Mediating the conflict in the Rasht Valley, Tajikistan: The hegemonic narrative and anti-hegemonic challenges

Central Asian Affairs

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 247-272

  Lemon, Edward ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Conflict; Framing; Islam; Tajikistan; Terrorism

Indexed keywords

EID: 85006655699     PISSN: 22142282     EISSN: 22142290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/22142290-00102005     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Francois Debrix, Tabloid Terror: War, Culture, and Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 2008), 4.
2. Roger Kangas, “State Building and Civil Society in Central Asia,” in Political Culture and Civil Society in the Soviet Successor States, ed. Vladimir Tismaneanu (Armonk, ny: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 271.
3. Nick Megoran, “Framing Andijon, Narrating the Nation: Islam Karimov's Account of the Events of 13 May 2005,” Central Asian Survey, 27, no. 1, (2008): 15-31;
4. Nick Megoran, “The Critical Geopolitics of Danger in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan,” Environment and Planning, 23 (2004): 555-580;
5. S. Horsman, “Themes of Official Discourses on Terrorism in Central Asia,” Third World Quarterly, 26, no. 1 (2005): 199-213;
6. John Heathershaw and Nick Megoran, “Contesting Danger: A New Agenda for Policy and Scholarship in Central Asia,” International Affairs, 87, no. 3, (2011): 589-612.
7. I followed the four-stage method for analyszing texts outlined in Norman Fairclough, Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language (New York: Prentice Hall, 2010).
8. David Campbell, Writing Security: us Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998).
9. This concept was first outlined in A.B. Fetherston, “Peacekeeping, Conflict Resolution, and Peacebuilding: A Reconsideration of Theoretical Frameworks,” International Peacekeeping, 17, no. 20, (2000): 190-217.
10. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (New York: Macmillan, 1972).
11. Jorgen Staun, “A Linguistic Turn in Terrorism Studies,” diis Working Paper, 2, (2009): 10.
12. Jorgen Staun, “When, How, and Why Elites Frame Terrorists: A Wittgensteinian Analysis of Terror and Radicalisation,” Critical Studies in Terrorism, 3, no. 3 (2010): 403-420.
13. Jumhirii Tojikiston (Republic of Tajikistan), “Konuni Jumhurii Tojikiston dar Boroi Muqovimat ba (Rasmikunonii) Daromadkhoi bo Rokhi Jinoyat Badastobarda ba Mablaghguzorii Terrorizm,” (Law on Combating Terrorism), 1999, available via http://www.nbt.tj/files/Laws/law_RT_tj.pdf. An English translation can be found at http://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/6924.
14. Norman Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), 4.
15. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and the Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1985).
16. Louise Phillips and Marianne Jorgensen, Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method (London: Sage, 2002), 27.
17. Laclau and Mouffe, Hegemony and the Socialist Strategy, p. 111.
18. For an overview of the key debates, including state/non-state, effective counter-terrorism, and ethics, see Samuel Sinclair and Richard Jackson (eds), Contemporary Debates on Terrorism (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010).
19. Bruno De Cordier, “Islamic Faith-Based Development Organizations in Former Soviet Muslim Environments: The Mountain Societies Development Support Programme in the Rasht Valley, Tajikistan,” Central Asian Survey, 27, no. 2, (2008): 169-84; Heathershaw and Roche, “Islam and Political Violence in Tajikistan.”
20. Botakoz Kassymbekova, “Humans as Territory: Forced Resettlement and the Making of Soviet Tajikistan, 1920-38,” Central Asian Survey, 30, no. 3 (2011): 349-370.
21. Kirill Nourzhanov, “Saviors of the Nation or Robber Barons? Warlord Politics in Tajikistan,” Central Asian Survey, 24, no. 2 (2005): 109-130;
22. J. Driscoll, “Exiting Anarchy: Militia Politics after the Post-Soviet Wars,” (PhD diss., Stanford University, 2009).
23. “Tajikistan: Militant Ambush Puts Spotlight on Security Situation,” EurasiaNet, September 20, 2010, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61971 (accessed June 2013).
24. International Crisis Group (icg), “Tajikistan: The Changing Insurgent Threats,” Asia Report, No. 205, (2011): 5.
25. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988).
26. Chantal Mouffe, Gramsci and Marxist Theory (London: Kegan Paul and Routledge, 1979).
27. Sherali Khairulloev, “Ki az ki Boyad Uzr Pursad?” Khovar, October 4, 2010, http://khovar.tj/archive/15698-k1250-az-k1250-boyad-uzr-pursad.html (accessed May 2013).
28. “Mirzokhudzha Ahmadov Gotovil Terakti v Dushanbe,” Asia Plus September 23, 2010 http://news.tj/ru/newspaper/article/mirzokhudzha-ahmadov-gotovil-terakty-v-dushanbe (accessed May 2013).
29. “A. Qahharov: Parvandai Mirzokhuja Ahmadov Nigoi Nashudaast,” Radio Ozodi, October 20, 2010, http://www.ozodi.org/content/article/2195604.html (accessed June 2013).
30. “Brat Tadzhikskovo Terrorista Ali Bedaki, Na Doprose,” YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnURCnXtQRA (accessed May 2013).
31. Sally Cummings, Understanding Central Asia (London: Routledge, 2012), 115.
32. “Authorities Not Able to Control Process of Learning for Tajik Students at Foreign Religious Schools, Says Expert,” Asia Plus, August 26, 2010, http://news.tj/en/news/authorities-not-able-control-process-learning-tajik-students-foreign-religious-schoolssays-exp (accessed April 2014).
33. David Abramson, “Foreign Religious Education and the Central Asian Islamic Revival: Impact and Prospects for Stability,” Silk Road Paper (March 2010).
34. “Tseliu Religioznikh Ekstremistov Yavlyaetsya Izmenenie Nasilstvennim Putem Konsitutsionnogo Stroya Strani- Emomali Rakhmon,” Islam v sng, February 11, 2011, http://www.islamsng.com/tjk/news/1164 (accessed August 2013).
35. Scott Poynting and David Whyte, Counter-Terrorism and State Political Violence: The War on Terror as Terror (London: Routledge, 2012).
36. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983).
37. Lena Hansen, Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006).
38. Campbell, Writing Security.
39. R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993);
40. David Campbell, National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia (St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
41. Simon Dalby, “Imperialism, Domination, Culture: The Continued Relevance of Critical Geopolitics,” Geopolitics, 13, no. 3 (2008): 413-436.
42. Ole Wæver, “European Security Identities,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 34, no. 1 (1996): 103-132.
43. John Heathershaw, Post-Conflict Tajikistan: The Politics of Peacebuilding and the Emergence of Legitimate Order (London: Routledge, 2009), 19.
44. Heathershaw, Post-Conflict Tajikistan; Olivier Roy, The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000).
45. Barnett Rubin, “Russian Hegemony and State Breakdown at the Periphery: Causes and Consequences of the Tajik Civil War,” in Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building, ed. Jack Snyder (London: Routledge, 1998).
46. Vladimir Mukomel, “Demographic Consequences of Ethnic and Regional Conflicts in the cis,” Russian Social Science Review, 42, no. 3 (2001): 23-24.
47. “Ubit Nemat Azizov: Mullo Abdullo Obyavil Dzhihad Vlastyam Tadzhikistana,” Asia Plus, August 1, 2009 http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1249100280 (accessed January 2014).
48. “Lider Islamskovo Dvizheniya Uzbekistana Tahir Yuldashev Vistupil Ocherednoe Audio-Obrachsheenie” Ferghana.ru, July 16, 2009, http://rssclub.ru/3309/42.html. (accessed May 2013).
49. See for example: “Abdullo bin Rahim oyo Bin Lidan Tojikiston act?” Millat, September 22, 2010, 3.
50. Nurmuhammad Holzoda, “Spetssluzhbi rt: Mullo Abdullo bil rukovoditelem Al-Kaidi v Tadzhikistane,” Radio Ozodi, April 20, 2011, http://www.ozodi.org/content/al-qaida_mullo_abdullo_tajikistan/9500121.html (accessed July 2013).
51. “Gruppirovka Dzhamaat Ansarullakh Prizivaet k Dzhikhadu,” Pressa.tj, September 16, 2011, http://www.pressa.tj/news/gruppirovka-dzhamaat-ansarullah-prizyvaet-k-dzhihadu (accessed June 2013).
52. InterNews Kazakhstan, “Mullo Abdullo Unichtozhen v Tadzhikistane,” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUtBDKlN40 (accessed May 2014).
53. “Statement by the Mujahideen of Tajikistan on martyrdom of Emir Mullo Abdullo,” April 26, 2011, http://www.kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2011/04/23/14159.shtml (accessed January 2014).
54. Megoran, “Framing Andijon, Narrating the Nation”; Richard Jackson, “Constructing Enemies: Islamic Terrorism in Political and Academic Discourse,” Government and Opposition, 42, no. 3 (2007): 394-426.
55. Farrukh Suhrobshoh, “Jaro Javonon Terrorist Meshavand?” sssr, September 2, 2010, 7.
56. “Murojiatnoma Ba Mardumi Sharifi Rasht,” Jumhiriyat, September 21, 2010: 1.
57. Collette Harris, Control and Subversion: Gender in Tajikistan (London: Pluto Press, 2004).
58. Fetherston, “Peacekeeping, Conflict Resolution, and Peacebuilding,” p. 210.
59. “Skhodili Za Makom,” Lenta, July 13, 2009. http://lenta.ru/articles/2009/07/13/dead/ (accessed June 2013).
60. unodc, “Opiate Flows through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia: A Threat Assessment” (Geneva: United Nations Office for Drugs and Organized Crime, 2012): 61, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Afghanistan_northern_route_2012_web.pdf.
61. Alexander Sodiqov, “High-Profile Death Raises Questions in Tajikistan,” caci Analyst, August 19, 2009.
62. “Ali Bedaki Alive,” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayjEzf-2lr0 (accessed January 2014).
63. John Heathershaw, “Of National Fathers and Russian Elder Brothers: Conspiracy Theories and Political Ideas in Post-Soviet Central Asia,” The Russian Review, 71 (2012): 610-629.
64. “Tajikistan: Former uto Commander Ziyoev Killed,” us Embassy Dushanbe cable, July 14, 2009, as published by Wikileaks: http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=09DUSHANBE845 (accessed July 2013).
65. Nurali Davlatov, “Kamarob: Khuni 25 Nafar ba Gardani Kist?” Farazh, September 22, 2010, 4; “Lukhtakikhoi Gilin,” Farazh, September 29, 2010: 1.
66. Sherali Khairulloev, “Ki az ki Boyad Uzr Pursad?” Khovar, October 4, 2010, http://khovar.tj/archive/15698-k1250-az-k1250-boyad-uzr-pursad.html (accessed March 2014).
67. “Shohonu Vazironi Matbuoti Tojik yo Illati Darbandiro Boyad dar Khud Bijuiyem?” Millat, November 3, 2010, 3.
68. “Shokirdzhon Khakimov: Gnev Naroda v Otnoshenii Vlastei Tadzhikistana,” tjk News, October 12, 2010, http://tjknews.com/?p=3654.
69. “Dododzhon Atovulloev: Na Vsekh Rakhmonov Tajikistana Ne Khvatit,” Odnako, no. 36, October 4, 2010. Text reproduced: http://uzbekistanerk.com/rus/?p=2363.
70. Heathershaw and Roche, “Islam and Political Violence in Tajikistan.”
71. “Dododzhon Atovulloev: Na Vsekh Rakhmonov Tajikistana Ne Khvatit.”
72. Khaidar Shodiyev, “Kak Pogib Mirzo Ziyoev?” Asia Plus, July 14, 2011, http://news.tj/ru/newspaper/article/kak-pogib-mirzo-zieev (accessed July 2013).