The effects of a community-based sodium reduction program in rural China - A cluster-randomized trial

PLoS ONE

Volumn 11, Issue 12, 2016, Pages

  Li, Nicole ^a,b,c   Yan, Lijing L ^a,d   Niu, Wenyi ^a   Yao, Chen ^e   Feng, Xiangxian ^f   Zhang, Jianxin ^g   Shi, Jingpu ^h   Zhang, Yuhong ⁱ   Zhang, Ruijuan ^j   Hao, Zhixin ^a   Chu, Hongling ^a   Zhang, Jing ^a   Li, Xian ^a   Pan, Jianhong ^e   Li, Zhifang ^f   Sun, Jixin ^g   Zhou, Bo ^h   Zhao, Yi ⁱ   Yu, Yan ^j   Engelgau, Michael ^k   Labarthe, Darwin ^d   Ma, Jixiang ^l   MacMahon, Stephen ^b,c   Elliott, Paul ^m   Wu, Yangfeng ^a,e   Neal, Bruce ^b,c,m,n   more..

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (China)

^b GEORGE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^d NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^f CHANGZHI MEDICAL COLLEGE   (China)

^g Hebei Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control   (China)

^h CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁱ NINGXIA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^j XI'AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^k CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^l CHINESE CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (China)

^m IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM SALT; SODIUM; SODIUM INTAKE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHINA; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COMMUNITY CARE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET THERAPY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PARALLEL DESIGN; POTASSIUM EXCRETION; POTASSIUM INTAKE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RURAL POPULATION; SALT INTAKE; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SODIUM URINE LEVEL; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; THERAPY EFFECT; URINALYSIS; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AGED; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIZZINESS; FOLLOW UP; HEADACHE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROCEDURES; QUESTIONNAIRE; RURAL HEALTH; SODIUM INTAKE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; URINE;

ADULT; AGED; CHINA; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DIET, SODIUM-RESTRICTED; DIZZINESS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEADACHE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); POTASSIUM; RURAL HEALTH; RURAL POPULATION; SODIUM; SODIUM, DIETARY; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 85005943404     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166620     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. China Ministry of Health (2013) China Annual Health Statistics Yearbook, 2011.
2. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (2012) Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2095-2128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMID: 23245604
3. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA (2013) Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 346: f1325. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f1325 PMID: 23558162
4. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL (2006) Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367: 1747-1757. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 PMID: 16731270
5. INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group (1988) INTERSALT: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 287: 319-328.
6. Zhou BF, Stamler J, Dennis B, Moag-Stahlberg A, Okuda N, Robertson C, et al. (2003) Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s: the INTERMAP study. Journal of Human Hypertension 17: 623-630. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001605 PMID: 13679952
7. Anderson CA, Appel LJ, Okuda N, Brown IJ, Chan Q, Zhao L, et al. (2010) Dietary sources of sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, women and men aged 40 to 59 years: the INTERMAP study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110: 736-745. doi: 10.1016/j.jada. 2010.02.007 PMID: 20430135
8. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, Adams C, Alleyne G, Asaria P, et al. (2011) Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet 377: 1438-1447. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60393-0 PMID: 21474174
9. Gilleran G, O'Leary M, Bartlett WA, Vinall H, Jones AF, Dodson PM. (1996) Effects of dietary sodium substitution with potassium and magnesium in hypertensive type II diabetics: a randomised blind controlled parallel study. Journal of Human Hypertension 10: 517-521. PMID: 8895035
10. Chang HY, Hu YW, Yue CS, Wen YW, Yeh WT, Hsu LS, et al. (2006) Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 1289-1296. PMID: 16762939
11. The China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group (2007) Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Hypertension 25: 2011-2018. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282b9714b PMID: 17885542
12. Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt N, Peer N, Jonathan D, Gogela T, et al. (2008) A food-based dietary strategy lowers blood pressure in a low socio-economic setting: a randomised study in South Africa. Public Health Nutrition 11: 1397-1406. doi: 10.1017/S136898000800342X PMID: 18752692
13. Mu J, Liu Z, Liu F, Xu X, Liang Y, Zhu D. (2009) Family-Based Randomized Trial to Detect Effects on Blood Pressure of a Salt Substitute Containing Potassium and Calcium in Hypertensive Adolescents. American Journal of Hypertension 22: 943-947. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2009.136 PMID: 19661927
14. Sarkkinen E, Kastarinen M, Niskanen TH, Karjalainen PH, Venäläinen TM, Udani JK, et al. (2011) Feasibility and antihypertensive effect of replacing regular salt with mineral salt-rich in magnesium and potassium-in subjects with mildly elevated blood pressure. Nutrition Journal 10: 88. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-88 PMID: 21888642
15. Li N, Yan L, Niu W, Labarthe D, Feng X, Shi J, et al. (2013) A Large-Scale Cluster Randomized Trial to Determine the Effects of Community-Based Dietary Sodium Reduction-The China Rural Health Initiative Sodium Reduction Study. American Heart Journal 166: 815-822. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.009 PMID: 24176436
16. Vandevijvere S, De Keyzer W, Chapelle JP, Jeanne D, Mouillet G, Huybrechts I, et al. (2010) Estimate of total salt intake in two regions of Belgium through analysis of sodium in 24-h urine samples. Eur J Clin Nutr 64: 1260-1265. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.148 PMID: 20717132
17. Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Tikhonoff V, Seidlerova J, Richart T, et al. (2011) Fatal and nonfatal outcomes, incidence of hypertension, and blood pressure changes in relation to urinary sodium excretion. JAMA 305: 1777-1785. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.574 PMID: 21540421
18. Venezia A, Barba G, Russo O, Capasso C, De Luca V, Farinaro E, et al. (2010) Dietary sodium intake in a sample of adult male population in southern Italy: results of the Olivetti Heart Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 64: 518-524. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.22 PMID: 20216559
19. The INTERSALT Co-operative Research Group (1986) INTERSALT Study an international co-operative study on the relation of blood pressure to electrolyte excretion in populations. I. Design and methods. J Hypertens 4: 781-787. PMID: 3819392
20. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. (2003) Effects of different blood pressure lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Second cycle of prospectively designed overviews. Lancet 362: 1527-1535.
21. Karppanen H, Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J, Puska P, Vuori J, Jäntti V, et al. (1984) Safety and effects of potassium- and magnesium-containing low sodium salt mixtures. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 6 Suppl 1: S236-243.
22. Kawasaki T, Itoh K, Kawasaki M (1998) Reduction in blood pressure with a sodium-reduced, potassiumand magnesium-enriched mineral salt in subjects with mild essential hypertension. Hypertension Research-Clinical & Experimental 21: 235-243.
23. Mervaala EM, Paakkari I, Laakso J, Nevala R, Teravainen TM, Fyhrquist F, et al. (1994) Replacement of salt by a novel potassium- and magnesium-enriched salt alternative improves the cardiovascular effects of ramipril. British Journal of Pharmacology 111: 1189-1197. PMID: 8032605
24. Neutel J. Replacing regular salt with a reduced sodium salt containing potassium and magnesium may offer a non-pharmacological approach to lowering blood pressure; 1996.
25. Geleijnse JM, Witteman JC, Bak AA, den Breeijen JH, Grobbee DE (1994) Reduction in blood pressure with a low sodium, high potassium, high magnesium salt in older subjects with mild to moderate hypertension. BMJ 309: 436-440. PMID: 7920126
26. Zhou X, Liu J, Shi R, Yang N, Song D, Pang W, et al. (2009) Compound Ion Salt, a Novel Low-Sodium Salt Substitute: From Animal Study to Community-Based Population Trial. American Journal of Hypertension 22: 934-942. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2009.135 PMID: 19661926