Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges

Analytical Biochemistry

Volumn 524, Issue , 2017, Pages 13-30

  Tsikas, Dimitrios ^a  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress; PUFAs; ROS

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYNONENAL; ANTIOXIDANT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; MALONALDEHYDE; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; UNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; BODY FLUID; DIETARY INTAKE; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; LIPID PEROXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLASMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; URINE; ANIMAL; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED; HUMANS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MALONDIALDEHYDE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCES;

EID: 85003952306     PISSN: 00032697     EISSN: 10960309     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.10.021     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. [1] Kwon, T.W., Watts, B.M., Determination of malonaldehyde by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. J. Food Sci. 28 (1963), 627–630.
2. [2] Nair, V., O'Neil, C.L., Wang, P.G., Malondialdehyde. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2008, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. [3] Hüttel, R., Malondialdehyd, Über, 1. Mitteilung. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 74 (1941), 1825–1829.
4. [4] Osman, M.M., The acidity of malondialdehyde and the stability of its complexes with nickel(II) and copper (II). Helvetica Chim. Acta 55 (1972), 239–244.
5. [5] Esterbauer, H., Schaur, F.J., Zollner, H., Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 11 (1991), 81–128.
6. [6] Malonaldehyde (malondialdehyde). IARC Monogr. 71 (1999), 1037–1047.
7. [7] Marnett, L.J., Chemistry and biology of DNA damage by malondialdehyde. IARC Sci. Publ. 150 (1999), 17–27.
8. [8] Niedernhofer, L.J., Daniels, J.S., Rouzer, C.A., Greene, E., Marnett, L.J., Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003), 31426–31433.
9. [9] Schwedhelm, E., Benndorf, R.A., Böger, R.H., Tsikas, D., Mass spectrometric analysis of F2-isoprostanes: markers and mediators in human disease. Curr. Pharmac. Anal. 3 (2007), 39–51.
10. [10] Bernheim, F., Bernheim, M.L., Wilbur, K.M., The reaction between thiobarbituric acid and the oxidation products of certain lipides. J. Biol. Chem., 174, 1948 257–164.
11. [11] Wilbur, K.M., Bernheim, F., Shapiro, O.W., The thiobarbituric acid reagent as a test for the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids by various agents. Arch. Biochem. 24 (1949), 305–313.
12. [12] Hamberg, M., Samuelsson, B., Oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids by vesicular gland of sheep. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1967), 5344–5354.
13. [13] Hamberg, M., Samuelsson, B., Prostaglandin endoperoxides. Novel transformations of arachidonic acid in human platelets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71 (1974), 3400–3404.
14. [14] Smith, J.B., Ingerman, C.M., Silver, M.J., Malondialdehyde formation as an indicator of prostaglandin production by human platelets. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 88 (1976), 167–172.
15. [15] Weiss, H.J., Lages, B., Platelet malondialdehyde production and aggregation responses induced by arachidonate, prostaglandin-G2, collagen, and epinephrine in 12 patients with storage pool deficiency. Blood 58 (1981), 27–33.
16. 2 and malondialdehyde formation following administration of aspirin to man. Thromb. Res. 15 (1979), 405–413.
17. [17] McMillan, R.M., MacInryre, D.E., Booth, A., Gordon, J.L., Malonaldehyde formation in intact platelets is catalysed by thromboxane synthase. Biochem. J. 176 (1978), 595–598.
18. [18] Raz, A., Aharony, D., Kenig-Wakshal, R., Biosynthesis of thromboxane B2 and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8-10-heptadecatrienoic acid in human platelets, Evidence for a common enzymatic pathway. Eur. J. Biochem. 86 (1978), 447–454.
19. [19] Hammarström, S., Enzymatic synthesis of 15-hydroperoxythromboxane A2 and 12-hydroperoxy-5,8.10-heptadecatrienoic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980), 518–521.
20. [20] Eling, T.E., Curtis, J.F., Harman, L.S., Mason, R.P., Oxidation of glutathione to its thiyl free radical metabolite by prostaglandin H synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 261 (1986), 5023–5028.
21. [21] Buckley, B.J., Kent, R.S., Whorton, A.R., Regulation of endothelial cell prostaglandin synthesis by glutathione. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991), 16659–16666.
22. [22] Feldman, R., Luncsford, A., Heinrikson, R.L., Westley, J., Jarabak, J., Glutathione-related inhibition of prostaglandin metabolism. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 211 (1981), 375–381.
23. [23] Tomita, T., Umegaki, K., Hayashi, E., Basis aggregation properties of washed rat platelets: correlation between aggregation, phospholipid degradation, malondialdehyde, and thromboxane formation. J. Pharmacol. Methods 10 (1983), 31–44.
24. [24] Burch, J.W., Burch, P.T., Glutathione disulfide production during arachidonic acid oxygenation in human platelets. Prostaglandins 39 (1990), 123–134.
25. [25] Smith, W.L., Marnett, L.J., DeWitt, D.L., Prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis. Pharmac. Ther. 49 (1991), 153–179.
26. 2α. FEBS Lett. 586 (2012), 3723–3730.
27. [27] Perluigi, M., Coccia, R., Butterfield, D.A., 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a reactive product of lipid peroxidation, and neurodegenerative diseases: a toxic combination illuminated by redox proteomics studies. Antioxid. Redox Signal 17 (2012), 1590–1609.
28. [28] Ayala, A., Muñoz, M.F., Argüelles, S., Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev., 2014, 2014, 360438.
29. [29] McGirr, L.G., Hadley, M., Draper, H.H., Identification of N-alpha-acetyl-epsilon-(2-propenal)lysine as a urinary metabolite of malondialdehyde. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985), 15427–15431.
30. [30] Draper, H.H., Hadley, M., Lissemore, L., Liang, N.M., Cole, P.D., Identification of N-epsilon-(2-propenal)lysine as a major urinary metabolite of malondialdehyde. Lipids 23 (1988), 626–628.
31. [31] Hadley, M., Draper, H.H., Identification of N-(2-propenal)serine as a urinary metabolite of malondialdehyde. FASEB J. 2 (1988), 138–140.
32. [32] Hadley, M., Draper, H.H., Identification of N-(2-propenal)ethanolamine as a urinary metabolite of malondialdehyde. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 6 (1989), 49–52.
33. α and nitric oxide ($NO). J. Chromatogr. B 1019 (2016), 95–111.
34. [34] Draper, H., Hadley, M., Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 186 (1990), 421–431.
35. [35] Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Colombo, R., Giustarini, D., Milzani, A., Biomarkers of oxidative stress in human disease. Clin. Chem. 52 (2006), 601–623.
36. [36] Giustarini, D., Dalle-Donne, I., Tsikas, D., Rossi, R., Oxidative stress and human diseases: origin, link, measurement, mechanisms, and biomarkers. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 46 (2009), 241–281.
37. [37] Hecker, M., Ullrich, V., Fischer, C., Meese, C.O., Identification of novel arachidonic acid metabolites formed by prostaglandin H synthase. Eur. J. Biochem. 169 (1987), 113–123.
38. [38] Hofmann, U., Seefried, S., Meese, C.O., Mettang, T., Hübel, E., Kuhlmann, U., Measurement of 12(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid and its metabolite 12-oxo-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid in human plasma by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 189 (1990), 244–248.
39. [39] Tsikas, D., Rothmann, S., Schneider, J.Y., Gutzki, F.M., Beckmann, B., Frölich, J.C., Simultaneous GC-MS/MS measurement of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in human plasma: effects of long-term L-arginine administration. Anal. Biochem. 524 (2017), 31–44.
40. [40] Umano, K., Dennis, K.J., Shibamoto, T., Analysis of free malondialdehyde in photoirradiated corn oil and beef fat via a pyrazole derivative. Lipids 23 (1988), 811–814.
41. [41] Tamura, H., Shibamoto, T., Gas chromatographic analysis of malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal produced from arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in a lipid peroxidation model system. Lipids 26 (1991), 170–173.
42. [42] Hanff, E., Eisenga, M.F., Beckmann, B., Bakker, S.J., Tsikas, D., Simultaneous pentafluorobenzyl derivatization and GC-ECNICI-MS measurement of nitrite and malondialdehyde in human urine: close positive correlation between these disparate oxidative stress biomarkers. J. Chromatogr. B, 2016, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.027.
43. [43] Tsikas, D., Zoerner, A., Mitschke, A., Homsi, Y., Gutzki, F.M., Jordan, J., Specific GC-MS/MS stable-isotope dilution methodology for free 9- and 10-nitro-oleic acid in human plasma challenges previous LC-MS/MS reports. J. Chromatogr. B 877 (2009), 2895–2908.
44. [44] Khoubnasabjafari, M., Ansarin, K., Jouyban, A., Critical review of malondialdehyde analysis in biological samples. Curr. Pharmac. Anal. 12 (2016), 4–17.
45. [45] Largillière, C., Mélancon, S.B., Free malondialdehyde determination in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 170 (1988), 123–126.
46. 2α may be markedly compromised by hemolysis: evidence by GC-MS/MS and potential analytical and biological ramifications. Clin. Biochem. 43 (2010), 159–167.
47. [47] Gutteridge, J.M.C., Halliwell, B., The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends biochem. Sci. 15 (1990), 129–135.
48. [48] Sinnhuber, R.O., Yu, T.C., Yu, TeC., Characterization of the red pigment formed in the 2-thiobarbituric acid determination of oxidative rancidity. Food Res. 23 (1958), 626–633.
49. [49] Yagi, K., A simple fluorometric assay for lipoperoxide in blood plasma. Biochem. Med. 15 (1976), 212–216.
50. [50] Yoden, K., Iio, T., Determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in oxidized lipids by high-performance liquid chromatography with a postcolumn reaction system. Anal. Biochem. 182 (1989), 116–120.
51. [51] Lykkesfeldt, J., Determination of malondialdehyde as dithiobarbituric acid adduct in biological samples by HPLC with fluorescence detection: comparison with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Clin. Chem. 47 (2001), 1725–1727.
52. [52] Bird, R.P., Hung, S.S., Hadley, M., Draper, H.H., Determination of malonaldehyde in biological materials by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 128 (1983), 240–244.
53. [53] Wade, C.R., Jackson, P.G., Van Rij, A.M., Quantitation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, by ion-pairing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Biochem. Med. 33 (1985), 291–296.
54. [54] Yu, L.W., Latriano, L., Duncan, S., Hartwick, R.A., Witz, G., High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the thiobarbituric acid adducts of malonaldehyde and trans,trans-muconaldehyde. Anal. Biochem. 156 (1986), 326–333.
55. [55] Esterbauer, H., Cheeseman, K.H., Dianzani, M.U., Poli, G., Slater, T.F., Separation and characterization of the aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation stimulated by ADP-Fe2+ in rat liver microsomes. Biochem. J. 208 (1982), 129–140.
56. [56] Cordis, G.A., Das, D.K., Riedel, W., High-performance liquid chromatographic peak identification of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of lipid peroxidation aldehydes by photodiode array detection. J. Chromatogr. A 798 (1998), 117–123.
57. [57] Deng, Y., Boomsma, F., Yu, P.H., Deamination of methylamine and aminoacetone increases aldehydes and oxidative stress in rats. Life Sci. 63 (1998), 2049–2058.
58. [58] Steghens, J.P., van Kappel, A.L., Denis, I., Collombel, C., Diaminonaphthalene, a new highly specific reagent for HPLC-UV measurement of total and free malondialdehyde in human plasma or serum. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31 (2001), 242–249.
59. [59] Dennis, K.J., Shibamoto, T., Gas chromatographic determination of malonaldehyde formed by lipid peroxidation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 7 (1989), 187–192.
60. [60] Fujioka, K., Shibamoto, T., Improved malonaldehyde assay using headspace solid-phase microextraction and its application to the measurement of the antioxidant activity of phytochemicals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (2005), 4708–4713.
61. [61] Cighetti, G., Debiasi, S., Paroni, R., Allevi, P., Free and total malondialdehyde assessment in biological matrices by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: what is needed for an accurate detection. Anal. Biochem. 266 (1999), 222–229.
62. [62] Maboudou, P., Mathieu, D., Bachelet, H., Wiart, J.F., Lhermitte, M., Detection of oxidative stress. Interest of GC-MS for malondialdehyde and formaldehyde monitoring. Biomed. Chromatogr. 16 (2002), 199–202.
63. [63] Beljean-Leymarie, M., Bruna, E., Subpicogram determination of malondialdehyde by gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detector. I. Standardization. Anal. Biochem. 173 (1988), 174–184.
64. [64] Sobsey, C.A., Han, J., Lin, K., Swardfager, W., Levitt, A., Borchers, C.H., Evelopment and evaluation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for rapid, accurate quantitation of malondialdehyde in human plasma. J. Chromatogr. B 1029–1030 (2016), 205–212.
65. [65] Yeo, H.C., Helbock, H.J., Chyu, D.W., Ames, B.N., Assay of malondialdehyde in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 220 (1994), 391–396.
66. [66] Domijan, A.M., Ralić, J., Radić Brkanac, S., Rumora, L., Žanić-Grubišić, T., Quantification of malondialdehyde by HPLC-FL - application to various biological samples. Biomed. Chromatogr. 29 (2015), 41–46.
67. [67] Tsikas, D., Sandmann, J., Beckmann, B., Analysis of NO and its metabolites by mass spectrometry. Comment on ‘Detection of nitric oxide in tissue samples by ESI-MS’ by Z. Shen, A. Webster, K. J. Welham, C. E. Dyer, J. Greenman and S. J. Haswell. Analyst 136 (2011), 407–410 discussion 411.
68. [68] Draper, H.H., McGirr, L.G., Hadley, M., The metabolism of malondialdehyde. Lipids 21 (1986), 305–307.
69. [69] Draper, H.H., Hadley, M., A review of recent studies on the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous malondialdehyde. Xenobiotica 20 (1990), 901–907.
70. [70] Pilz, J., Meineke, I., Gleiter, C.H., Measurement of free and bound malondialdehyde in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative. J. Chromatogr. B 742 (2000), 315–325.
71. [71] Carbonneau, M.A., Peuchant, E., Sess, D., Canioni, P., Clerc, M., Free and bound malondialdehyde measured as thiobarbituric acid adduct by HPLC in serum and plasma. Clin. Chem. 37 (1991), 1423–1429.
72. [72] Spickett, C.M., The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: advances in chemistry and analysis. Redox Biol. 1 (2013), 145–152.
73. [73] Kadiiska, M.B., Gladen, B.C., Baird, D.D., et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress study II: are oxidation products of lipids, proteins, and DNA markers of CCl4 poisoning?. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 38 (2005), 698–710.
74. [74] Kadiiska, M.B., Gladen, B.C., Baird, D.D., et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress study III: effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents indomethacin and meclofenamic. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 38 (2005), 711–718.
75. [75] Kadiiska, M.B., Hatch, G.E., Nyska, A., et al. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Study IV: ozone exposure of rats and its effect on antioxidants in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 (2011), 1636–1642.
76. [76] Kadiiska, M.B., Basu, S., Brot, N., et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress study V: ozone exposure of rats and its effect on lipids, proteins, and DNA in plasma and urine. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 61 (2013), 408–415.
77. [77] Kadiiska, M.B., Peddada, S., Herbert, R.A., Basu, S., Hensley, K., Jones, D.P., Hatch, G.E., Mason, R.P., Biomarkers of oxidative stress study VI. Endogenous plasma antioxidants fail as useful biomarkers of endotoxin-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 81 (2015), 100–106.
78. [78] Trettin, A., Modun, D., Madunic, S., Vukovic, J., Radman, M., Batkai, S., Thum, T., Jordan, J., Tsikas, D., LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS measurement of plasma and urine di-paracetamol and 3-nitro-paracetamol: proof-of-concept studies on a novel human model of oxidative stress based on oral paracetamol administration. J. Chromatogr. B 959 (2014), 71–81.
79. [79] Prescott, L.F., Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and phenacetin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10 (1980), 291S–298S.
80. [80] de Gaetano, G., Rajtar, G., Livio, M., Merino, J., Arachidonic acid-induced malondialdehyde formation in rat platelets. Kinetic aspects and inhibition by acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin. Naunyn Schmiedeb. Arch. Pharmacol. 312 (1980), 85–89 1980 May.
81. [81] Jentzsch, A.M., Bachmann, H., Fürst, P., Biesalski, H.K., Improved analysis of malondialdehyde in human body fluids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20 (1996), 251–256.
82. [82] Wasowicz, W., Nève, J., Peretz, A., Optimized steps in fluorometric determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in serum: importance of extraction pH and influence of sample preservation and storage. Clin. Chem. 39 (1993), 2522–2526.
83. [83] Lee, D.M., Malondialdehyde formation in stored plasma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95 (1980), 1663–1670.
84. [84] Nielsen, F., Mikkelsen, B.B., Nielsen, J.B., Andersen, H.R., Grandjean, P., Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: reference interval and effects of life-style factors. Clin. Chem. 43 (1997), 1209–1214.
85. [85] Kalra, J., Chaudhary, A.K., Prasad, K., Increased production of oxygen free radicals in cigarette smokers. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 72 (1991), 1–7.
86. [86] Bridges, A.B., Scott, N.A., Parry, G.J., Belch, J.J.F., Age, sex, cigarette smoking and indices of free radical activity in healthy humans. Eur. J. Med., 1993, 205–208.
87. [87] Brown, K.M., Morrice, P.C., Duthie, G.G., Vitamin E suppresses indexes of lipid peroxidation and platelet count in blood of smokers and nonsmokers but plasma lipoprotein concentrations remain unchanged. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60 (1994), 383–387.
88. [88] Pré, J., Floch, A.L., Lipid-peroxidation products and antioxidants in plasma of cigarette smokers. Clin. Chem. 36 (1990), 1849–1850.
89. [89] Frei, B., Forte, T.M., Ames, B.N., Cross, C.E., Gas phase oxidants of cigarette smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoprotein properties in human blood plasma. Biochem. J. 277 (1991), 133–138.
90. [90] Kamal, A.A.M., Khafif, M.E., Koraah, S., Massoud, A., Caillard, J.F., Blood superoxide dismutase and plasma malondialdehyde among workers exposed to asbestos. Am. J. Ind. Med. 21 (1992), 353–361.
91. [91] Wilking, M., Ndiaye, M., Mukhtar, H., Ahmad, N., Circadian rhythm connections to oxidative stress: implications for human health. Antioxid. Redox Signal 19 (2013), 192–208.
92. 2 in patients with coronary artery disease. Thromb. Haemost. 93 (2005), 618–619.
93. [93] Rubin, P.D., Murthy, V.S., Hansen, R.G., Pietrowiak, C., Dissociation and dirnal variation of prostaglandin E2, 6-keto-prostaaglandin-F1-alpha, and thrpmboxane B2 excretion in healthy females. Prostagl. Leukot. Med. 27 (1987), 105–117.
94. [94] Bidges, A.B., McLaren, M., Saniabadi, A., Fisher, T.C., Belch, J.J.F., Circadian variaation of endothelial cell function, red blood cell deformability and dehydro-thromboxane B2 in healthy humans. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 2 (1991), 447–452.
95. [95] Sani, M., Ghanem-Boughanni, N., Gadacha, W., Sebai, H., Boughattas, N.A., Reinberg, A., Ben-Attia, M., Malondialdehyde content and circadian variations in brain, kidney, liver, and plasma of mice. Chronobiol. Int. 24 (2007), 671–685.
96. [96] Kanabrocki, E.L., Murray, D., Hermida, R.C., Scott, G.S., Bremner, W.F., Ryan, M.D., Ayala, D.E., Third, J.L., Shirazi, P., Nemchausky, B.A., Hooper, D.C., Circadian variation in oxidative stress markers in healthy and type II diabetic men. Chronobiol. Int. 19 (2002), 423–439.
97. [97] Pamplona, R., Dalfó, E., Ayala, V., Bellmunt, M.J., Prat, J., Ferrer, I., Portero-Otín, M., Proteins in human brain cortex are modified by oxidation, glycoxidation, and lipoxidation, Effects of Alzheimer disease and identification of lipoxidation targets. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005), 21522–21530.
98. [98] Sanders, L.H., Greenamyre, J.T., Oxidative damage to macromolecules in human Parkinson disease and the rotenone model. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 62 (2013), 111–120.
99. [99] Aldini, G., Dalle-Donne, I., Facino, R.M., Milzani, A., Carini, M., Intervention strategies to inhibit protein carbonylation by lipoxidation-derived reactive carbonyls. Med. Res. Rev. 27 (2007), 817–868.
100. [100] Lenzen, S., Oxidative stress: the vulnerable beta-cell. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 36 (2008), 343–347.
101. [101] Niskanen, L.K., Salonen, J.T., Nyyssönen, K., Uusitupa, M.I., Plasma lipid peroxidation and hyperglycaemia: a connection through hyperinsulinaemia?. Diabet. Med. 12 (1995), 802–808.
102. [102] Pazdro, R., J.R Burgess, The role of vitamin E and oxidative stress in diabetes complications. Mech. Ageing Dev. 131 (2010), 276–286.
103. [103] Tsikas, D., Pham, V.V., Suchy, M.T., van de Ree, M.A., Huisman, M.V., Frölich, J.C., Princen, H.M., DALI-Study Group, No effects of atorvastatin (10 mg/d or 80 mg/d) on nitric oxide, prostacyclin, thromboxane and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of the DALI study. Pharmacol. Res. 94 (2015), 1–8.
104. [104] Mezzetti, A., Cipollone, F., Cuccurullo, F., Oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in diabetes: isoprostanes as new markers on an old paradigm. Cardiovasc. Res. 47 (2000), 475–488.
105. [105] Kunisak, M., Umeda, F., Inoguchi, T., Watanabe, J., Nawata, H., Effects of vitamin E administration on platelet function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. 14 (1990), 37–42.
106. [106] Jain, S.K., Krueger, K.S., McVie, R., Jaramillo, J.J., Palmer, M., Smith, T., Relationship of blood thromboxane-B2 (TxB2) with lipid peroxides and effect of vitamin E and placebo supplementation on TxB2 and lipid peroxide levels in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 21 (1998), 1511–1516.
107. [107] Jain, S.K., McVie, R., Smith, T., Vitamin E supplementation restores glutathione and malondialdehyde to normal concentrations in erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic children. Diabetes Care 23 (2000), 1389–1394.
108. [108] Allard, J.P., Kurian, R., Aghdassi, E., Muggli, R., Royall, D., Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 32 (1997), 535–541.
109. [109] Kayacelebi, A.A., Pham, V.V., Willers, J., Hahn, A., Stichtenoth, D.O., Jordan, J., Tsikas, D., Plasma homoarginine (hArg) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: is homoarginine a cardiovascular corrective in rheumatoid arthritis, an anti-ADMA?. Int. J. Cardiol. 176 (2014), 1129–1131.
110. [110] Willers, J., Fasse, S., Putschly, N., Zeidler, H., Pott, H.G., Bernateck, M., Demary, W., Hein, R., Pham, V.V., Stange, R., Uehleke, B., Weidemann, H.F., Hoese, G., Lichtinghagen, R., Hahn, A., Food Nutr. Sci. 2 (2011), 714–723.
111. [111] Arribas, L., Almansa, I., Miranda, M., Muriach, M., Romero, F.J., Villar, V.M., Serum Malondialdehyde concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in a longitudinal study of gestational diabetes. PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0155353.
112. [112] Ramírez-Zamora, S., Méndez-Rodríguez, M.L., Olguín-Martínez, M., Sánchez-Sevilla, L., Quintana-Quintana, M., García-García, N., Hernández-Muñoz, R., Increased erythrocytes by-products of arginine catabolism are associated with hyperglycemia and could be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e66823.
113. [113] Bielski, B.H., Arudi, R.L., Sutherland, M.W., A study of the reactivity of HO2/O2- with unsaturated fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983), 4759–4761.
114. [114] Tsikas, D., Zoerner, A.A., Analysis of eicosanoids by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS: a historical retrospect and a discussion. J. Chromatogr. B 964 (2014), 79–88.
115. [115] Zghibeh, C.M., Raj Gopal, V., Poff, C.D., Falck, J.R., Balazy, M., Determination of trans-arachidonic acid isomers in human blood plasma. Anal. Biochem. 332 (2004), 137–144.
116. 2α-V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998), 11953–11961.