“Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?” The Answer Is Yes

Journal of the American Planning Association

Volumn 83, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 19-25

  Ewing, Reid ^a   Cervero, Robert ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85008657265     PISSN: 01944363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1245112     Document Type: Note

References (59)

1. Atkinson, J. L., Sallis, J. F., Saelens, B. E., Cain, K. L., & Black, J. B., (2005). The association of neighborhood design and recreational environments with physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(4), 304–309. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.304
2. Brown, B. B., & Cropper, V. L., (2001). New urban and standard suburban subdivisions:Evaluating psychological and social goals. Journal of the American Planning Association, 67(4), 402–419. doi:10.1080/01944360108976249
3. Brown, A. L., Khattak, A. J., & Rodriguez, D. A., (2008). Neighbourhood types, travel and body mass:A study of new urbanist and ­suburban neighbourhoods in the US. Urban Studies, 45(4), 963–988. doi:10.1177/0042098007088477
4. Cao, X., Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L., (2006). The influences of the built environment and residential self-selection on pedestrian behavior:Evidence from Austin, TX. Transportation, 33(1), 1–20. doi:10.1007/s11116-005-7027-2
5. Cervero, R., (2001). Walk-and-ride:factors influencing pedestrian access to transit, Journal of Public Transportation, 3(4), 1–23.
6. Cervero, R., & Duncan, X., (2003). Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes:Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1478–1483. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1478
7. Colquhoun, I., (2004). Design out crime:Creating safe and sustainable communities. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 6(4), 57–70. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140201
8. De Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Sallis, J. F., & Saelens, B. E., (2003). Environmental correlates of physical activity in a sample of Belgian adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 83–92. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.83
9. Doyle, S., & Kelly-Schwartz, A., (2006). Active community environments and health:The relationship of walkable and safe communities to individual health. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1), 19–31. doi:10.1080/01944360608976721
10. Dumbaugh, E., & Rae, R., (2009). Safe urban form:Revisiting the relationship between community design and traffic safety. Journal of the American Planning Association, 75(3), 309–329. doi:10.1080/01944360902950349
11. Durand, C. P., Andalib, M., Dunton, G. F., Wolch, J., & Pentz, M. A., (2011). A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk:Implications for smart growth urban planning. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), e173–e182. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00826.x
12. Echenique, M. H., Hargreaves, A. J., Mitchell, G., & Namdeo, A., (2012). Growing cities sustainably:Does urban form really matter?Journal of the American Planning Association, 78(2), 121–137. doi:10.1080/01944363.2012.666731
13. Ewing, R., (2012, October). Brouhaha over JAPA article:Is flawed peer review to blame?”Planning, p. 43.
14. Ewing, R., & Cervero, R., (2010). Travel and the built environment:A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), 265–294. doi:10.1080/01944361003766766
15. Ewing, R., & Hamidi, S., (2014). Longitudinal analysis of transit’s land use multiplier in Portland (OR). Journal of the American Planning Association, 80(2), 123–137. doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.949506
16. Ewing, R., & Hamidi, S., (2015a). Compactness versus sprawl:A review of recent evidence from the United States. Journal of Planning Literature. Prepublished online as doi:10.1177/0885412215595439
17. Ewing, R., & Hamidi, S., (2015b). Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities:Update and refinement. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2513, 40–47. doi:10.3141/2513-05
18. Ewing, R., Hamidi, S., Gallivan, F., Nelson, A. C., & Grace, J. B., (2014). Structural equation models of VMT growth in US urbanised areas. Urban Studies, 51(14), 3079–3096. doi:10.1177/0042098013516521
19. Ewing, R., Hamidi, S., & Grace, J. B., (2016). Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle crashes. Urban Studies, 53(2), 247–266. doi:10.1177/0042098014562331
20. Ewing, R., Hamidi, S., Grace, J., & Wei, D., (2016). Does sprawl hold down upward mobility?Landscape and Urban Planning, 148, 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.012
21. Ewing, R., Meakins, G., Hamidi, S., & Nelson, A. C., (2014). Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity:Update and refinement. Health & Place, 26, 118–126. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.12.008
22. Ewing, R., & Rong, F., (2008). The impact of urban form on US residential energy use. Housing Policy Debate, 19(1), 1–30. doi:10.1080/10511482.2008.9521624
23. Ewing, R., Tian, G., Goates, J. P., Zhang, M., Greenwald, M. J., …, & Greene, W., (2014). Varying influences of the built environment on household travel in 15 diverse regions of the United States. Urban Studies, 52(13), 2330–2348. doi:10.1177/0042098014560991
24. Forsyth, A., Hearst, M., Oakes, J. M., & Schmitz, K. H., (2008). Design and destinations:Factors influencing walking and total physical activity. Urban Studies, 45(9), 1973–1996. doi:10.1177/0042098008093386
25. Frank, L. D., & Pivo, G., (1994). Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes of travel:Single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking. Transportation Research Record, 1466, 44–52.
26. Frank, L. D., Schmid, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Chapman, J. E., & Saelens, B. E., (2005). Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form:Findings from SMARTRAQ. ­American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 117–125. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001
27. Gallimore, J. M., Brown, B. B., & Werner, C. M., (2011). Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods:An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(2), 184–191. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.001
28. Goodwin, P., Dargey, J., & Hanly, M., (2004). Elasticities of road traffic and fuel consumption with respect to price and income:A review. Transport Reviews, 24(3), 275–292. doi:10.1080/0144164042000181725
29. Guerra, R., (2014). The built environment and car use in Mexico City:Is the relationship changing over time?Journal of Planning Education and Research, 34(4), 394–408. doi:10.1177/0739456X14545170
30. Handy, S., Sallis, J. F., Weber, D., Maibach, E., & Hollander, M., (2008). Is support for traditionally designed communities growing? Evidence from two national surveys. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(2), 209–221. doi:10.1080/01944360802010418
31. Hamidi, S., & Ewing, R., (2014). A longitudinal study of changes in urban sprawl between 2000 and 2010 in the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 128, 72–82. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.021
32. Hamidi, S., & Ewing, R., (2015). Is sprawl affordable for Americans? Exploring the association between housing and transportation affordability and urban sprawl. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2500, 75–79. doi:10.3141/2500-09
33. Hamidi, S., Ewing, R., Preuss, I., & Dodds, A., (2015). Measuring sprawl and its impacts:An update. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(1), 35–50. doi:10.1177/0739456X14565247
34. Hillier, B., (2004). Can streets be made safe?Urban Design International, 9(31), 31–45. doi:10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000079
35. Humpel, N., Owen, N., Iverson, D., Leslie, E., & Bauman, A., (2004). Perceived environment attributes, residential location, and walking for particular purposes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26(2), 119–125. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2003.10.005
36. Kim, J., (2007). Perceiving and valuing sense of community in a New Urbanist development:A case study of Kentlands. Journal of Urban Design, 12(2), 203–230. doi:10.1080/13574800701306286
37. Kim, J., & Kaplan, R., (2004). Physical and psychological factors in sense of community:New Urbanist Kentlands and nearby Orchard Village. Environment and Behavior, 36(3), 313–340. doi:10.1177/0013916503260236
38. Landman, K., (2009). Boundaries, bars, and barricades:Reconsidering two approaches to crime prevention in the built environment. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 26(3), 213–227.
39. Leyden, K. M., (2003). Social capital and the built environment:The importance of walkable neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1546–1551. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546
40. Lund, H., (2002) Pedestrian environments and sense of community. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21(3), 301–312. doi:10.1177/0739456X0202100307
41. Lund, H., (2003). Testing the claims of new urbanism:Local access, pedestrian travel, and neighboring behaviors. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(4), 414–429. doi:10.1080/01944360308976328
42. MacDonald, J. M., Stokes, R. J., Cohen, D. A., Kofner, A., & Ridgeway, G. K., (2010). The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(2), 105–112. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.016
43. Marshall, W. E., & Garrick, N. W., (2010). Street network types and road safety:A study of 24 California cities. Urban Design International, 15(3), 133–147. doi:10.1057/udi.2009.31
44. McCormack, G. R., Giles-Corti, B., & Bulsara, M., (2008). The relationship between destination proximity, destination mix and physical activity behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 46(1), 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.01.013
45. Monkkonen, P., (2012). Housing finance reform and increasing socioeconomic segregation in Mexico. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36(4), 757–772. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01085.x
46. Moudon, A. V., & Lee, C., (2003). Walking and bicycling:An evaluation of environmental audit instruments. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 21–37. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.21
47. Pitt, D., (2013). Assessing energy use and greenhouse gas emission savings from compact housing:A small-town case study. Local Environment:The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 18(8), 904–920. doi:10.1080/13549839.2012.748724
48. Podobnik, B., (2011). Assessing the social and environmental achievements of New Urbanism:Evidence from Portland, Oregon. Journal of Urbanism, 4(2), 105–126. doi:10.1080/17549175.2011.596271
49. Rogers, S. H., Halstead, J. M., Gardner, K. H., & Carlson, C. H., (2011). Examining walkability and social capital as indicators of quality of life at the municipal and neighborhood scales. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 6(2), 201–213. doi:10.1007/s11482-010-9132-4
50. Rundle, A., Diez Roux, A. V., Free, L. M., Miller, D., Neckerman, K. M., & Weiss, C. C., (2007). The urban built environment and obesity in New York City:A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21(4), 326–334. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.326
51. Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., Black, J. B., & Chen, D., (2003). Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity:An environment scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1552–1558. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552
52. Samuels, R., (2005). After-dark design, night information, and interpersonal interaction:Toward a community-security paradigm. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 22(4), 305–318. Retrieved fromhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/43030749?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
53. Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H., (2012). Meta-regression analysis in economics and business. London and New York:Routledge.
54. Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, C., (2014). Meta-regression approximations to reduce publication selection bias. Research Synthesis Methods, 5(1), 60–78. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1095
55. Stevens, M. R., (2017/this issue). Does compact development make people drive less?Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(1), 7–18. doi:10.1080/01944363.2016.1240044
56. Tian, G., Ewing, R., & Greene, W., (2014). Desire for smart growth:A survey of residential preferences in the Salt Lake region of Utah. Housing Policy Debate, 25(3), 446–462. doi:10.1080/10511482.2014.971333
57. Wilkerson, A., Carlson, N. E., Yen, I. H., & Michael, Y. L., (2012). Neighborhood physical features and relationships with neighbors:Does positive physical environment increase neighborliness?Environment and Behavior, 44(5), 595–615. doi:10.1177/0013916511402058
58. Wood, L., Frank, L. D., & Giles-Corti, B., (2010). Sense of community and its relationship with walking and neighborhood design. Social Science & Medicine, 70(9), 1381–1390. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.021
59. Wood, L., Shannon, T., Bulsara, M., Pikora, T., McCormack, G., & Giles-Corti, B., (2008). The anatomy of the safe and social suburb:An exploratory study of the built environment, social capital and residents’ perceptions of safety. Health Place, 14(1), 15–31. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.04.004