Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 68, Issue , 2017, Pages 47-72

  Moore, Tirin ^a,b   Zirnsak, Marc ^a,b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognition; Neural circuits; Orienting; Sensory processing; Visual perception

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ATTENTION; BRAIN; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HAPLORHINI; HUMAN; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT; VISION;

ANIMALS; ATTENTION; BRAIN; HAPLORHINI; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NERVE NET; RATS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 85009446695     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: 15452085     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033400     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Armstrong KM, Chang MH,Moore T. 2009. Selection and maintenance of spatial information by frontal eye field neurons. J. Neurosci. 29:15621-29
2. Armstrong KM, Fitzgerald JK, Moore T. 2006. Changes in visual receptive fields with microstimulation of frontal cortex. Neuron 50:791-98
3. Armstrong KM, Moore T. 2007. Rapid enhancement of visual cortical response discriminability by microstimulation of the frontal eye field. PNAS 104:9499-504
4. Arnsten AF. 2011. Catecholamine influences on dorsolateral prefrontal cortical networks. Biol. Psychiatry 69(12):e89-99
5. Arnsten AF, Scahill L, Findling RL. 2007. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists for the treatment of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder: emerging concepts from new data. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 17:393-406
6. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD. 2005. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28:403-50
7. Averbeck BB, Latham PE, Pouget A. 2006. Neural correlations, population coding and computation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7:358-66
8. Azouz R, Gray CM. 2003. Adaptive coincidence detection and dynamic gain control in visual cortical neurons in vivo. Neuron 37:513-23
9. Balan PF,Gottlieb J. 2006. Integration of exogenous input into a dynamic saliencemap revealed by perturbing attention. J. Neurosci. 26:9239-49
10. Baldauf D, Desimone R. 2014. Neural mechanisms of object-based attention. Science 344:424-27
11. Baruni JK, Lau B, Salzman CD. 2015. Reward expectation differentially modulates attentional behavior and activity in visual area V4. Nat. Neurosci. 18:1656-63
12. BashinskiHS, Bacharach VR. 1980. Enhancement of perceptual sensitivity as the result of selectively attending to spatial locations. Percept. Psychophys. 28:241-48
13. BeckDM,Kastner S. 2005. Stimulus contextmodulates competition in human extrastriate cortex. Nat.Neurosci. 8:1110-16
14. Berridge CW, Waterhouse BD. 2003. The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 42:33-84
15. Bichot NP, Heard MT, DeGennaro EM, Desimone R. 2015. A source for feature-based attention in the prefrontal cortex. Neuron 88:832-44
16. Bichot NP, Rossi AF, Desimone R. 2005. Parallel and serial neural mechanisms for visual search in macaque area V4. Science 308:529-34
17. Bichot NP, Schall JD. 1999. Effects of similarity and history on neural mechanisms of visual selection. Nat. Neurosci. 2:549-54
18. Bichot NP, Schall JD. 2002. Priming in macaque frontal cortex during popout visual search: feature-based facilitation and location-based inhibition of return. J. Neurosci. 22:4675-85
19. Bisley JW, Goldberg ME. 2010. Attention, intention, and priority in the parietal lobe. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 33:1-21
20. Born S, Ansorge U, Kerzel D. 2012. Feature-based effects in the coupling between attention and saccades. J. Vis. 12:27
21. Briggs F, Mangun GR, Usrey WM. 2013. Attention enhances synaptic efficacy and the signal-to-noise ratio in neural circuits. Nature 499:476-80
22. Bruce CJ, Goldberg ME. 1985. Primate frontal eye fields. I. Single neurons discharging before saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 53:603-35
23. Buffalo EA, Fries P, Landman R, Buschman TJ, Desimone R. 2011. Laminar differences in gamma and alpha coherence in the ventral stream. PNAS. 108:11262-67
24. Buffalo EA, Fries P, Landman R, Liang H, Desimone R. 2010. A backward progression of attentional effects in the ventral stream. PNAS. 107:361-65
25. Burrows BE, Moore T. 2009. Influence and limitations of popout in the selection of salient visual stimuli by area V4 neurons. J. Neurosci. 29:15169-77
26. Burrows BE,Zirnsak M, Akhlaghpour H, Wang M, MooreT. 2014. Global selection of saccadic target features by neurons in area V4. J. Neurosci. 34:6700-6
27. Buschman TJ, Miller EK. 2007. Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science 315:1860-62
28. Cardin JA, Carlén M, Meletis K, Knoblich U, Zhang F, et al. 2009. Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses. Nature 459:663-67
29. Carrasco M. 2011. Visual attention: the past 25 years. Vis. Res. 51:1484-525
30. Cavanaugh J, Wurtz RH. 2004. Subcortical modulation of attention counters change blindness. J. Neurosci. 24:11236-43
31. Chelazzi L, Duncan J, Miller EK, Desimone R. 1998. Responses of neurons in inferior temporal cortex during memory-guided visual search. J. Neurophysiol. 80:2918-40
32. Chelazzi L, Miller EK, Duncan J, Desimone R. 1993. A neural basis for visual search in inferior temporal cortex. Nature 363:345-47
33. Chudasama Y, Robbins TW. 2004. Dopaminergic modulation of visual attention and working memory in the rodent prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1628-36
34. Churan J, Guitton D, Pack CC. 2012. Perisaccadic remapping and rescaling of visual responses in macaque superior colliculus. PLOS ONE 7:e52195
35. Cohen MR, Maunsell JH. 2009. Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations. Nat. Neurosci. 12:1594-600
36. CohenMR, Maunsell JH. 2010. A neuronal population measure of attention predicts behavioral performance on individual trials. J. Neurosci. 30:15241-53
37. Cohen MR, Maunsell JH. 2011. Using neuronal populations to study the mechanisms underlying spatial and feature attention. Neuron 70:1192-204
38. Connor CE, Gallant JL, Preddie DC, Van Essen DC. 1996. Responses in area V4 depend on the spatial relationship between stimulus and attention. J. Neurophysiol. 75:1306-8
39. Connor CE, Preddie DC, Gallant JL, Van Essen DC. 1997. Spatial attention effects in macaque area V4. J. Neurosci. 17:3201-14
40. Constantinidis C, SteinmetzMA. 2005. Posterior parietal cortex automatically encodes the location of salient stimuli. J. Neurosci. 25:233-38
41. Corbetta M, Miezin FM,Dobmeyer S, Shulman GL, Petersen SE. 1991. Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. J. Neurosci. 11:2382-402
42. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. 2002. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3:201-15
43. CrovitzHF, Daves W. 1962. Tendencies to eye movement and perceptual accuracy. J. Exp. Psychol. 63:495-98
44. Weerd P, Peralta MR 3rd, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG. 1999. Loss of attentional stimulus selection after extrastriate cortical lesions in macaques. Nat. Neurosci. 2:753-58
45. Desimone R, Duncan J. 1995. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18:193-222
46. Deubel H, Schneider WX. 1996. Saccade target selection and object recognition: evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vis. Res. 36:1827-37
47. Devilbiss DM, Page ME,Waterhouse BD. 2006. Locus ceruleus regulates sensory encoding by neurons and networks in waking animals. J. Neurosci. 26:9860-72
48. Disney AA, Aoki C, Hawken MJ. 2007. Gain modulation by nicotine in macaque V1. Neuron 56:701-13
49. Downing CJ. 1988. Expectancy and visual-spatial attention: effects on perceptual quality. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 14:188-202
50. Duhamel JR, Colby CL, Goldberg ME. 1992. The updating of the representation of visual space in parietal cortex by intended eye movements. Science 255:90-92
51. Egeth HE, Yantis S. 1997. Visual attention: control, representation, and time course. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 48:269-97 www.annualreviews.org Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention 67
52. Einhäuser W, Rutishauser U, Koch C. 2008. Task-demands can immediately reverse the effects of sensorydriven saliency in complex visual stimuli. J. Vis. 8:2.1-19
53. Ekstrom LB, Roelfsema PR, Arsenault JT, Bonmassar G, Vanduffel W. 2008. Bottom-up dependent gating of frontal signals in early visual cortex. Science 321:414-17
54. Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Jons PH, Cohen RM. 1998. DOPA decarboxylase activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults. A [fluorine-18]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. J. Neurosci. 18:5901-7
55. Fecteau JH, Munoz DP. 2006. Salience, relevance, and firing: a priority map for target selection. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10:382-90
56. Ferrier D. 1886. The Functions of the Brain. London: Smith, Elder &Co
57. Fischer B, Boch R. 1981. Enhanced activation of neurons in prelunate cortex before visually guided saccades of trained rhesus monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 44:129-37
58. Foote SL, Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. 1980. Impulse activity of locus coeruleus neurons in awake rats and monkeys is a function of sensory stimulation and arousal. PNAS 77:3033-37
59. Fries P. 2009. Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32:209-24
60. Fries P, Reynolds JH, Rorie AE, Desimone R. 2001. Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science 291:1560-63
61. FriesW. 1984. Cortical projections to the superior colliculus in the macaque monkey: a retrograde study using horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 230:55-76
62. Furey ML, Pietrini P, Haxby JV, Drevets WC. 2008. Selective effects of cholinergic modulation on task performance during selective attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:913-23
63. Ganmor E, Landy MS, Simoncelli EP. 2015. Near-optimal integration of orientation information across saccades. J. Vis. 15:8
64. Goard M, Dan Y. 2009. Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes. Nat. Neurosci. 12:1444-49
65. Goldberg ME, Bisley JW, Powell KD,Gottlieb J. 2006. Saccades, salience and attention: the role of the lateral intraparietal area in visual behavior. Prog. Brain Res. 155:157-75
66. Goldberg ME, Bushnell MC. 1981. Behavioral enhancement of visual responses in monkey cerebral cortex. II. Modulation in frontal eye fields specifically related to saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 46:773-87
67. Goodale MA,Milner AD. 1992. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci. 15:20-25
68. Grant SJ, Aston-Jones G, Redmond DE Jr. 1988. Responses of primate locus coeruleus neurons to simple and complex sensory stimuli. Brain Res. Bull. 21:401-10
69. GuillemK, Bloem B, PoorthuisRB, Loos M, Smit AB, et al. 2011. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorβ2 subunits in the medial prefrontal cortex control attention. Science 333:888-91
70. Hamker FH. 2005a. The emergence of attention by population-based inference and its role in distributed processing and cognitive control of vision. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 100:64-106
71. Hamker FH. 2005b. The reentry hypothesis: the putative interaction of the frontal eye field, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and areas V4, IT for attention and eye movement. Cereb. Cortex 15:431-47
72. Hamker FH, Zirnsak M. 2006. V4 receptive field dynamics as predicted by a systems-level model of visual attention using feedback from the frontal eye field. Neural. Netw. 19:1371-82
73. Hamker FH, Zirnsak M, Calow D, Lappe M. 2008. The peri-saccadic perception of objects and space. PLOS Comput. Biol. 4:e31
74. Handy TC, Kingstone A, Mangun GR. 1996. Spatial distribution of visual attention: perceptual sensitivity and response latency. Percept. Psychophys. 58:613-27
75. Hawkins HL, Hillyard SA, Luck SJ, Mouloua M, Downing CJ, Woodward DP. 1990. Visual attention modulates signal detectability. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 16:802-11
76. Hegdé J, Felleman DJ. 2003. How selective are V1 cells for pop-out stimuli? J. Neurosci. 23:9968-80
77. Heinze HJ, Mangun GR, Burchert W, Hinrichs H, Scholz M, et al. 1994. Combined spatial and temporal imaging of brain activity during visual selective attention in humans. Nature 372:543-46
78. Herrero JL, Roberts MJ, Delicato LS, Gieselmann MA, Dayan P, Thiele A. 2008. Acetylcholine contributes through muscarinic receptors to attentional modulation in V1. Nature 454:1110-14
79. Herrmann K, Montaser-Kouhsari L, Carrasco M, Heeger DJ. 2010. When size matters: Attention affects performance by contrast or response gain. Nat. Neurosci. 13:1554-59
80. Herwig A, Weiss K, Schneider WX. 2015. When circles become triangular: how transsaccadic predictions shape the perception of shape. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1339:97-105
81. Hillyard SA. 1993. Electrical and magnetic brain recordings: contributions to cognitive neuroscience. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3:217-24
82. Hoffman JE, Subramaniam B. 1995. The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Percept. Psychophys. 57:787-95
83. Hu Y, Zylberberg J, Shea-Brown E. 2014. The sign rule and beyond: boundary effects, flexibility, and noise correlations in neural population codes. PLOS Comput. Biol. 10:e1003469
84. Ipata AE, Gee AL, Gottlieb J, Bisley JW, Goldberg ME. 2006. LIP responses to a popout stimulus are reduced if it is overtly ignored. Nat. Neurosci. 9:1071-76
85. Itti L, Koch C. 2001. Computational modelling of visual attention. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:194-203
86. Jazayeri M, Movshon JA. 2007. A new perceptual illusion reveals mechanisms of sensory decoding. Nature 446:912-15
87. Jonikaitis D, Theeuwes J. 2013. Dissociating oculomotor contributions to spatial and feature-based selection. J. Neurophysiol. 110:1525-34
88. Joseph JS, Chun MM, Nakayama K. 1997. Attentional requirements in a 'preattentive' feature search task. Nature 387:805-7
89. Jüttner M, Rohler R. 1993. Lateral information transfer across saccadic eye movements. Percept. Psychophys. 53:210-20
90. Kaiser M, Lappe M. 2004. Perisaccadic mislocalization orthogonal to saccade direction. Neuron 41:293-300
91. Kastner S, Ungerleider LG. 2001. The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex. Neuropsychologia 39:1263-76
92. Kim J, Wasserman E, Edward A, Castro L, Freeman JH. 2016. Anterior cingulate cortex inactivation impairs rodent visual selective attention and prospective memory. Behav. Neurosci. 130:75-90
93. Knierim JJ, van Essen DC. 1992. Neuronal responses to static texture patterns in area V1 of the alert macaque monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 67:961-80
94. Kowler E, Anderson E, Dosher B, Blaser E. 1995. The role of attention in the programming of saccades. Vis. Res. 35:1897-916
95. Lamme VA. 1995. The neurophysiology of figure-ground segregation in primary visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 15:1605-15
96. Latto R, Cowey A. 1971. Visual field defects after frontal eye-field lesions in monkeys. Brain Res. 30:1-24
97. Lee J, Maunsell JH. 2009. A normalization model of attentional modulation of single unit responses. PLOS ONE 4:e4651
98. Lovejoy LP, Krauzlis RJ. 2010. Inactivation of primate superior colliculus impairs covert selection of signals for perceptual judgments. Nat. Neurosci. 13:261-66
99. Luck SJ, Chelazzi L, Hillyard SA, Desimone R. 1997. Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77:24-42
100. Luck SJ, Woodman GF, Vogel EK. 2000. Event-related potential studies of attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4(11):432-40
101. Luo TZ, Maunsell JH. 2015. Neuronal modulations in visual cortex are associated with only one of multiple components of attention. Neuron 86:1182-88
102. Lynch JC, Hoover JE, Strick PL. 1994. Input to the primate frontal eye field from the substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and dentate nucleus demonstrated by transneuronal transport. Exp. Brain Res. 100:181-86
103. Ma CL, Arnsten AF, Li BM. 2005. Locomotor hyperactivity induced by blockade of prefrontal cortical α2-adrenoceptors in monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry 57:192-95
104. MaCL,QiXL, Peng JY, Li BM. 2003. Selective deficit in no-go performance induced by blockade of prefrontal cortical α2-adrenoceptors in monkeys. NeuroReport 14:1013-16
105. Martin KA, Schr oder S. 2016. Phase locking of multiple single neurons to the local field potential in cat V1. J. Neurosci. 36:2494-502
106. Martínez-Trujillo JC, Treue S. 2004. Feature-based attention increases the selectivity of population responses in primate visual cortex. Curr. Biol. 14:744-51 www.annualreviews.org Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention 69
107. Mason DJ, Humphreys GW, Kent LS. 2003. Exploring selective attention in ADHD: visual search through space and time. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 44:1158-76
108. Maunsell JH, Cook EP. 2002. The role of attention in visual processing. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 357:1063-72
109. Maunsell JH, Treue S. 2006. Feature-based attention in visual cortex. Trends Neurosci. 29:317-22
110. McAdams CJ, Maunsell JH. 1999. Effects of attention on the reliability of individual neurons in monkey visual cortex. Neuron 23:765-73
111. McAdams CJ, Maunsell JH. 2000. Attention to both space and feature modulates neuronal responses in macaque area V4. J. Neurophysiol. 83:1751-55
112. McAlonan K, Cavanaugh J, Wurtz RH. 2008. Guarding the gateway to cortex with attention in visual thalamus. Nature 456:391-94
113. Metherate R, Ashe JH. 1993. Nucleus basalis stimulation facilitates thalamocortical synaptic transmission in the rat auditory cortex. Synapse 14:132-43
114. Mitchell JF, Sundberg KA, Reynolds JH. 2007. Differential attention-dependent response modulation across cell classes in macaque visual area V4. Neuron 55:131-41
115. Mitchell JF, Sundberg KA, Reynolds JH. 2009. Spatial attention decorrelates intrinsic activity fluctuations in macaque area V4. Neuron 63:879-88
116. Moore T. 1999. Shape representations and visual guidance of saccadic eye movements. Science 285:1914-17
117. MooreT, Armstrong KM. 2003. Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex. Nature 421:370-73
118. Moore T, Armstrong KM, Fallah M. 2003. Visuomotor origins of covert spatial attention. Neuron 40:671-83
119. Moore T, Chang MH. 2009. Presaccadic discrimination of receptive field stimuli by area V4 neurons. Vis. Res. 49:1227-32
120. Moore T, Fallah M. 2001. Control of eye movements and spatial attention. PNAS 98:1273-76
121. Moore T, Tolias AS, Schiller PH. 1998. Visual representations during saccadic eye movements. PNAS 95:8981-84
122. Moran J, Desimone R. 1985. Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex. Science 229:782-84
123. Motter BC. 1994a. Neural correlates of attentive selection for color or luminance in extrastriate area V4. J. Neurosci. 14:2178-89
124. Motter BC. 1994b. Neural correlates of feature selective memory and popout in extrastriate area V4. J. Neurosci. 14:2190-99
125. Mountcastle VB, Andersen RA, Motter BC. 1981. The influence of attentive fixation upon the excitability of the light-sensitive neurons of the posterior parietal cortex. J. Neurosci. 1:1218-25
126. Müller HJ, Geyer T, Zehetleitner M, Krummenacher J. 2009. Attentional capture by salient color singleton distractors is modulated by top-down dimensional set. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 35:1-16
127. Müller HJ, Humphreys GW. 1991. Luminance-increment detection: capacity-limited or not? J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 17:107-24
128. Müller JR, PhiliastidesMG, NewsomeWT. 2005. Microstimulation of the superior colliculus focuses attention without moving the eyes. PNAS 102:524-29
129. Nakamura K, Colby CL. 2002. Updating of the visual representation in monkey striate and extrastriate cortex during saccades. PNAS 99:4026-31
130. Navalpakkam V, Itti L. 2007. Search goal tunes features optimally. Neuron 53:605-17
131. Nothdurft HC, Gallant JL, Van Essen DC. 1999. Response modulation by texture surround in primate area V1: correlates of "popout" under anesthesia. Vis. Neurosci. 16:15-34
132. Noudoost B, Chang MH, Steinmetz NA, Moore T. 2010. Top-down control of visual attention. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20:183-90
133. Noudoost B, Moore T. 2011a. Control of visual cortical signals by prefrontal dopamine. Nature 474:372-75
134. Noudoost B,MooreT. 2011b.The role of neuromodulators in selective attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15:585-91
135. Ogawa T, KomatsuH. 2006. Neuronal dynamics of bottom-up and top-down processes in area V4 ofmacaque monkeys performing a visual search. Exp. Brain Res. 173:1-13
136. Peck CJ, Salzman CD. 2014. The amygdala and basal forebrain as a pathway for motivationally guided attention. J. Neurosci. 34:13757-67
137. Pessoa L, Kastner S, Ungerleider LG. 2003. Neuroimaging studies of attention: from modulation of sensory processing to top-down control. J. Neurosci. 23:3990-98
138. Pollatsek A, Rayner K, Henderson JM. 1990. Role of spatial location in integration of pictorial information across saccades. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 16:199-210
139. Posner MI. 1980. Orienting of attention. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 32:3-25
140. Prinzmetal W, Taylor N. 2006. Color singleton pop-out does not always poop out: an alternative to visual search. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 13:576-80
141. Reynolds JH, Chelazzi L. 2004. Attentional modulation of visual processing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27:611-47
142. Reynolds JH, Heeger DJ. 2009. The normalization model of attention. Neuron 61:168-85
143. Reynolds JH, Pasternak T, Desimone R. 2000. Attention increases sensitivity ofV4 neurons. Neuron 26:703-14
144. Rizzolatti G, Riggio L, Dascola I, Umiltá C. 1987. Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention. Neuropsychologia 25:31-40
145. Rolfs M, Carrasco M. 2012. Rapid simultaneous enhancement of visual sensitivity and perceived contrast during saccade preparation. J. Neurosci. 32:13744-52
146. Ross J, Morrone MC, Burr DC. 1997. Compression of visual space before saccades. Nature 386:598-601
147. Ruff DA, CohenMR. 2014. Attention can either increase or decrease spike count correlations in visual cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 17:1591-97
148. Saenz M, Burâcas GT, Boynton GM. 2002. Global effects of feature-based attention in human visual cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 5:631-32
149. Saenz M, Burâcas GT, Boynton GM. 2003. Global feature-based attention for motion and color. Vis. Res. 43:629-37
150. Salinas E, Sejnowski TJ. 2001. Correlated neuronal activity and the flow of neural information. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:539-50
151. Schafer RJ, Moore T. 2007. Attention governs action in the primate frontal eye field. Neuron 56:541-51
152. Schafer RJ, Moore T. 2011. Selective attention from voluntary control of neurons in prefrontal cortex. Science 332:1568-71
153. Schall JD, Morel A, King DJ, Bullier J. 1995. Topography of visual cortex connections with frontal eye field in macaque: convergence and segregation of processing streams. J. Neurosci. 15:4464-87
154. Schiller PH, Lee K. 1991. The role of the primate extrastriate area V4 in vision. Science 251:1251-53
155. Scolari M, Serences JT. 2009. Adaptive allocation of attentional gain. J. Neurosci. 29:11933-42
156. Seamans JK, Yang CR. 2004. The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog. Neurobiol. 74:1-58
157. Sheinberg DL, Logothetis NK. 2001. Noticing familiar objects in real world scenes: the role of temporal cortical neurons in natural vision. J. Neurosci. 21:1340-50
158. Shepherd M, Findlay JM, Hockey RJ. 1986. The relationship between eye movements and spatial attention. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 38:475-91
159. Shin S, Sommer MA. 2012. Division of labor in frontal eye field neurons during presaccadic remapping of visual receptive fields. J. Neurophysiol. 108:2144-59
160. Siegle JH, Pritchett DL, Moore CI. 2014. Gamma-range synchronization of fast-spiking interneurons can enhance detection of tactile stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 17:1371-79
161. Soltani A, Koch C. 2010. Visual saliency computations: mechanisms, constraints, and the effect of feedback. J. Neurosci. 30:12831-43
162. SommerMA, Wurtz RH. 2006. Influence of the thalamus on spatial visual processing in frontal cortex. Nature 444:374-77
163. Spitzer H, Desimone R, Moran J. 1988. Increased attention enhances both behavioral and neuronal performance. Science 240:338-40
164. Squire RF, Noudoost B, Schafer RF, Moore T. 2013. Prefrontal contributions to visual selective attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 36:451-66
165. Sridharan D, Steinmetz NA, Moore T, Knudsen EI. 2014. Distinguishing bias from sensitivity effects in multialternative detection tasks. J. Vis. 14:16
166. Stanton GB, Bruce CJ, Goldberg ME. 1995. Topography of projections to posterior cortical areas from the macaque frontal eye fields. J. Comp. Neurol. 353:291-305 www.annualreviews.org Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention 71
167. StantonGB, Goldberg ME, Bruce CJ. 1988. Frontal eye field efferents in the macaque monkey: II. Topography of terminal fields in midbrain and pons. J. Comp. Neurol. 271:493-506
168. Steinmetz NA, Moore T. 2014. Eye movement preparation modulates neuronal responses in area V4 when dissociated from attentional demands. Neuron 83:496-506
169. Thompson KG, Bichot NP. 2005. A visual salience map in the primate frontal eye field. Prog. Brain Res. 147:251-62
170. Thompson KG, Biscoe KL, Sato TR. 2005. Neuronal basis of covert spatial attention in the frontal eye field. J. Neurosci. 25:9479-87
171. Tolias AS, Moore T, Smirnakis SM, Tehovnik EJ, Siapas AG, Schiller PH. 2001. Eye movements modulate visual receptive fields of V4 neurons. Neuron 29:757-67
172. Treisman AM, Gelade G. 1980. A feature-integration theory of attention. Cogn. Psychol. 12(1):97-136
173. Treisman AM, Sato S. 1990. Conjunction search revisited. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 16:459-78
174. Tremblay N, Warren RA, Dykes RW. 1990. Electrophysiological studies of acetylcholine and the role of the basal forebrain in the somatosensory cortex of the cat. II. Cortical neurons excited by somatic stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 64:1212-22
175. Treue S, Martínez-Trujillo JC. 1999. Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex. Nature 399:575-79
176. Umeno MM, Goldberg ME. 1997. Spatial processing in the monkey frontal eye field. I. Predictive visual responses. J. Neurophysiol. 78:1373-83
177. Vijayraghavan S, Wang M, Birnbaum SG,WilliamsGV, Arnsten AF. 2007. Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 10:376-84
178. von Helmholtz H. 1925 (1867). Treatise on Physiological Optics, transl. JPC Southall. New York: Dover (from German)
179. Walker MF, Fitzgibbon EJ, Goldberg ME. 1995. Neurons in the monkey superior colliculus predict the visual result of impending saccadic eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 73:1988-2003
180. Wang F, Chen M, Yan Y, Zhaoping L, Li W. 2015. Modulation of neuronal responses by exogenous attention in macaque primary visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 35:13419-29
181. Warburton DM, Rusted JM. 1993. Cholinergic control of cognitive resources. Neuropsychobiology 28:43-46
182. Wardak C, Ibos G, Duhamel JR, Olivier E. 2006. Contribution of the monkey frontal eye field to covert visual attention. J. Neurosci. 26:4228-35
183. Welch K, Stuteville P. 1958. Experimental production of unilateral neglect in monkeys. Brain 81:341-47
184. White AL, Rolfs M, Carrasco M. 2013. Adaptive deployment of spatial and feature-based attention before saccades. Vis. Res. 85:26-35
185. Wolfe JM. 1994. Guided Search 2.0: a revised model of visual search. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1:202-38
186. Wurtz RH, Mohler CW. 1976. Enhancement of visual responses in monkey striate cortex and frontal eye fields. J. Neurophysiol. 39:766-72
187. Zénon A, Krauzlis RJ. 2012. Attention deficits without cortical neuronal deficits. Nature 489:434-37
188. Zhao M, Gersch TM, Schnitzer BS, Dosher BA, Kowler E. 2012. Eye movements and attention: the role of pre-saccadic shifts of attention in perception, memory and the control of saccades. Vis. Res. 1:40-60
189. Zirnsak M, Hamker FH. 2010. Attention alters feature space in motion processing. J. Neurosci. 30:6882-90
190. Zirnsak M, Lappe M, Hamker FH. 2010. The spatial distribution of receptive field changes in a model of peri-saccadic perception: predictive remapping and shifts towards the saccade target. Vis. Res. 50:1328-37
191. Zirnsak M, Moore T. 2014. Saccades and shifting receptive fields: anticipating consequences or selecting targets? Trends Cogn. Sci. 18:621-28
192. Zirnsak M, Steinmetz NA, Noudoost B, Xu KZ, Moore T. 2014. Visual space is compressed in prefrontal cortex before eye movements. Nature 507:504-7