메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 262-275

Review of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: Their potential human health impact

Author keywords

Aerosol; carbonyl compounds; electronic cigarette (EC); hazards; regulation

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; CARBONYL COMPOUNDS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS; CONSUMER BEHAVIOR; HAZARDS; HEALTH;

EID: 85002971864     PISSN: 10590501     EISSN: 15324095     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1236604     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 84906852385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoking, a review of human carcinogens: personal habits and indoor combustions
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoking, a review of human carcinogens:personal habits and indoor combustions. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2012;43–212.
    • IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , pp. 43-212
  • 3
    • 84973530073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • additional burden on aging and death
    • Watanabe M., Smoking :additional burden on aging and death. Watanabe Genes and Environ. 2016;38:3. doi:10.1186/s41021-016-0029-9
    • Watanabe Genes and Environ , vol.38 , pp. 3
    • Smoking, W.M.1
  • 4
    • 78651431729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic manifestations of COPD
    • Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Rabe KF. Systemic manifestations of COPD. Chest. 2011;139:165–173.
    • Chest , vol.139 , pp. 165-173
    • Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Y.1    Rabe, K.F.2
  • 6
    • 84953364463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a sampling method for carbonyl compounds released due to the use of electronic cigarettes and quantitation of their conversion from liquid to aerosol
    • Jo S-H, Kim K-H. Development of a sampling method for carbonyl compounds released due to the use of electronic cigarettes and quantitation of their conversion from liquid to aerosol. Journal of Chromatography A. 2016;1429:369–373.
    • Journal of Chromatography A , vol.1429 , pp. 369-373
    • Jo, S.-H.1    Kim, K.-H.2
  • 7
    • 84959873532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass change tracking approach as collection guidelines for aerosol and vapor samples released during EC smoking
    • Kim K-H., Mass change tracking approach as collection guidelines for aerosol and vapor samples released during EC smoking. Analytical Methods. 2016;8:2305–2311.
    • Analytical Methods , vol.8 , pp. 2305-2311
    • Kim, K.-H.1
  • 8
    • 84946925862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel method to quantify the emission and conversion of VOCs in the smoking of electronic cigarettes
    • Kim Y-H, Kim K-H. A novel method to quantify the emission and conversion of VOCs in the smoking of electronic cigarettes. Scientific Report. 2015;5:16383.
    • Scientific Report , vol.5 , pp. 16383
    • Kim, Y.-H.1    Kim, K.-H.2
  • 9
    • 84874085718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey
    • Adkison SE, O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, Hyland A, Borland R, Yong H-H, Cummings KM, McNeill A, Thrasher JF, Hammond D, Fong GT. Electronic nicotine delivery systems:international tobacco control four-country survey. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44:207–215.
    • Am J Prev Med , vol.44 , pp. 207-215
    • Adkison, S.E.1    O'Connor, R.J.2    Bansal-Travers, M.3
  • 12
    • 84899859806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide
    • Marini S, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Ficco G. Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;278:9–15.
    • Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.278 , pp. 9-15
    • Marini, S.1    Buonanno, G.2    Stabile, L.3    Ficco, G.4
  • 13
    • 84862006677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide
    • Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, Evangelopoulou V, Connolly GN, Behrakis PK. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette:impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest. 2012;141:1400–1406.
    • Chest , vol.141 , pp. 1400-1406
    • Vardavas, C.I.1    Anagnostopoulos, N.2    Kougias, M.3    Evangelopoulou, V.4    Connolly, G.N.5    Behrakis, P.K.6
  • 14
    • 85002680133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Canada. Electronic Cigarettes. 2012. http://www.electroniccigarette.ca/tag/health-canada/.
  • 16
    • 84899640337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes
    • Cheng T., Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control. 2014;23:11–17.
    • Tobacco Control , vol.23 , pp. 11-17
    • Cheng, T.1
  • 18
    • 80052340225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities
    • Trehy ML, Ye W, Hadwiger ME, Moore RW, Allgire JF, Woodruff JT, Ahadi SS, Black JC, Westenberger BJ. Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. J Liquid Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2011;34:1442–1458.
    • J Liquid Chromatogr Relat Technol , vol.34 , pp. 1442-1458
    • Trehy, M.L.1    Ye, W.2    Hadwiger, M.E.3
  • 20
    • 85002755716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Westenberger BJ. Evaluation of e-cigarettes FDA. 2009. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/Scienceresearch/UCM173250.pdf
  • 21
    • 84969219433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of type and amount of carbon in cigarette filters on smokers' mouth level exposure to “Tar,” Nicotine, 1,3-Butadiene, Benzene, Toluene, Isoprene, and Acrylonitrile
    • Nother K, Ashley MS, Clayton PM. Influence of type and amount of carbon in cigarette filters on smokers' mouth level exposure to “Tar,” Nicotine, 1,3-Butadiene, Benzene, Toluene, Isoprene, and Acrylonitrile. Contribut. Tobacco Res. 2016;27. doi:10.1515/cttr-2016-0007
    • Contribut. Tobacco Res. , vol.27
    • Nother, K.1    Ashley, M.S.2    Clayton, P.M.3
  • 23
    • 84879475265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficiency and safety of an electronic cigarette (eclat) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: A prospective 12-month randomized control design study
    • Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Cibella F, Morjaria JB, Caruso M, Russo C, Polosa R. Efficiency and safety of an electronic cigarette (eclat) as tobacco cigarettes substitute:A prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e66317.
    • PLOS ONE , vol.8 , pp. e66317
    • Caponnetto, P.1    Campagna, D.2    Cibella, F.3    Morjaria, J.B.4    Caruso, M.5    Russo, C.6    Polosa, R.7
  • 24
    • 84885408615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of aldehydes in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
    • Lim HH, Shin HS. Measurement of aldehydes in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. B Kor Chem Soc. 2013;34:2691–2696.
    • B Kor Chem Soc. , vol.34 , pp. 2691-2696
    • Lim, H.H.1    Shin, H.S.2
  • 25
    • 84905035301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors-effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage
    • Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, Knysak J, Zaciera M, Kurek J, Goniewicz ML. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors-effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014. http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/11/11192/htm#sthash.ZeLGdbnR.dpuf
    • Nicotine Tob Res
    • Kosmider, L.1    Sobczak, A.2    Fik, M.3    Knysak, J.4    Zaciera, M.5    Kurek, J.6    Goniewicz, M.L.7
  • 26
    • 84922465390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of User Puff Topography, Device Voltage, and Liquid Nicotine Concentration on Electronic Cigarette Nicotine Yield: Measurements and Model Predictions
    • Talih S, Balhas Z, Eissenberg T, Salman R, Karaoghlanian N, Hellani AE, Baalbaki R, Saliba N, Shihadeh A. Effects of User Puff Topography, Device Voltage, and Liquid Nicotine Concentration on Electronic Cigarette Nicotine Yield:Measurements and Model Predictions. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;172:150–157.
    • Nicotine Tob Res , vol.172 , pp. 150-157
    • Talih, S.1    Balhas, Z.2    Eissenberg, T.3    Salman, R.4    Karaoghlanian, N.5    Hellani, A.E.6    Baalbaki, R.7    Saliba, N.8    Shihadeh, A.9
  • 28
    • 84920545125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brand Cigarillos—A cheap and less harmful alternative to cigarettes? Particulate matter emissions suggest otherwise
    • Gerber A, Bigelow A, Schulze M, Groneberg DA. Brand Cigarillos—A cheap and less harmful alternative to cigarettes? Particulate matter emissions suggest otherwise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:428–438.
    • Int J Environ Res Public Health , vol.12 , pp. 428-438
    • Gerber, A.1    Bigelow, A.2    Schulze, M.3    Groneberg, D.A.4
  • 31
    • 84875165218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol
    • Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e57987.
    • PLoS ONE , vol.8 , pp. e57987
    • Williams, M.1    Villarreal, A.2    Bozhilov, K.3    Lin, S.4    Talbot, P.5
  • 32
    • 84907845685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate metals and organic compounds from electronic and tobacco-containing cigarettes: comparison of emission rates and secondhand exposure
    • Saffari A, Daher N, Ruprecht A, De-Marco C, Pozzi P, Boffi R, Hamad SH, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Westerdahle D, Sioutas C. Particulate metals and organic compounds from electronic and tobacco-containing cigarettes:comparison of emission rates and secondhand exposure. Environ Sci:Processes Impacts. 2014;16:2259–2267.
    • Environ Sci: Processes Impacts , vol.16 , pp. 2259-2267
    • Saffari, A.1    Daher, N.2    Ruprecht, A.3    De-Marco, C.4    Pozzi, P.5
  • 33
    • 84922647841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Puffing topography and nicotine intake of electronic cigarette users
    • Behar RZ, Hua M, Talbot P. Puffing topography and nicotine intake of electronic cigarette users. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0117222. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117222
    • PLoS One , vol.10 , pp. e0117222
    • Behar, R.Z.1    Hua, M.2    Talbot, P.3
  • 34
    • 84929661682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review and analysis of data reduction techniques for the CReSS smoking topography device
    • De Jesus S, Hsin A, Faulkner G, Prapavessis H. A systematic review and analysis of data reduction techniques for the CReSS smoking topography device. J Smoking Cess First View. 2013:1–17.
    • J Smoking Cess First View , pp. 1-17
    • De Jesus, S.1    Hsin, A.2    Faulkner, G.3    Prapavessis, H.4
  • 35
    • 82455175371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability among electronic cigarettes in the pressure drop, airflow rate, and aerosol production
    • Williams M, Talbot P. Variability among electronic cigarettes in the pressure drop, airflow rate, and aerosol production. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13:1276–1283.
    • Nicotine Tob Res , vol.13 , pp. 1276-1283
    • Williams, M.1    Talbot, P.2
  • 36
    • 84936803097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic Cigarette Topography in the Natural Environment
    • Robinson RJ, Hensel EC, Morabito PN, Roundtree KA. Electronic Cigarette Topography in the Natural Environment. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0129296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129296
    • PLoS ONE , vol.10 , pp. e0129296
    • Robinson, R.J.1    Hensel, E.C.2    Morabito, P.N.3    Roundtree, K.A.4
  • 37
    • 84899625394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research gaps related to the environmental impacts of electronic cigarettes
    • Chang H., Research gaps related to the environmental impacts of electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2014;3:ii54–ii58. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051480
    • Tob Control , vol.3 , pp. ii54-ii58
    • Chang, H.1
  • 38
    • 85002779437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November
    • World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 2013. http://www.who.int/fctc/en/ (accessed 26November, 2013).
  • 40
    • 85002565395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • July, May
    • American Chemistry Council. Propylene glycol:considerations against use in theatrical fogs. July 2001. http://www.lyondellbasell.com/techlit/techlit/2280.pdf (accessed 21May, 2016).
  • 42
    • 77952955291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial
    • Bullen C, McRobbie H, Thornley S, Glover M, Lin R, Laugesen M. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery:Randomised cross-over trial. Tob Control. 2010;19:98–103.
    • Tob Control , vol.19 , pp. 98-103
    • Bullen, C.1    McRobbie, H.2    Thornley, S.3
  • 43
    • 84922717584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung
    • Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, Gerloff J, Ossip DJ, McIntosh S, Robinson R, Rahman I. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLOS ONE. 2015;10:e0116732. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116732
    • PLOS ONE , vol.10 , pp. e0116732
    • Lerner, C.A.1    Sundar, I.K.2    Yao, H.3    Gerloff, J.4    Ossip, D.J.5    McIntosh, S.6    Robinson, R.7    Rahman, I.8
  • 46
    • 84896962498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electroniccigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review
    • Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electroniccigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes:a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014;5:67–86.
    • Ther Adv Drug Saf , vol.5 , pp. 67-86
    • Farsalinos, K.E.1    Polosa, R.2
  • 48
    • 85002949016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-year-old dies after drinking liquid nicotine used in popular e-cigarettes
    • Klausner A., One-year-old dies after drinking liquid nicotine used in popular e-cigarettes. Mail Online 2014. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2872886/One-year-old-dies-drinking-kind-liquid-nicotine-used-popular-eciggarettes.html#ixzz3iTHuRlhV
    • Mail Online
    • Klausner, A.1
  • 49
    • 85002685405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child Accident Prevention Trust. Two-year-old poisoned by e-cigarette refill. 2014. http://www.capt.org.uk/who-we-are/news/two-year-old-poisoned-e-cigarette-refill
    • Two-year-old poisoned by e-cigarette refill
  • 51
    • 45749125283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of nicotine during pregnancy: Human and experimental evidence
    • Wickstrom P., Effects of nicotine during pregnancy:Human and experimental evidence. Curr Neuropharm. 2007;5:213–222.
    • Curr Neuropharm , vol.5 , pp. 213-222
    • Wickstrom, P.1
  • 52
    • 84919346913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavorings in electronic cigarettes an unrecognized respiratory health hazard?
    • Barrington-Trimis JL, Samet JM, McConnell R. Flavorings in electronic cigarettes an unrecognized respiratory health hazard? JAMA. 2014;312:2493–2494.
    • JAMA , vol.312 , pp. 2493-2494
    • Barrington-Trimis, J.L.1    Samet, J.M.2    McConnell, R.3
  • 53
    • 80052962669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy
    • Etter JF, Bullen C. Electronic cigarette:users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction. 2011;106:2017–2028.
    • Addiction , vol.106 , pp. 2017-2028
    • Etter, J.F.1    Bullen, C.2
  • 54
    • 84962019432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-cigarette vapour is not inert and exposure can lead to cell damage
    • Holliday R, Kist R, Bauld L. E-cigarette vapour is not inert and exposure can lead to cell damage. Evid Based Dent. 2016;17(1):2–3. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6401143.
    • Evid Based Dent , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-3
    • Holliday, R.1    Kist, R.2    Bauld, L.3
  • 55
    • 84962388369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines
    • Epub 2015 Nov 4. PubMed PMID, 26547127
    • Yu V, Rahimy M, Korrapati A, Xuan Y, Zou AE, Krishnan AR, Tsui T, Aguilera JA, Advani S, Alexander LEC, Brumund KT, Wang-Rodriguez J, Ongkeko WM. Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines. Oral Oncol. 2016;52:58–65. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.018. Epub 2015 Nov 4. PubMed PMID:26547127.
    • Oral Oncol , vol.52 , pp. 58-65
    • Yu, V.1    Rahimy, M.2    Korrapati, A.3
  • 56
    • 84984633312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke
    • Martin E, Clapp PW, Rebuli ME, Pawlak EA, Glista-Baker EE, Benowitz NL, Fry RC, Jaspers J. E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol. 2016. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00170.2016
    • Am J Physiol
    • Martin, E.1    Clapp, P.W.2    Rebuli, M.E.3    Pawlak, E.A.4    Glista-Baker, E.E.5
  • 58
    • 84958121135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Kalkhoran S, Glantz S. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4:116–128.
    • Lancet Respir Med , vol.4 , pp. 116-128
    • Kalkhoran, S.1    Glantz, S.2
  • 59
    • 84979025591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Support for e-cigarette policies: a survey of smokers and ex-smokers in Great Britain
    • Brose LS, Partos TR, Hitchman SC, McNeill A. Support for e-cigarette policies:a survey of smokers and ex-smokers in Great Britain. Tob Control. 2016. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052987
    • Tob Control
    • Brose, L.S.1    Partos, T.R.2    Hitchman, S.C.3    McNeill, A.4
  • 60
    • 85017355643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cohort study of electronic cigarette use: effectiveness and safety at 24|months
    • Manzoli1 L, Flacco ME, Ferrante M, La-Vecchia C, Siliquini R, Ricciardi W, Marzuillo C, Villari P, Fiore M. Cohort study of electronic cigarette use:effectiveness and safety at 24|months. Tob Control. 2016. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052822
    • Tob Control
    • Manzoli, L.1    Flacco, M.E.2    Ferrante, M.3    La-Vecchia, C.4
  • 61
    • 84865461210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count
    • Flouris AD, Poulianiti KP, Chorti MS, Jamurtas AZ, Kouretas D, Owolabi EO, Tzatzarakis MN, Tsatsakis AM, Koutedakis Y. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:3600–3603.
    • Food Chem Toxicol , vol.50 , pp. 3600-3603
    • Flouris, A.D.1    Poulianiti, K.P.2    Chorti, M.S.3    Jamurtas, A.Z.4    Kouretas, D.5
  • 64
    • 85002982544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • March
    • European Commission. European Commission Memo:questions & answers:new rules for tobacco products. 2014. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-134_en.htm (accessed March5, 2016).
  • 65
    • 85002516042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No. CONSUMER PROTECTION, July
    • UK Government. 2016 No. CONSUMER PROTECTION. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440989/SI_tobacco_products_acc.pdf. (accessed July3, 2016)
  • 66
    • 79952257799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • July
    • US Food and Drug Administration. Tobacco products. http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ucm388395.htm (accessed July3, 2016).
    • Tobacco products
  • 67
    • 77049125266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic nicotine delivery devices: ineffective nicotine delivery and craving suppression after acute administration
    • Eissenberg T., Electronic nicotine delivery devices:ineffective nicotine delivery and craving suppression after acute administration. Tob Control. 2010;19:87–88.
    • Tob Control , vol.19 , pp. 87-88
    • Eissenberg, T.1
  • 68
    • 77955478721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”: nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects
    • Vansickel AR, Cobb CO, Weaver MF, Eissenberg TE. A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”:nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:1945–1953.
    • Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.19 , pp. 1945-1953
    • Vansickel, A.R.1    Cobb, C.O.2    Weaver, M.F.3
  • 69
    • 84863774461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette
    • Vansickel AR, Weaver MF, Eissenberg T. Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette. Addiction. 2012;107:1493–1500.
    • Addiction , vol.107 , pp. 1493-1500
    • Vansickel, A.R.1    Weaver, M.F.2    Eissenberg, T.3
  • 70
    • 84899641535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarettes and nicotine clinical pharmacology
    • Schroeder MJ, Hoffman AC. Electronic cigarettes and nicotine clinical pharmacology. Tob Control. 2014;23:30–35. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051469.
    • Tob Control , vol.23 , pp. 30-35
    • Schroeder, M.J.1    Hoffman, A.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.