Strong Homotypic Continuity in Common Psychopathology-, Internalizing-, and Externalizing-Specific Factors Over Time in Adolescents

Clinical Psychological Science

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 98-110

  Snyder, Hannah R ^a   Young, Jami F ^b   Hankin, Benjamin L ^c  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

adolescence; externalizing; internalizing; longitudinal; p factor; stability

Indexed keywords

EID: 85009259967     PISSN: 21677026     EISSN: 21677034     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2167702616651076     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Achenbach T. M., Rescorla L., (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
2. Angold A., Costello E. J., Erkanli A., (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40, 57–87.
3. Arnett A. B., Pennington B. F., Young J. F., Hankin B. L., (2015). Links between within-person fluctuations in hyperactivity/attention problems and subsequent conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12466.
4. Beauchaine T. P., McNulty T., (2013). Comorbidities and continuities as ontogenic processes: Toward a developmental spectrum model of externalizing psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 pt 2), 1505–1528. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000746.
5. Beauchaine T. P., Thayer J. F., (2015). Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98, 338–350. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004.
6. Bornovalova M. A., Hicks B. M., Iacono W. G., McGue M., (2013). Longitudinal twin study of borderline personality disorder traits and substance use in adolescence: Developmental change, reciprocal effects, and genetic and environmental influences. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4, 23–32. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0027178.
7. Bussing R., Fernandez M., Harwood M., Wei H., Garvan C. W., Eyberg S. M., Swanson J. M., (2008). Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment, 15, 317–328. http://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313888.
8. Capaldi D. M., (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 125–144. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005605.
9. Caron C., Rutter M., (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1063–1080.
10. Carragher N., Krueger R. F., Eaton N. R., Slade T., (2015). Disorders without borders: Current and future directions in the meta-structure of mental disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 339–350. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-1004-z.
11. Caspi A., Houts R. M., Belsky D. W., Goldman-Mellor S. J., Harrington H... Moffitt T. E., (2014). The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 119–137. http://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613497473.
12. Caspi A., Roberts B. W., (2009). Personality development across the life course: The argument for change and continuity. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 49–66. http://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1202_01.
13. Chen F. F., Hayes A., Carver C. S., Laurenceau J.- P., Zhang Z., (2012). Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: A comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches. Journal of Personality, 80, 219–251. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x.
14. Cole D. A., Martin N. C., (2005). The longitudinal structure of the Children’s Depression Inventory: Testing a latent trait-state model. Psychological Assessment, 17, 144–155. http://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.144.
15. Copeland W. E., Shanahan L., Erkanli A., Costello E. J., Angold A., (2013). Indirect comorbidity in childhood and adolescence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 144. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00144.
16. Costello E. J., Mustillo S., Erkanli A., Keeler G., Angold A., (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844. doi:http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837
17. Cronbach L. J., Meehl P. E., (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302. http://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957.
18. Dedrick R. F., Greenbaum P. E., Friedman R. M., Wetherington C. M., Knoff H. M., (1997). Testing the structure of the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 using confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 306–313. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013164497057002009.
19. Eaton N. R., Krueger R. F., Markon K. E., Keyes K. M., Skodol A. E., Wall M... Grant B., (2013). The structure and predictive validity of the internalizing disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 86–92. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0029598.
20. Ellis L. K., Rothbart M. K., (2001, April). Revision of the early adolescent temperament questionnaire. Poster presented at the 2001 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, MN.
21. Fraley R. C., Roberts B. W., (2005). Patterns of continuity: A dynamic model for conceptualizing the stability of individual differences in psychological constructs across the life course. Psychological Review, 112, 60–74. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.60.
22. Goldberg D. P., Krueger R. F., Andrews G., Hobbs M. J., (2009). Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine, 39(12), 2043–2059. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709990298.
23. Grant K. E., Compas B. E., Stuhlmacher A. F., Thurm A. E., McMahon S. D., Halpert J. A., (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 447–466. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447.
24. Greenbaum P. E., Dedrick R. F., (1998). Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18. Psychological Assessment, 10, 149–155. http://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.149.
25. Hankin B. L., (2008). Cognitive vulnerability–stress model of depression during adolescence: Investigating depressive symptom specificity in a multi-wave prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 999–1014. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9228-6.
26. Hankin B. L., Abramson L. Y., (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 773–796. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773.
27. Hankin B. L., Snyder H. R., Gulley L. D., Schweizer T. H., Bijttebier P., Nelis S., Vasey M. W., (in press). Understanding comorbidity among internalizing problems: Integrating latent structural models of psychopathology and risk mechanisms. Development and Psychopathology.
28. Hankin B. L., Young J. F., Smolen A., Jenness J. L., Gulley L. D., Technow J. R... Oppenheimer C. W., (2015). Depression from childhood in late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 803–816.
29. Holsen I., Kraft P., Vittersø J., (2000). Stability in depressed mood in adolescence: Results from a 6-year longitudinal panel study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 61–78. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005121121721.
30. Hu L. T., Bentler P. M., (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. http://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
31. Kendell R. E., (1975). The concept of disease and its implications for psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 305–315. http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.127.4.305.
32. Kendler K. S., Zachar P., Craver C., (2011). What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders? Psychological Medicine, 41, 1143–1150. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001844.
33. Kessler R. C., Avenevoli S., Costello E. J., Georgiades K., Green J. G., Gruber M. J... Merikangas K. R., (2012). Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 372–380. http://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.160.
34. Klein D. N., Dougherty L. R., Olino T. M., (2005). Toward guidelines for evidence-based assessment of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34, 412–432. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_3.
35. Kovacs M., (1985). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 995–998.
36. Krueger R. F., (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 921–926. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921.
37. Krueger R. F., Caspi A., Moffitt T. E., Silva P. A., (1998). The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): A longitudinal-epidemiological study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 216–227. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.216.
38. Krueger R. F., Eaton N. R., (2015). Transdiagnostic factors of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 14, 27–29. http://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20175.
39. Krueger R. F., Markon K. E., (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111–133. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095213.
40. Krueger R. F., South S. C., (2009). Externalizing disorders: Cluster 5 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine, 39, 2061–2070. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709990328.
41. Laceulle O. M., Vollebergh W. A. M., Ormel J., (2015). The structure of psychopathology in adolescence: Replication of a general psychopathology factor in the TRAILS Study. Clinical Psychological Science. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614560750.
42. Lahey B. B., Applegate B., Hakes J. K., Zald D. H., Hariri A. R., Rathouz P. J., (2012). Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 971–977. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0028355.
43. Lahey B. B., Applegate B., Waldman I. D., Loft J. D., Hankin B. L., Rick J., (2004). The structure of child and adolescent psychopathology: Generating new hypotheses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 358–385. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.3.358.
44. Lahey B. B., Rathouz P. J., Keenan K., Stepp S. D., Loeber R., Hipwell A. E., (2015). Criterion validity of the general factor of psychopathology in a prospective study of girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 56, 415–422. http://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12300.
45. Lahey B. B., Rathouz P. J., van Hulle C., Urbano R. C., Krueger R. F., Applegate B... Waldman I. D., (2007). Testing structural models of DSM-IV symptoms of common forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 187–206. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9169-5.
46. Lahey B. B., Van Hulle C. A., Singh A. L., Waldman I. D., Rathouz P. J., (2011). Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 181–189. http://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.192.
47. Lahey B. B., Zald D. H., Hakes J. K., Krueger R. F., Rathouz P. J., (2014). Patterns of heterotypic continuity associated with the cross-sectional correlational structure of prevalent mental disorders in adults. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 989–996. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.359.
48. March J. S., Parker J. D., Sullivan K., Stallings P., Conners C. K., (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565. http://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019.
49. Maydeu-Olivares A., Coffman D. L., (2006). Random intercept item factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 11, 344–362. http://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.4.344.
50. Mezquita L., Ibáñez M. I., Villa H., Fañanás L., Moya-Higueras J., Ortet G., (2015). Five-factor model and internalizing and externalizing syndromes: A 5-year prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 98–103. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.002.
51. Muris P., Merckelbach H., Ollendick T., King N., Bogie N., (2002). Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 753–772.
52. Muthén L. K., Muthén B. O., (2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
53. Nobile M., Colombo P., Bellina M., Molteni M., Simone D., Nardocci F... Battaglia M., (2013). Psychopathology and adversities from early-to late-adolescence: A general population follow-up study with the CBCL DSM-Oriented Scales. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 22(1), 63–73. http://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796012000145.
54. Nobile M., Greco A., Perna G., Colombo P., Bianchi V., Bellina M... Molteni M., (2013). Effect of the serotonin transporter gene and of environment on the continuity of anxiety and depression traits throughout adolescence. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 23(04), 399–409. http://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796013000565.
55. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Watkins E. R., (2011). A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: Explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 589–609. http://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419672.
56. Olatunji B. O., Cole D. A., (2009). The longitudinal structure of general and specific anxiety dimensions in children: Testing a latent trait–state–occasion model. Psychological Assessment, 21, 412–424. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0016206.
57. Ormel J., Raven D., van Oort F., Hartman C. A., Reijneveld S. A., Veenstra R... Oldehinkel A. J., (2014). Mental health in Dutch adolescents: A TRAILS report on prevalence, severity, age of onset, continuity and co-morbidity of DSM disorders. Psychological Medicine, 45, 345–360. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001469.
58. Patalay P., Fonagy P., Deighton J., Belsky J., Vostanis P., Wolpert M., (2015). A general psychopathology factor in early adolescence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 207, bjp.bp.114.149591–22. http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.149591.
59. Pettersson E., Larsson H., Lichtenstein P., (2016). Common psychiatric disorders share the same genetic origin: A multivariate sibling study of the Swedish population. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 717–721. doi:http://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.116
60. Pettersson E., Turkheimer E., (2010). Item selection, evaluation, and simple structure in personality data. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 407–420. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.03.002.
61. Prenoveau J. M., Craske M. G., Zinbarg R. E., Mineka S., Rose R. D., Griffith J. W., (2011). Are anxiety and depression just as stable as personality during late adolescence? Results from a three-year longitudinal latent variable study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 832–843. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0023939.
62. Roberts B. W., DelVecchio W. F., (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3–25. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3.
63. Roberts B. W., Walton K. E., Viechtbauer W., (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1–25. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1.
64. Rowe R., Costello E. J., Angold A., Copeland W. E., Maughan B., (2010). Developmental pathways in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 726–738. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0020798.
65. Royston P., Altman D. G., Sauerbrei W., (2006). Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: A bad idea. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 127–141. http://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2331.
66. Rutter M., Caspi A., Moffitt T. E., (2003). Using sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: Unifying issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 1092–1115. http://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00194.
67. Smucker M. R., Craighead W. E., Craighead L. W., Green B. J., (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children’s Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 25–39. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917219.
68. Snyder H. R., Gulley L. D., Bijttebier P., Hartman C. A., Oldehinkel A. J., Mezulis, A.. Hankin B. L., (2015). Adolescent emotionality and effortful control: Pinning down the core latent constructs of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire Revised. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 1132–1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000047.
69. Swanson J. M., Kraemer H. C., Hinshaw S. P., Arnold L. E., Conners C. K., Abikoff H. B... Wu M., (2001). Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: Success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 168–179. http://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00011.
70. Tackett J. L., Lahey B. B., van Hulle C., Waldman I., Krueger R. F., Rathouz P. J., (2013). Common genetic influences on negative emotionality and a general psychopathology factor in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 1142–1153. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0034151.
71. Tram J. M., Cole D. A., (2006). A multimethod examination of the stability of depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 674–686. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.674.
72. Vollebergh W. A. M., Iedema J., Bijl R. V., de Graaf R., Smit F., Ormel J., (2001). The structure and stability of common mental disorders: The NEMESIS Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 597–603. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.597.
73. Zahn-Waxler C., Klimes-Dougan B., Slattery M. J., (2000). Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 443–466.