Study and Optimization of Plasma-Based Radar Cross Section Reduction Using Three-Dimensional Computations

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

Volumn 37, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2116-2127

  Chaudhury, Bhaskar ^a   Chaturvedi, Shashank ^b  

^a d'Hydraulique et des Telecommunications   (France)

^b BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

Author keywords

Absorption; bistatic radar cross section (RCS); electromagnetic (EM) wave; finite difference time domain (FDTD); plasma stealth; power optimization; RCS reduction (RCSR)

Indexed keywords

EID: 85008025492     PISSN: 00933813     EISSN: 19399375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2009.2032331     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. E. F. Knott, J. F. Shaeffer, and M. T. Tuley, Radar Cross Section. Raleigh, NC: Scitech Publ. Inc., 2004.
2. M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems. New Delhi, India: Tata Mcgraw-Hill, 2001.
3. E. L. Mokole, M. Kragalott, and K. R. Gerlach, Ultra-Wideband Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 6. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2003.
4. R. J. Vidmar “On the use of atmospheric pressure plasmas as electromagnetic reflectors and absorbers,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 733–741, Aug. 1990.
5. K. R. Stadler, R. J. Vidmar, and D. J. Eckstrom “Observations of strong microwave absorption in collisional plasmas with gradual density gradients,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 5089–5094, Dec. 1992.
6. M. Laroussi and J. R. Roth “Numerical calculation of the reflection, absorption, and transmission of microwaves by a nonuniform plasma slab,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 366–372, Aug. 1993.
7. B. Chaudhury and S. Chaturvedi, “Three-dimensional computation of reduction in radar cross section using plasma shielding”, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 2027–2034, Dec. 2005.
8. K. G. Budden, The Propagation of Radio Waves. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
9. M. Laroussi “Interaction of microwaves with atmospheric pressure plasmas,” Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 2069–2083, Dec. 1995.
10. L. M. Hai, H. X. Wei, J. Z. He, L. X. Pei, G. C. Lin, and P. Yuan, “Electromagnetic wave attenuation in atmospheric pressure plasmas”, Chin. Phys. Lett., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1225–1226, 2001.
11. B. J. Hu, G. Wei, and S. L. Lai “SMM analysis of reflection, absorption, and transmission from nonuniform magnetized plasma slab,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1131–1136, Aug. 1999.
12. B. Guo and X. Wang, “Power absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic waves in a partially ionized magnetized plasma”, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 084506, Aug. 2005.
13. B. Chaudhury and S. Chaturvedi, “Comparison of wave propagation studies in plasmas using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain and ray-tracing methods”, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 13, no. 12, p. 123302, Dec. 2006.
14. B. Chaudhury and S. Chaturvedi, “Radar cross section calculations for plasma shielded objects”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Microw., Bangalore, India, 2006, pp. 754–760.
15. A. Taflove and M. E. Brodwin “Numerical solution of steady-state electromagnetic scattering problems using the three-dependent Maxwell's equations,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-23, no. 8, pp. 623–630, Aug. 1975.
16. F. Molinet, H. Steve, and J.-P. Adam, “State of the art in computational methods for the prediction of radar cross-section and antenna-platform interactions”, C.R. Physique, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 626–639, Jul./Aug. 2005.
17. A. Taflove and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time Domain Method. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2000.
18. K. S. Kunz and R. J. Luebbers, The Finite Difference Time-Domain Method for Electromagnetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1993.
19. D. M. Sullivan “Z-transform theory and the FDTD method,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 28–34, Jan. 1996.
20. K. S. Yee “Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-14, no. 3, pp. 302–307, May 1966.
21. K. Umashankar and A. Taflove “A novel method to analyze electromagnetic scattering of complex objects,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-24, no. 4, pp. 397–405, Nov. 1982.
22. K. L. Shlager and J. B. Schneider “A selective survey of the finite-difference time-domain literature,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 39–56, Aug. 1995.
23. A. Taflove and K. Umashankar “Radar cross section of general three-dimensional scatterers,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-25, no. 4, pp. 433–440, Nov. 1983.
24. R. Luebbers and H. Hunsberger “FDTD for Nth-order dispersive media,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1297–1301, Nov. 1992.
25. R. J. Luebbers, F. Hunsberger, K. S. Kunz, R. Standler, and M. Schneider “A frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain formulation for dispersive materials,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 222–227, Aug. 1990.
26. R. J. Luebbers, F. Hunsberger, and K. S. Kunz “A frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain formulation for transient propagation in plasma,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 29–34, Jan. 1991.
27. A. M. Howatson, An Introduction to Gas Discharges. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon, 1976.
28. R. J. Luebbers, K. Kunz, M. Schneider, and F. Hunsberger “A finite-difference time-domain near to far zone transformation,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 429–433, Apr. 1991.
29. D. J. Steich, “Local outer boundary conditions for the finite difference time domain method applied to Maxwell's equations”, Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 1995.
30. K. Akhtar, J. E. Scharer, S. M. Tysk, and E. Kho, “Plasma interferometry at high pressures”, Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 996–1001, Feb. 2003.
31. M. A. Heald and C. B. Wharton, Plasma Diagnostics With Microwaves. New York: Krieger, 1978.
32. L. G. Christophorou and J. K. Olthoff, Fundamental Electron Interactions With Plasma Processing Gases. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2004.
33. M. Mitchner and C. Kruger, Partially Ionized Gases. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1973.
34. E. E. Kunhardt, “Generation of large-volume, atmospheric-pressure, nonequilibrium plasmas”, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 189—200, Feb. 2000.
35. R. F. Fernsler, W. M. Manheimer, R. A. Meger, J. Mathew, D. P. Murphy, R. E. Pechacek, and J. A. Gregor, “Production of large-area plasmas by electron beams”, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 2137–2143, May 1998.
36. I. V. Adamovich, J. W. Rich, A. P. Chernukho, and S. A. Zhdanok, “Analysis of the power budget and stability of high pressure nonequilibrium air plasmas”, presented at the 31st AIAA Plasmadynamics Lasers Conf., Denver, CO, 2000, Paper 00–2418.
37. Y. S. Zhang and J. E. Scharer “Plasma generation in an organic molecular gas by an ultraviolet laser pulse,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 4779–4784, May 1993.
38. K. L. Kelly, J. E. Scharer, G. Ding, M. Bettenhausen, and S. P. Kuo “Microware reflections from an ultra-violet laser produced plasma sheet,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 63–68, Jan. 1999.
39. K. L. Kelly, J. E. Scharer, E. S. Paller, and G. Ding, “Faser ionization and radio frequency sustainment of high-pressure seeded plasmas”, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 689–709, Jul. 2002.
40. N. Kroll and K. M. Watson, “Theoretical study of ionization of air by intense laser pulses”, Phys. Rev. A, Gen. Phys., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1883—1905, Apr. 1972.
41. J. J. Fowke and D. K. Davies “Properties of electrical discharges sustained by a uniform source of ionization,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 4991–5000, Dec. 1977.
42. D. Leonhardt, C. Muratore, S. G. Walton, and R. A. Meger, “Plasma enhanced surface treatments using electron beam-generated plasmas”, Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 188–189, pp. 299–306, Nov./Dec. 2004.
43. S. O. Macheret, M. N. Shneider, and R. B. Miles, “Modeling of discharges generated by electron beams in dense gases: Fountain and thunderstorm regimes”, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1518–1528, May 2001.
44. S. G. Walton, D. Leonhardt, and R. F. Fernsler, “Time-resolved diagnostics in a pulsed, electron beam-generated plasma”, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 838–843, Apr. 2005.
45. E. H. Lock, R. F. Fernsler, and S. G. Walton, “Experimental and theoretical evaluations of electron temperature in continuous electron beam generated plasmas”, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 025009.1–025009.8, 2008.
46. M. N. Spencer, J. S. Dickinson, and D. J. Eckstrom “Afterglow conductivity measurements of air and N2 following intense electron-beam excitation,” J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 923–932, Jul. 1987.
47. J. Bretagne, G. Delouya, J. Godart, and V. Puech “High-energy electron distribution in an electron-beam-generated argon plasma,” J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1225–1239, Jul. 1981.
48. L. Ouyang, L. Hong, L. Benben, Z. Junqing, Y. Hong, S. Tie, W. Huihui, and L. Wandong, “Simulation of electron-beam generating plasma at atmospheric pressure”, Plasma Sci. Technol., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 169–173, Apr. 2007.
49. W. M. Manheimer, R. F. Fernsler, M. Lampe, and R. A. Meger, “Theoretical overview of the large-area plasma processing system”, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 370–386, Aug. 2000.
50. R. Vidmar and K. Stalder, “Air-plasma experimentation at the university of Nevada, Reno”, in Proc. 43rd AIAA Aerosp. Sci. Meeting Exhib., 2005, pp. 1–12.
51. R. Deloche, R. P. Monchicourt, M. Cheret, and F. Lambert “High-pressure Helium afterglow at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. A, Gen. Phys., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1140–1176, Mar. 1976.
52. L. G. Christophorou, Electron-Molecule Interactions and Their Applications, vol. 2. New York: Academic, 1984.
53. C. B. Collins, “Collisional-radiative recombination of ions and electrons in high-pressure plasmas in which the electron temperature exceeds the gas temperature”, Phys. Rev., vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 254–257, Jan. 1969.
54. Y. Itikawa “Effective collision frequency of electrons in gases,” Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 831–835, Jun. 1973.