A comprehensive analysis and immunobiology of autoimmune neurological syndromes during the Zika virus outbreak in Cúcuta, Colombia

Journal of Autoimmunity

Volumn 77, Issue , 2017, Pages 123-138

  Anaya, Juan Manuel ^a   Rodríguez, Yhojan ^a   Monsalve, Diana M ^a   Vega, Daniel ^b   Ojeda, Ernesto ^b   González Bravo, Diana ^a   Rodríguez Jiménez, Mónica ^a   Pinto Díaz, Carlos A ^a   Chaparro, Pablo ^c   Gunturiz, María L ^c   Ansari, Aftab A ^d   Gershwin, M Eric ^e   Molano González, Nicolás ^a   Ramírez Santana, Carolina ^a   Acosta Ampudia, Yeny ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DEL ROSARIO   (Colombia)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO MAYOR MÉDERI   (Colombia)

^c INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD   (Colombia)

^d EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Colombia; Epidemiology; Guillain Barr syndrome; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Public health; Transverse myelitis; Zika virus

Indexed keywords

GANGLIOSIDE ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BASIC REPRODUCTION NUMBER; CAMPYLOBACTER ENTERITIS; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS; COLOMBIA; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DENGUE VIRUS; DISABILITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DYSAUTONOMIA; ENCEPHALITIS; EPIDEMIC; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; FEMALE; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMMUNOBIOLOGY; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MYELITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL STATUS; ZIKA FEVER; ZIKA VIRUS; ADOLESCENT; AGE; AGED; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COMPLICATION; HEALTH SURVEY; IMMUNOLOGY; INFANT; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; ODDS RATIO; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT; TRANSMISSION; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COLOMBIA; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHY, MEDICAL; GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PREGNANCY; PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE; SEX FACTORS; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT; YOUNG ADULT; ZIKA VIRUS; ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 85008465372     PISSN: 08968411     EISSN: 10959157     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.12.007     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. [1] Chang, C., Ortiz, K., Ansari, A., Gershwin, M.E., The Zika outbreak of the 21st century. J. Autoimmun. 68 (2016), 1–13.
2. [2] Besnard, M., Lastere, S., Teissier, A., Cao-Lormeau, V., Musso, D., Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro. Surveill., 19, 2014 pii: 20751.
3. [3] Calvet, G., Aguiar, R.S., Melo, A.S., Sampaio, S.A., de Filippis, I., Fabri, A., et al. Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 16 (2016), 653–660.
4. [4] Gulland, A., Zika virus is a global public health emergency, declares WHO. BMJ, 352, 2016, i657.
5. [5] Instituto Nacional de Salud, Casos de Zika en Colombia, semanas epidemiológicas 32 de 2015 a 30 de 2016. [Accessed 14 Aug 2016]. Available from: http://www.ins.gov.co/Noticias/ZIKA/Casos%20zika%20por%20municipio%20semana%2030%202016.pdf.
6. [6] Padilla, J.C., Rojas, D.P., Saenz-Gomez, R., Dengue en Colombia: epidemiologia de la reemergencia a la hiperendemia. first ed., 2012 Bogotá, Colombia https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/INEC/INV/Dengue%20en%20Colombia.pdf.
7. [7] Secretaría de Salud de Cúcuta, Análisis de Situación en Salud (ASIS), Cúcuta. 2015.
8. [8] Pacheco, O., Beltran, M., Nelson, C.A., Valencia, D., Tolosa, N., Farr, S.L., et al. Zika virus disease in Colombia - preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med., 2016, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6549e1 [Epub ahead of print].
9. [9] Ministerio de Salud y Proteccion Social, Circular Externa 0043, Colombia. 2015 http://www.ins.gov.co/Noticias/ZIKA/Circular%20Ext%200043%202015%20Zika.pdf.
10. [10] Asbury, A.K., Guillain-Barre syndrome: historical aspects. Ann. Neurol. 27:Suppl. (1990), S2–S6.
11. [11] Asbury, A.K., Cornblath, D.R., Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 27:Suppl. (1990), S21–S24.
12. [12] Fokke, C., van den Berg, B., Drenthen, J., Walgaard, C., van Doorn, P.A., Jacobs, B.C., Diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. Brain 137 (2014), 33–43.
13. [13] Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group, Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology 59 (2002), 499–505.
14. [14] Venkatesan, A., Tunkel, A.R., Bloch, K.C., Lauring, A.S., Sejvar, J., Bitnun, A., et al. Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium. Clin. Infect. Dis. 57 (2013), 1114–1128.
15. [15] Mahecha, M.P., Ojeda, E., Vega, D.A., Sarmiento-Monroy, J.C., Anaya, J.M., Guillain-Barre syndrome in Colombia: where do we stand now?. Immunol. Res., 2016, 10.1007/s12026-016-8816-8 [Epub ahead of print].
16. [16] Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Protocolo de vigilancia en salud pública enfermedad por virus Zika. 2016 http://www.msssi.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/DocsZika/Protocolo_vigilancia_ZIKA_11022016.pdf.
17. [17] Hughes, R.A., Newsom-Davis, J.M., Perkin, G.D., Pierce, J.M., Controlled trial prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy. Lancet 2 (1978), 750–753.
18. [18] Congreso de la República de Colombia, Ministerio Nacional de Educación, Ley 115 de Febrero 8 de 1994. 1994 [Accessed 10 Aug 2016]. Available from: http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/articles-85906_archivo_pdf.pdf.
19. [19] Congreso de la República de Colombia, Ley 142 de 1994, 1994 Available from: http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2752.
20. [20] AANEM, American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Guidelines in electrodiagnostic medicine. Recommended policy for electrodiagnostic medicine. Muscle. Nerve 8:Suppl. (1999), S91–S105.
21. [21] AANEM, American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Proper performance and interpretation of electrodiagnostic studies. Muscle. Nerve 51 (2015), 468–471 [Corrected].
22. [22] Jasti, A.K., Selmi, C., Sarmiento-Monroy, J.C., Vega, D.A., Anaya, J.M., Gershwin, M.E., Guillain-Barre syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment. Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol. 12 (2016), 1175–1189.
23. [23] Willison, H.J., Jacobs, B.C., van Doorn, P.A., Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet 388 (2016), 717–727.
24. [24] Chowell, G., Hincapie-Palacio, D., Ospina, J., Pell, B., Tariq, A., Dahal, S., et al. Using phenomenological models to characterize transmissibility and forecast patterns and final burden of Zika epidemics. PloS. Curr., 8, 2016 pii: ecurrents.outbreaks.f14b2217c902f453d9320a43a35b9583.
25. [25] Obadia, T., Haneef, R., Boelle, P.Y., The R0 package: a toolbox to estimate reproduction numbers for epidemic outbreaks. BMC. Med. Inf. Decis. Mak., 12, 2012, 147.
26. [26] Wood, S., Generalized Additive Models: an Introduction with R. 2006, Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
27. [27] A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Found. Stat. Comput. Vienna, Austria, 2016 http://www.r-project.org/.
28. [28] Husson, F., Le, S., Pages, J., Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R. 2011, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
29. [29] Priyamvada, L., Quicke, K.M., Hudson, W.H., Onlamoon, N., Sewatanon, J., Edupuganti, S., et al. Human antibody responses after dengue virus infection are highly cross-reactive to Zika virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113 (2016), 7852–7857.
30. [30] Gao, D., Lou, Y., He, D., Porco, T.C., Kuang, Y., Chowell, G., et al. Prevention and control of Zika as a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted disease: a mathematical modeling analysis. Sci. Rep., 6, 2016, 28070.
31. [31] Kucharski, A.J., Funk, S., Eggo, R.M., Mallet, H.P., Edmunds, W.J., Nilles, E.J., Transmission dynamics of Zika Virus in island populations: a modelling analysis of the 2013-14 French Polynesia outbreak. PloS. Negl. Trop. Dis., 10, 2016, e0004726.
32. [32] Majumder, M.S., Santillana, M., Mekaru, S.R., McGinnis, D.P., Khan, K., Brownstein, J.S., Utilizing nontraditional data sources for near real-time estimation of transmission dynamics during the 2015-2016 Colombian Zika virus disease outbreak. JMIR. Public. Health. Surveill., 2, 2016, e30.
33. [33] Nishiura, H., Kinoshita, R., Mizumoto, K., Yasuda, Y., Nah, K., Transmission potential of Zika virus infection in the South Pacific. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 45 (2016), 95–97.
34. [34] Nishiura, H., Mizumoto, K., Villamil-Gomez, W.E., Rodriguez-Morales, A.J., Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of Zika virus infection during Colombia epidemic, 2015-2016. Travel. Med. Infect. Dis. 14 (2016), 274–276.
35. [35] Rocklov, J., Quam, M.B., Sudre, B., German, M., Kraemer, M.U., Brady, O., et al. Assessing seasonal risks for the introduction and mosquito-borne spread of Zika virus in Europe. EBioMedicine 9 (2016), 250–256.
36. [36] Rojas, D.P., Dean, N.E., Yang, Y., Kenah, E., Quintero, J., Tomasi, S., et al. The epidemiology and transmissibility of Zika virus in Girardot and San Andres island, Colombia, September 2015 to January 2016. Euro. Surveill., 21, 2016.
37. [37] Lessler, J., Chaisson, L.H., Kucirka, L.M., Bi, Q., Grantz, K., Salje, H., et al. Assessing the global threat from Zika virus. Science, 353, 2016, 10.1126/science.aaf8160.
38. [38] Monaghan, A.J., Morin, C.W., Steinhoff, D.F., Wilhelmi, O., Hayden, M., Quattrochi, D.A., et al. On the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the Zika virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in the contiguous United States. PLoS. Curr., 8, 2016.
39. [39] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Vector-borne Diseases (DVBD). 2016 [Accessed 25 Aug 2016]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/index.html.
40. [40] Hamel, R., Dejarnac, O., Wichit, S., Ekchariyawat, P., Neyret, A., Luplertlop, N., et al. Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells. J. Virol. 89 (2015), 8880–8896.
41. [41] Kostyuchenko, V.A., Lim, E.X., Zhang, S., Fibriansah, G., Ng, T.S., Ooi, J.S., et al. Structure of the thermally stable Zika virus. Nature 533 (2016), 425–428.
42. [42] World Health Organization (WHO), Health and Environment Linkages Initiative. 2014 [Accessed 25 Aug 2016]. Available from: http://www.who.int/heli/en/.
43. [43] World Health Organization (WHO), WHO Specifications and Evaluations for Public Health Pesticides. Pyriproxyfen. 2016 [Accessed 25 Aug 2016]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/Pyriproxyfen_eval_specs_WHO_May_2016.pdf?ua=1.
44. [44] Lozier, M., Adams, L., Febo, M.F., Torres-Aponte, J., Bello-Pagan, M., Ryff, K.R., et al. Incidence of Zika virus disease by age and sex - Puerto Rico, November 1, 2015-October 20, 2016. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 65 (2016), 1219–1223.
45. [45] Shi, W., Zhang, Z., Ling, C., Carr, M.J., Tong, Y., Gao, G.F., Increasing genetic diversity of Zika virus in the Latin American outbreak. Emerg. Microb. Infect., 5, 2016, e68.
46. [46] Villamil-Gomez, W.E., Gonzalez-Camargo, O., Rodriguez-Ayubi, J., Zapata-Serpa, D., Rodriguez-Morales, A.J., Dengue, chikungunya and Zika co-infection in a patient from Colombia. J. Infect. Public. Health 9 (2016), 684–686.
47. [47] Weaver, S.C., Costa, F., Garcia-Blanco, M.A., Ko, A.I., Ribeiro, G.S., Saade, G., et al. Zika virus: history, emergence, biology, and prospects for control. Antivir. Res. 130 (2016), 69–80.
48. [48] Ye, Q., Liu, Z.Y., Han, J.F., Jiang, T., Li, X.F., Qin, C.F., Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Zika virus circulating in the Americas. Infect. Genet. Evol. 43 (2016), 43–49.
49. [49] Broutet, N., Krauer, F., Riesen, M., Khalakdina, A., Almiron, M., Aldighieri, S., et al. Zika virus as a cause of neurologic disorders, N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (2016), 1506–1509.
50. [50] Cao-Lormeau, V.M., Blake, A., Mons, S., Lastere, S., Roche, C., Vanhomwegen, J., et al. Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet 387 (2016), 1531–1539.
51. [51] Arias, A., Torres-Tobar, L., Hernandez, G., Paipilla, D., Palacios, E., Torres, Y., et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome in patients with a recent history of Zika in Cucuta, Colombia: a descriptive case series of 19 patients from December 2015 to March 2016. J. Crit. Care 37 (2016), 19–23.
52. [52] Parra, B., Lizarazo, J., Jimenez-Arango, J., Guillain-Barre Syndrome Associated with Zika Virus Infection in Colombia, vol. 375, 2016, 1513–1523.
53. [53] Jacobs, B.C., Rothbarth, P.H., van der Meche, F.G., Herbrink, P., Schmitz, P.I., de Klerk, M.A., et al. The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case-control study. Neurology 51 (1998), 1110–1115.
54. [54] De La O-Peña, D., Robles-Figueroa, M., Chavez-Peña, Q., Bedolla-Barajas, M., Features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults: results of a university hospital. Rev. Med. Inst. Mex. Seguro. Soc. 53 (2015), 678–685.
55. [55] Gonzalez, P., Garcia, X., Guerra, A., Experience with Guillain-Barre syndrome in a neurological intensive care unit. Neurologia 31 (2014), 389–394.
56. [56] Chalela, J.A., Pearls and pitfalls in the intensive care management of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Semin. Neurol. 21 (2001), 399–405.
57. [57] Kopytko, D., Kowalski, P., Guillain-Barre syndrome- literature overview. Pol. Ann. Med. 21 (2014), 158–161.
58. [58] Seneviratne, U., Guillain-Barre syndrome. Postgrad. Med. J. 76 (2000), 774–782.
59. [59] Dourado, M.E., Felix, R.H., da Silva, W.K., Queiroz, J.W., Jeronimo, S.M., Clinical characteristics of Guillain-Barre syndrome in a tropical country: a Brazilian experience. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 125 (2012), 47–53.
60. [60] McGrogan, A., Madle, G.C., Seaman, H.E., de Vries, C.S., The epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review. Neuroepidemiology 32 (2009), 150–163.
61. [61] Zhang, H.L., Wu, J., Ni, F.N., Islam, Z., Mohammad, Q.D., Endtz, H.P., et al. Axonal variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with campylobacter infection in Bangladesh. Neurology 75 (2010), 194–195.
62. [62] Meyer Sauteur, P.M., Huizinga, R., Tio-Gillen, A.P., Roodbol, J., Hoogenboezem, T., Jacobs, E., et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae triggering the Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case-control study. Ann. Neurol. 80 (2016), 566–580.
63. [63] Barcellos, C., Xavier, D.R., Pavao, A.L., Boccolini, C.S., Pina, M.F., Pedroso, M., et al. Increased hospitalizations for neuropathies as indicators of Zika virus infection, according to Health Information System Data, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22 (2016), 1894–1899.
64. [64] Carteaux, G., Maquart, M., Bedet, A., Contou, D., Brugieres, P., Fourati, S., et al. Zika virus associated with meningoencephalitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (2016), 1595–1596.
65. [65] Mecharles, S., Herrmann, C., Poullain, P., Tran, T.H., Deschamps, N., Mathon, G., et al. Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection. Lancet, 387, 2016.
66. [66] Choe, M.C., Giza, C.C., Diagnosis and management of acute concussion. Semin. Neurol. 35 (2015), 29–41.
67. [67] Bhat, A., Naguwa, S., Cheema, G., Gershwin, M.E., The epidemiology of transverse myelitis. Autoimmun. Rev. 9 (2010), A395–A399.
68. [68] Frohman, E.M., Wingerchuk, D.M., Clinical practice. Transverse myelitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 363 (2010), 564–572.
69. [69] Profice, P., Renna, R., Pilato, F., Sestito, A., Infusino, F., Bruno, I., et al. Cardiovascular impairment in a patient with acute myelitis. Spinal Cord. 51 (2013), 511–513.
70. [70] Shah, S., Sangari, T., Qasim, M., Martin, T., Severe hypertension and bradycardia after dexmedetomidine for radiology sedation in a patient with acute transverse myelitis. Paediatr. Anaesth. 18 (2008), 681–682.
71. [71] Hummers, L.K., Krishnan, C., Casciola-Rosen, L., Rosen, A., Morris, S., Mahoney, J.A., et al. Recurrent transverse myelitis associates with anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies. Neurology 62 (2004), 147–149.
72. [72] Chan, H.K., Tsang, K.L., Fong, G.C., Ho, S.L., Cheung, R.T., Mak, W., Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disorders after acute transverse myelitis. Eur. J. Neurol. 13 (2006), 862–868.
73. [73] Jacob, A., Weinshenker, B.G., An approach to the diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis. Semin. Neurol. 28 (2008), 105–120.
74. [74] Borchers, A.T., Gershwin, M.E., Transverse myelitis. Autoimmun. Rev. 11 (2012), 231–248.
75. [75] Mok, C.C., Lau, C.S., Chan, E.Y., Wong, R.W., Acute transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. J. Rheumatol. 25 (1998), 467–473.
76. [76] Alhomoud, I.A., Bohlega, S.A., Alkawi, M.Z., Alsemari, A.M., Omer, S.M., Alsenani, F.M., Primary Sjogren's syndrome with central nervous system involvement. Saudi. Med. J. 30 (2009), 1067–1072.
77. [77] Roze, B., Najioullah, F., Signate, A., Apetse, K., Brouste, Y., Gourgoudou, S., et al. Zika virus detection in cerebrospinal fluid from two patients with encephalopathy, Martinique, February 2016. Euro. Surveill., 21, 2016.
78. [78] Soares, C.N., Brasil, P., Carrera, R.M., Sequeira, P., de Filippis, A.B., Borges, V.A., et al. Fatal encephalitis associated with Zika virus infection in an adult. J. Clin. Virol. 83 (2016), 63–65.
79. [79] Wasay, M., Khatri, I.A., Abd-Allah, F., Arbovirus infections of the nervous system: current trends and future threats. Neurology 84 (2015), 421–423.
80. [80] Bell, T.M., Field, E.J., Narang, H.K., Zika virus infection of the central nervous system of mice. Arch. Gesamte. Virusforsch 35 (1971), 183–193.
81. [81] Solomon, I.H., Milner, D.A., Folkerth, R.D., Neuropathology of Zika virus infection. J. Neuroinfect. Dis., 7, 2016.
82. [82] Surveillance de la Dengue et du Zika en Polynesie Francaise, Janvier, 2014 [Accessed 14 Aug 2016]. Available from: https://www.pphsn.net/Surveillance/French-Polynesia/2014/Bulletin-DENGUE-03-01-14.pdf.
83. [83] Dick, G.W., Kitchen, S.F., Haddow, A.J., Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46 (1952), 509–520.
84. [84] Anaya, J.M., Ramirez-Santana, C., Salgado-Castaneda, I., Chang, C., Ansari, A., Gershwin, M.E., Zika virus and neurologic autoimmunity: the putative role of gangliosides. BMC. Med., 14, 2016, 49.
85. [85] Acosta-Ampudia, Y., Monsalve, D., Rodriguez, Y., Gunturiz, M.L., Ramirez-Santana, C., González-Bravo, D.C., et al. Neurological autoimmunity in the time of zika [Spanish]. Med. Bogota 38 (2016), 187–200.
86. [86] Webb, G.J., Hirschfield, G.M., Using GWAS to identify genetic predisposition in hepatic autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 66 (2016), 25–39.
87. [87] Seldin, M.F., The genetics of human autoimmune disease: a perspective on progress in the field and future directions. J. Autoimmun. 64 (2015), 1–12.
88. [88] Dieli-Crimi, R., Cenit, M.C., Nunez, C., The genetics of celiac disease: a comprehensive review of clinical implications. J. Autoimmun. 64 (2015), 26–41.
89. [89] Noble, J.A., Immunogenetics of type 1 diabetes: a comprehensive review. J. Autoimmun. 64 (2015), 101–112.
90. [90] Liu, J., Cao, X., Regulatory dendritic cells in autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. J. Autoimmun. 63 (2015), 1–12.
91. [91] Fairfax, K.A., Tsantikos, E., Figgett, W.A., Vincent, F.B., Quah, P.S., LePage, M., et al. BAFF-driven autoimmunity requires CD19 expression. J. Autoimmun. 62 (2015), 1–10.
92. [92] Joly, A.L., Liu, S., Dahlberg, C.I., Mailer, R.K., Westerberg, L.S., Andersson, J., Foxp3 lacking exons 2 and 7 is unable to confer suppressive ability to regulatory T cells in vivo. J. Autoimmun. 63 (2015), 23–30.
93. [93] World Health Organization, Zika situation report, 15 December 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/15-december-2016/en/.
94. [94] Wang, Y.H., Yang, W., Yang, J.B., Jia, Y.J., Tang, W., Gershwin, M.E., et al. Systems biologic analysis of T regulatory cells genetic pathways in murine primary biliary cirrhosis. J. Autoimmun. 59 (2015), 26–37.