Hepatocellular carcinoma as an emerging morbidity in the thalassemia syndromes: A comprehensive review

Cancer

Volumn 123, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 751-758

  Moukhadder, Hassan M ^a   Halawi, Racha ^b   Cappellini, Maria Domenica ^c,d   Taher, Ali T ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; hepatocellular carcinoma; iron overload; thalassemia

Indexed keywords

DEFERASIROX; DEFERIPRONE; DEFEROXAMINE; HEPATITIS VACCINE;

BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION; DISEASE COURSE; GENOTOXICITY; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE; IRON CHELATION; IRON OVERLOAD; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER SURGERY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; THALASSEMIA; VACCINATION; CHRONIC HEPATITIS B; CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; COMPLICATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENETICS; HEPACIVIRUS; LIVER TUMOR; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; VIROLOGY;

CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; IRON OVERLOAD; LIVER NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS; THALASSEMIA;

EID: 85006288786     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: 10970142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30462     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. The Thalassaemia Syndromes. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 2001.
2. Musallam KM, Rivella S, Vichinsky E, Rachmilewitz EA. Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemias. Haematologica. 2013;98:833–844.
3. Mancuso A. Hepatocellular carcinoma in thalassemia: a critical review. World J Hepatol. 2010;2:171–174.
4. Borgna-Pignatti C, Rugolotto S, De Stefano P, et al. Survival and complications in patients with thalassemia major treated with transfusion and deferoxamine. Haematologica. 2004;89:1187–1193.
5. Mancuso A. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: enlightening the gray zones. World J Hepatol. 2013;5:302–310.
6. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, et al. EASL Panel of Experts on HCC. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol. 2001;35:421–430.
7. Kowdley KV. Iron, hemochromatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 suppl 1):S79–S86.
8. Ginzburg Y, Rivella S. β-Thalassemia: a model for elucidating the dynamic regulation of ineffective erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. Blood. 2011;118:4321–4330.
9. Borgna-Pignatti C, Garani MC, Forni GL, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in thalassaemia: an update of the Italian Registry. Br J Haematol. 2014;167:121–126.
10. Mancuso A, Sciarrino E, Concetta Renda M, Maggio A. A prospective study of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in thalassemia. Hemoglobin. 2006;30:119–124.
11. Mancuso A, Perricone G. Time to define a new strategy for management of hepatocellular carcinoma in thalassaemia? Br J Haematol. 2015;168:304–305.
12. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108.
13. El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:745–750.
14. Borgna-Pignatti C, Vergine G, Lombardo T, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the thalassaemia syndromes. Br J Haematol. 2004;124:114–117.
15. Restivo Pantalone G, Renda D, Valenza F, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with thalassaemia syndromes: clinical characteristics and outcome in a long term single centre experience. Br J Haematol. 2010;150:245–247.
16. Fragatou S, Tsourveloudis I, Manesis G. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a thalassemia unit. Hemoglobin. 2010;34:221–226.
17. Rivella S. The role of ineffective erythropoiesis in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Blood Rev. 2012;26(suppl 1):S12–S5.
18. Nemeth E. Hepcidin in β-thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1202:31–35.
19. Kew MC. Hepatic iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2009;286:38–43.
20. Zacharski LR, Chow BK, Howes PS, et al. Decreased cancer risk after iron reduction in patients with peripheral arterial disease: results from a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:996–1002.
21. Matzner Y, Hershko C, Polliack A, Konijn AM, Izak G. Suppressive effect of ferritin on in vitro lymphocyte function. Br J Haematol. 1979;42:345–353.
22. Walker EM, Walker SM. Effects of iron overload on the immune system. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2000;30:354–365.
23. Green R, Esparza I, Schreiber R. Iron inhibits the nonspecific tumoricidal activity of macrophages. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;526:301–309.
24. Borgna-Pignatti C, De Stefano P, Sessa F, Avato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in thalassemia major. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1986;14:327–328.
25. Maakaron JE, Musallam KM, Ayache JB, Jabbour M, Tawil AN, Taher AT. A liver mass in an iron-overloaded thalassaemia intermedia patient [serial online]. Br J Haematol. 2013;161:1.
26. Wonke B, Hoffbrand A, Brown D, Dusheiko G. Antibody to hepatitis C virus in multiply transfused patients with thalassaemia major. J Clin Pathol. 1990;43:638–640.
27. Mirmomen S, Alavian SM, Hajarizadeh B, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus infections in patients with beta-thalassemia in Iran: a multicenter study. Arch Iran Med. 2006;9:319–323.
28. Prati D, Zanella A, Farma E, et al. A multicenter prospective study on the risk of acquiring liver disease in anti-hepatitis C virus negative patients affected from homozygous β-thalassemia. Blood. 1998;92:3460–3464.
29. Prati D. Benefits and complications of regular blood transfusion in patients with beta-thalassaemia major. Vox Sang. 2000;79:129–137.
30. Minola E, Prati D, Suter F, et al. Age at infection affects the long-term outcome of transfusion-associated chronic hepatitis C. Blood. 2002;99:4588–4591.
31. Szmuness W. Hepatocellular carcinoma and the hepatitis B virus: evidence for a causal association. Prog Med Virol. 1978;24:40–69.
32. Chakravarti A, Verma V, Kumaria R, Dubey A. Anti-HCV seropositivity among multiple transfused patients with beta thalassaemia. J Indian Med Assoc. 2005;103:64–66.
33. Mancuso A, Rigano P, Renda D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis-free liver in a HCV-infected thalassemic. Am J Hematol. 2005;78:158–159.
34. Girelli D, Pasino M, Goodnough JB, et al. Reduced serum hepcidin levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2009;51:845–852.
35. Angelucci E, Muretto P, Nicolucci A, et al. Effects of iron overload and hepatitis C virus positivity in determining progression of liver fibrosis in thalassemia following bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 2002;100:17–21.
36. Harnois DM. Hepatitis C virus infection and the rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87:7–8.
37. Vento S, Cainelli F, Cesario F. Infections and thalassaemia. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:226–233.
38. Refaai MA, Blumberg N. Transfusion immunomodulation from a clinical perspective: an update. Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6:653–663.
39. Dua D, Choudhury M, Prakash K. Altered T and B lymphocytes in multitransfused patients of thalassemia major. Indian Pediatr. 1993;30:893–896.
40. Skoutelis AT, Lianou E, Papavassiliou T, Karamerou A, Politi K, Bassaris H. Defective phagocytic and bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in patients with β-thalassaemia major. J Infect. 1984;8:118–122.
41. Matzner Y, Goldfarb A, Abrahamov A, Drexler R, Friedberg A, Rachmilewitz EA. Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with thalassaemia major. Br J Haematol. 1993;85:153–158.
42. Burrows L, Tartter P. Effect of blood transfusions on colonic malignancy recurrence rate [letter]. Lancet. 1982;320:662.
43. Blumberg N. Deleterious clinical effects of transfusion immunomodulation: proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Transfusion. 2005;45(2 suppl):33S–39S; discussion 39S-40S.
44. Landers DF, Hill GE, Wong K, Fox IJ. Blood transfusion-induced immunomodulation. Anesth Analg. 1996;82:187–204.
45. Puliyel M, Sposto R, Berdoukas VA, et al. Ferritin trends do not predict changes in total body iron in patients with transfusional iron overload. Am J Hematol. 2014;89:391–394.
46. Fischer R, Harmatz PR. Non-invasive assessment of tissue iron overload. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009;2009:215–221.
47. Taher A, El Rassi F, Isma'eel H, Koussa S, Inati A, Cappellini MD. Correlation of liver iron concentration determined by R2 magnetic resonance imaging with serum ferritin in patients with thalassemia intermedia. Haematologica. 2008;93:1584–1586.
48. Pakbaz Z, Fischer R, Fung E, Nielsen P, Harmatz P, Vichinsky E. Serum ferritin underestimates liver iron concentration in transfusion independent thalassemia patients as compared to regularly transfused thalassemia and sickle cell patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;49:329–332.
49. Angelucci E, Brittenham GM, Mclaren CE, et al. Hepatic iron concentration and total body iron stores in thalassemia major. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:327–331.
50. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020–1022.
51. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2005;42:1208–1236.
52. Fitzmorris P, Singal AK. Surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2015;11:38–46.
53. Maakaron JE, Cappellini MD, Graziadei G, Ayache JB, Taher AT. Hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis-negative patients with thalassemia intermedia: a closer look at the role of siderosis. Ann Hepatol. 2013;12:142–146.
54. Borgna-Pignatti C, Marsella M. Iron chelation in thalassemia major. Clin Ther. 2015;37:2866–2877.
55. Saliba AN, Harb AR, Taher AT. Iron chelation therapy in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients: current strategies and future directions. J Blood Med. 2015;6:197–209.
56. Kuhns MC, Busch MP. New strategies for blood donor screening for hepatitis B virus. Mol Diagn Ther. 2006;10:77–91.
57. Jimenez-Perez M, Gonzalez-Grande R, Espanaa Contreras P, Pinazo Martinez I, de la Cruz Lombardo J, Olmedo Martin R. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals: the role of resistance. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:6573–6781.
58. Hernandez N, Mescia G, Pollio C, Robaina G, Quintana L, Bianchi C. Effectiveness of pegylated interferon alfa 2a and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in clinical practice [article in Spanish]. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2010;40:117–121.
59. NIH Consensus Statement on management of hepatitis C: 2002. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2002;19:1–46.
60. Yu ML, Chuang WL. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Asia: when East meets West. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:336–345.
61. Saffar MJ, Saffar H, Khalilian AR, Naqshvar F. Combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C infection in beta-thalassaemia major. East Mediterr Health J. 2009;15:785–791.
62. Inati A, Taher A, Ghorra S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of peginterferon alpha-2a with or without ribavirin in thalassaemia major patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Haematol. 2005;130:644–646.
63. Burt MJ, Cooksley WG. The influence of iron on chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;13:330–333.
64. Distante S, Bjoro K, Hellum K, et al. Raised serum ferritin predicts non-response to interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Liver. 2002;22:269–275.
65. Lebray P, Zylberberg H, Hue S, et al. Influence of HFE gene polymorphism on the progression and treatment of chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2004;11:175–282.
66. Jafroodi M, Asadi R, Heydarzadeh A, Besharati S. Effect of hepatic iron concentration and viral factors in chronic hepatitis C-infected patients with thalassemia major, treated with interferon and ribavirin. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:529–533.
67. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;50:661–662.
68. Gish RG. Hepatitis B treatment: current best practices, avoiding resistance. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009;76(suppl 3):S14–S19.
69. Vichinsky E. Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia and thalassemia intermedia: epidemiology, complications, and management. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016;32:191–204.
70. Cappellini MD, Cohen A, Piga A, et al. A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with β-thalassemia. Blood. 2006;107:3455–3462.
71. Cappellini MD, Cohen A, Porter J, Taher A, Viprakasit V, eds. Guidelines for the Management of Transfusion Dependent Thalassaemia (TDT) [internet]. Nicosia, Cyprus: Thalassaemia International Federation; 2014.
72. Zurlo M, De Stefano P, Borgna-Pignatti C, et al. Survival and causes of death in thalassaemia major. Lancet. 1989;334:27–30.
73. Modell B, Khan M, Darlison M, Westwood MA, Ingram D, Pennell DJ. Improved survival of thalassaemia major in the UK and relation to T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance [serial online]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008;10:42.
74. Ansari S, Azarkivan A, Halagi F. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with thalassemia who had hepatitis C. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51:404–407.
75. Rampone B, Schiavone B, Martino A, Viviano C, Confuorto G. Current management strategy of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:3210–3216.
76. Poon D, Anderson BO, Chen LT, et al. Asian Oncology Summit. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia: consensus statement from the Asian Oncology Summit 2009. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:1111–1118.