et al. Dengue virus neutralization in cells expressing Fc gamma receptors. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e65231.
30. Ng JKW, Zhang SL, Tan HC, et al. First experimental in vivo model of enhanced dengue disease severity through maternally acquired heterotypic dengue antibodies. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(4):e1004031.
31. Chan KR, Wang X, Saron WAA, et al. Cross-reactive antibodies enhance live attenuated virus infection for increased immunogenicity. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1:16164.•• This article describes the first clinical demonstration of antibody-dependent enhancement.
32. Perera R, Kuhn RJ. Structural proteomics of dengue virus. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2008;11(4):369–377.
33. Mukhopadhyay S, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG. A structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3(1):13–22.
34. Stadler K, Allison SL, Schalich J, et al. Proteolytic activation of tick-borne encephalitis virus by furin. J Virol. 1997;71(11):8475–8481.
35. Li L, Lok SM, Yu I-M, et al. The flavivirus precursor membrane-envelope protein complex:structure and maturation. Science. 2008;319(5871):1830–1834.
36. Junjhon J, Edwards TJ, Utaipat U, et al. Influence of pr-M cleavage on the heterogeneity of extracellular dengue virus particles. J Virol. 2010;84(16):8353–8358.
37. Richter MKS, Da Silva Voorham JM, Torres Pedraza S, et al. Immature dengue virus is infectious in human immature dendritic cells via interaction with the receptor molecule DC-SIGN. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e98785.
38. Modis Y, Ogata S, Clements D, et al. A ligand-binding pocket in the dengue virus envelope glycoprotein. Pnas. 2003;100(12):6986–6991.
39. De Alwis R, Smith SA, Olivarez NP, et al. Identification of human neutralizing antibodies that bind to complex epitopes on dengue virions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(19):7439–7444.
40. De Alwis R, Beltramello M, Messer WB, et al. In-depth analysis of the antibody response of individuals exposed to primary dengue virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(6):e1188.
41. Smith SA, De Alwis AR, Kose N, et al. Isolation of dengue virus-specific memory B cells with live virus antigen from human subjects following natural infection reveals the presence of diverse novel functional groups of antibody clones. J Virol. 2014;88(21):12233–12241.
42. Zhou Y, Austin SK, Fremont DH, et al. The mechanism of differential neutralization of dengue serotype 3 strains by monoclonal antibody 8A1. Virology. 2013;439(1):57–64.
43. Wahala WMPB, Donaldson EF, De Alwis R, et al. Natural strain variation and antibody neutralization of dengue serotype 3 viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(3):e1000821.
44. Serafin IL, Aaskov JG. Identification of epitopes on the envelope (E) protein of dengue 2 and dengue 3 viruses using monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol. 2001;146(12):2469–2479.
45. Matsui K, Gromowski GD, Li L, et al. Characterization of a dengue type-specific epitope on dengue 3 virus envelope protein domain III. J Gen Virol. 2010;91(Pt 9):2249–2253.
46. Lok SM, Kostyuchenko V, Nybakken GE, et al. Binding of a neutralizing antibody to dengue virus alters the arrangement of surface glycoproteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2008;15(3):312–317.
47. Robinson LN, Tharakaraman K, Rowley KJ, et al. Structure-guided design of an anti-dengue antibody directed to a non-immunodominant epitope. Cell. 2015;162(3):493–504.
48. Fibriansah G, Tan JL, Smith SA, et al. A highly potent human antibody neutralizes dengue virus serotype 3 by binding across three surface proteins. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6341.
49. Fibriansah G, Ibarra KD, Ng T-S, et al. DENGUE VIRUS. Cryo-EM structure of an antibody that neutralizes dengue virus type 2 by locking E protein dimers. Science. 2015;349(6243):88–91.
50. Crill WD, Chang G-J-J. Localization and characterization of flavivirus envelope glycoprotein cross-reactive epitopes. J Virol. 2004;78(24):13975–13986.
51. Smith SA, De Alwis AR, Kose N, et al. The potent and broadly neutralizing human dengue virus-specific monoclonal antibody 1C19 reveals a unique cross-reactive epitope on the bc loop of domain II of the envelope protein. MBio. 2013;4(6):e00873–13.
52. Gromowski GD, Barrett ADT. Characterization of an antigenic site that contains a dominant, type-specific neutralization determinant on the envelope protein domain III (ED3) of dengue 2 virus. Virology. 2007;366(2):349–360.
53. Sukupolvi-Petty S, Austin SK, Purtha WE, et al. Type- and subcomplex-specific neutralizing antibodies against domain III of dengue virus type 2 envelope protein recognize adjacent epitopes. J Virol. 2007;81(23):12816–12826.
54. Shrestha B, Brien JD, Sukupolvi-Petty S, et al. The development of therapeutic antibodies that neutralize homologous and heterologous genotypes of dengue virus type 1. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(4):e1000823.
55. Teoh EP, Kukkaro P, Teo EW, et al. The structural basis for serotype-specific neutralization of dengue virus by a human antibody. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(139):139ra83–139ra83.
56. Wahala WMPB, Kraus AA, Haymore LB, et al. Dengue virus neutralization by human immune sera:role of envelope protein domain III-reactive antibody. Virology. 2009;392(1):103–113.
57. Williams KL, Wahala WMPB, Orozco S, et al. Antibodies targeting dengue virus envelope domain III are not required for serotype-specific protection or prevention of enhancement in vivo. Virology. 2012;429(1):12–20.
58. Wahala WMPB, Silva, AM de. The human antibody response to dengue virus infection. Viruses. 2011;3(12):2374–2395.•• This review comprehensively describes the antibody responses to dengue virus infection.
59. Mandel B. Neutralization of poliovirus:a hypothesis to explain the mechanism and the one-hit character of the neutralization reaction. Virology. 1976;69(2):500–510.
60. Diamond MS, Pierson TC, Fremont DH. The structural immunology of antibody protection against West Nile virus. Immunol Rev. 2008;225(1):212–225.
61. Dowd KA, Pierson TC. Antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses:a reductionist view. Virology. 2011;411(2):306–315.•• This review describes the determinants of dengue virus neutralization.
62. Putnak JR, La Barrera De R, Burgess T, et al. Comparative evaluation of three assays for measurement of dengue virus neutralizing antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(1):115–122.
63. Roehrig JT, Hombach J, Barrett ADT. Guidelines for plaque-reduction neutralization testing of human antibodies to dengue viruses. Viral Immunol. 2008;21(2):123–132.
64. Kou Z, Quinn M, Chen H, et al. Monocytes, but not T or B cells, are the principal target cells for dengue virus (DV) infection among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Med Virol. 2008;80(1):134–146.
65. Pham AM, Langlois RA, TenOever BR. Replication in cells of hematopoietic origin is necessary for dengue virus dissemination. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(1):e1002465.
66. Simmons CP, Chau TNB, Thuy TT, et al. Maternal antibody and viral factors in the pathogenesis of dengue virus in infants. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(3):416–424.
67. Perret C, Chanthavanich P, Pengsaa K, et al. Dengue infection during pregnancy and transplacental antibody transfer in Thai mothers. J Infect. 2005;51(4):287–293.
68. Ventura AK, Ehrenkranz NJ, Rosenthal D. Placental passage of antibodies to dengue virus in persons living in a region of hyperendemic dengue virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1975;131(Suppl):S62–8.
69. Maeda M, Van SCHIE RCAA, Yüksel B, et al. Differential expression of Fc receptors for IgG by monocytes and granulocytes from neonates and adults. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996;103(2):343–347.
70. Manokaran G, Finol E, Wang C, et al. Dengue subgenomic RNA binds TRIM25 to inhibit interferon expression for epidemiological fitness. Science. 2015;350(6257):217–221.
71. Pozo-Aguilar JO, Monroy-Martínez V, Díaz D, et al. Evaluation of host and viral factors associated with severe dengue based on the 2009 WHO classification. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7(1):243.
72. Duangchinda T, Dejnirattisai W, Vasanawathana S, et al. Immunodominant T-cell responses to dengue virus NS3 are associated with DHF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(39):16922–16927.
73. Chan KR, Ong EZ, Ooi EE. Therapeutic antibodies as a treatment option for dengue fever. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11(11):1147–1157.
74. Kwissa M, Nakaya HI, Onlamoon N, et al. Dengue virus infection induces expansion of a CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte population that stimulates plasmablast differentiation. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;16(1):115–127.
75. Wong KL, Chen W, Balakrishnan T, et al. Susceptibility and response of human blood monocyte subsets to primary dengue virus infection. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e36435.
76. Van De Winkel JG, Anderson CL. Biology of human immunoglobulin G Fc receptors. J Leukoc Biol. 1991;49(5):511–524.
77. Rodrigo WWSI, Block OKT, Lane C, et al. Dengue virus neutralization is modulated by IgG antibody subclass and Fcgamma receptor subtype. Virology. 2009;394(2):175–182.
78. Chan KR, Zhang SL-X, Tan HC, et al. Ligation of Fc gamma receptor IIB inhibits antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(30):12479–12484.
79. Wu RSL, Chan KR, Tan HC, et al. Neutralization of dengue virus in the presence of Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis distinguishes serotype-specific from cross-neutralizing antibodies. Antiviral research. 2012;96(3):340–343.
80. Boonnak K, Slike BM, Donofrio GC, et al. Human FcγRII cytoplasmic domains differentially influence antibody-mediated dengue virus infection. J Immunol. 2013;190(11):5659–5665.
81. Amigorena S, Bonnerot C. Fc receptor signaling and trafficking:a connection for antigen processing. Immunol Rev. 1999;172:279–284.
82. Isakov N. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), a unique module linking antigen and Fc receptors to their signaling cascades. J Leukoc Biol. 1997;61(1):6–16.
83. Lowell CA. Src-family and Syk kinases in activating and inhibitory pathways in innate immune cells:signaling cross talk. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3(3):a002352–a002352.
84. Ibarrola I, Vossebeld PJ, Homburg CH, et al. Influence of tyrosine phosphorylation on protein interaction with FcgammaRIIa. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997;1357(3):348–358.
85. Ezumi Y, Shindoh K, Tsuji M, et al. Physical and functional association of the Src family kinases Fyn and Lyn with the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI-Fc receptor gamma chain complex on human platelets. J Exp Med. 1998;188(2):267–276.
86. Ghazizadeh S, Bolen JB, Fleit HB. Physical and functional association of Src-related protein tyrosine kinases with Fc gamma RII in monocytic THP-1 cells. J Biol Chem. 1994;269(12):8878–8884.
87. Melendez AJ, Harnett MM, Allen JM. FcγRI activation of phospholipase Cγ1 and protein kinase C in dibutyryl cAMP-differentiated U937 cells is dependent solely on the tyrosine-kinase activated form of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Immunology. 1999;98(1):1–8.
88. Rankin BM, Yocum SA, Mittler RS, et al. Stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization by Fc gamma receptor cross-linking. Regulation by the phosphotyrosine phosphatase CD45. J Immunol. 1993;150(2):605–616.
89. Ayala-Nunez NV, Hoornweg TE, Van De Pol DPI, et al. How antibodies alter the cell entry pathway of dengue virus particles in macrophages. Sci Rep. 2016;6:28768.
90. Mady BJ, Erbe DV, Kurane I, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection mediated by bispecific antibodies against cell surface molecules other than Fc gamma receptors. J Immunol. 1991;147(9):3139–3144.
91. Chotiwan N, Roehrig JT, Schlesinger JJ, et al. Molecular determinants of dengue virus 2 envelope protein important for virus entry in FcγRIIA-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. Virology. 2014;456-457:238–246.
92. Huang Z-Y, Hunter S, Kim M-K, et al. The effect of phosphatases SHP-1 and SHIP-1 on signaling by the ITIM- and ITAM-containing Fcgamma receptors FcgammaRIIB and FcgammaRIIA. J Leukoc Biol. 2003;73(6):823–829.
93. Dhodapkar KM, Banerjee D, Connolly J, et al. Selective blockade of the inhibitory Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaRIIB) in human dendritic cells and monocytes induces a type I interferon response program. J Exp Med. 2007;204(6):1359–1369.
94. Halstead SB, Mahalingam S, Marovich MA, et al. Intrinsic antibody-dependent enhancement of microbial infection in macrophages:disease regulation by immune complexes. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(10):712–722.•• This review comprehensively describes the concept of intrinsic ADE.
95. Yang KD, Yeh WT, Yang MY, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of heterotypic dengue infections involved in suppression of IFNgamma production. J Med Virol. 2001;63(2):150–157.
96. Chareonsirisuthigul T, Kalayanarooj S, Ubol S. Dengue virus (DENV) antibody-dependent enhancement of infection upregulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, but suppresses anti-DENV free radical and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, in THP-1 cells. J Gen Virol. 2007;88(Pt 2):365–375.
97. Tsai -T-T, Chuang Y-J, Lin Y-S, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement infection facilitates dengue virus-regulated signaling of IL-10 production in monocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(11):e3320.
98. Ubol S, Phuklia W, Kalayanarooj S, et al. Mechanisms of immune evasion induced by a complex of dengue virus and preexisting enhancing antibodies. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(6):923–935.
99. Kou Z, Lim JYH, Beltramello M, et al. Human antibodies against dengue enhance dengue viral infectivity without suppressing type I interferon secretion in primary human monocytes. Virology. 2011;410(1):240–247.
100. Flipse J, Diosa-Toro MA, Hoornweg TE, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection in primary human macrophages; balancing higher fusion against antiviral responses. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29201.
101. Moi ML, Lim C-K, Chua KB, et al. Dengue virus infection-enhancing activity in serum samples with neutralizing activity as determined by using FcγR-expressing cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(2):e1536.
102. Tridandapani S, Siefker K, Teillaud J-L, et al. Regulated expression and inhibitory function of Fcgamma RIIb in human monocytic cells. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(7):5082–5089.
103. García G, Sierra B, Pérez AB, et al. Asymptomatic dengue infection in a cuban population confirms the protective role of the RR variant of the FcgammaRIIa polymorphism. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(6):1153–1156.
104. Noecker CA, Amaya-Larios IY, Galeana-Hernández M, et al. Contrasting associations of polymorphisms in FcγRIIa and DC-SIGN with the clinical presentation of dengue infection in a Mexican population. Acta Trop. 2014;138:15–22.
105. Osborne JM, Chacko GW, Brandt JT, et al. Ethnic variation in frequency of an allelic polymorphism of human Fc gamma RIIA determined with allele specific oligonucleotide probes. J Immunol Methods. 1994;173(2):207–217.
106. Chan KR, Ong EZ, Mok DZ, et al. Fc receptors and their influence on efficacy of therapeutic antibodies for treatment of viral diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(11):1351–1360.
107. Sittisombut N, Maneekarn N, Kanjanahaluethai A, et al. Lack of augmenting effect of interferon-gamma on dengue virus multiplication in human peripheral blood monocytes. J Med Virol. 1995;45(1):43–49.
108. Pricop L, Redecha P, Teillaud JL, et al. Differential modulation of stimulatory and inhibitory Fc gamma receptors on human monocytes by Th1 and Th2 cytokines. J Immunol. 2001;166(1):531–537.
109. Tridandapani S, Wardrop R, Baran CP, et al. TGF-beta 1 suppresses [correction of supresses] myeloid Fc gamma receptor function by regulating the expression and function of the common gamma-subunit. J Immunol. 2003;170(9):4572–4577.
110. Moxey-Mims MM, Frank MM, Lin EY, et al. Increased expression of Fc gamma RI on isolated PMN from individuals of African descent. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1993;69(1):117–121.
111. Seidler S, Zimmermann HW, Bartneck M, et al. Age-dependent alterations of monocyte subsets and monocyte-related chemokine pathways in healthy adults. BMC Immunol. 2010;11(1):30.