Influence of type and amount of carbon in cigarette filters on smokers’ mouth level exposure to “tar”, nicotine, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, toluene, isoprene, and acrylonitrile

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 40-53

  Nother, Kathryn ^a   Ashley, Madeleine S ^a   Clayton, Peter M ^a  

^a BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Carbon; Filter tip; Mouth level exposure; Nicotine; Smokers

Indexed keywords

EID: 84969219433     PISSN: 0173783X     EISSN: 16129237     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/cttr-2016-0007     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General; Atlanta, GA. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014. Available at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/ (accessed April 2016).
2. Doll, R., R. Peto, K. Wheatley, R. Gray, and I. Sutherland: Mortality in Relation to Smoking: 40 Years’ Observations on Male British Doctors; BMJ 309 (1994) 901-911. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901.
3. Rodgman, A. and T. A. Perfetti: The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke; Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2013.
4. Fowles, J. and E. Dybing: Application of Toxicological Risk Assessment Principles to the Chemical Constituents of Cigarette Smoke. Tob. Control 12 (2003) 424-430. DOI:10.1136/tc.12.4.424.
5. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): International Standard ISO 10362-1:1999. Cigarettes — Determination of Water in Smoke Condensates — Part 1: Gas-Chromatographic Method; ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
6. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): International Standard ISO 3308:2000. Routine Analytical Smoking Machine — Definition and Standard Conditions; ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
7. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): International Standard ISO 4387:2000. Cigarettes — Determination of Total and Nicotine Free Dry Particulate Matter Using a Routine Analytical Smoking Machine; ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
8. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): International Standard ISO 10315:2000. Cigarettes — Determination of Nicotine in Smoke Condensates — Gas-Chromatographic Method; ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
9. Burns, D.M., E. Dybing, N. Gray, S. Hecht, C. Anderson, T. Sanner, R. O’Connor, M. Djordjevic, C. Dresler, P. Hainaut, M. Jarvis, A. Opperhuizen, and K. Straif: Mandated Lowering of Toxicants in Cigarette Smoke: A Description of the World Health Organization TobReg proposal; Tob. Control 17 (2008) 132-141. DOI:10.1136/tc.2007.024158.
10. Ashley, D.L., R.J. O’Connor, J.T. Bernert, C.H. Watson, G.M. Polzin, R.B. Jain, D. Hammond, D.K. Hatsukami, G.A. Giovino, K.M. Cummings, A. McNeill, L. Shahab, B. King, G.T. Fong, L. Zhang, Y. Xia, X. Yan, and J.M. McCraw: Effect of Differing Levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Cigarette Smoke on the Levels of Biomarkers in Smokers; Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (2010) 1389-1398. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0084.
11. United States Department of Health and Human Services: Reporting Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke Under Section 904(a)(3) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products Document Control Center, MD, USA, 2012. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM297828.pdf (accessed Dec 22, 2015).
12. Bansal, R.C. and M. Goyal: Activated Carbon Adsorption; CRS Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005.
13. Sarkar, M., S. Kapur, K. Frost-Pineda, S. Feng, J. Wang, Q. Liang, and H. Roethig: Evaluation of Biomarkers of Exposure to Selected Cigarette Smoke Constituents in Adult Smokers Switched to Carbon-Filtered Cigarettes in Short-Term and Long-Term Clinical Studies; Nicotine Tob. Res.10 (2008) 1761-1772. DOI: 1080/14622200802443718.
14. Branton, P.J., K.G. McAdam, M.G. Duke, C. Liu, M. Curle, M. Mola, C.J. Proctor, and R.H. Bradley: Use of Classical Adsorption Theory to Understand the Dynamic Filtration of Volatile Toxicants in Cigarette Smoke by Active Carbons; Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 29 (2011) 117-138. DOI:10.1260/0263-6174.29.2.117.
15. Shepperd, C.J., A. Eldridge, O.M. Camacho, K. McAdam, C.J. Proctor, and I. Meyer: Changes in Levels of Biomarkers of Exposure Observed in a Controlled Study of Smokers Switched from Conventional to Reduced Toxicant Prototype Cigarettes, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 66 (2013) 147-162. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.02.007.
16. Shepperd, C.J., N. Newland, A. Eldridge, L. Haswell, F. Lowe, E. Papadopoulou, O.M. Camacho, C.J. Proctor, D. Graff, and I. Meyer: Changes in Levels of Biomarkers of Exposure and Biological Effect in a Controlled Study of Smokers Switched from Conventional Cigarettes to Reduced-Toxicant-Prototype Cigarettes. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 72 (2015) 273-291. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.04.016.
17. Dittrich, D.J., R.T. Fiebelkorn, M.J. Bevan, D. Rushforth, J. Murphy, M. Ashley, K.G. McAdam, C. Liu, and C.J. Proctor: Approaches for the Design of Reduced Toxicant Emission Cigarettes; Springerplus, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-374.
18. Pauly, J.L., R.J. O’Connor, G.M. Paszkiewicz, K.M. Cummings, M.V. Djordjevic, and P.G. Shields: Cigarette Filter-Based Assays as Proxies for Toxicant Exposure and Smoking Behaviour -A Literature Review; Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18 (2009) 3321-3333. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0925.
19. St Charles F.K., M. Ashley, C.J. Shepperd, P. Clayton, and G. Errington: A Robust Method for Estimating Human Smoked Cigarette Yields from Filter Analysis Data; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2009) 232-243. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0863.
20. Moldoveanu, S.C., W.M. Coleman III, and J.M. Wilkins: Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2008) 85-97. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0851.
21. Moldoveanu, S.C., W.M. Coleman III, and J.M. Wilkins: Determination of Hydroxybenzenes in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2008) 98-106. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0852.
22. Moldoveanu, S.C., W.M. Coleman III, and J.M. Wilkins: Determination of Benzene and Toluene in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2008) 107-114. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0853.
23. Moldoveanu, S.C. and W.M. Coleman III: The Influence of a Humectant on the Retention by Humans of Solanesol from Cigarette Smoke (Part 1, Propylene Glycol); Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2008) 153-159. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0858.
24. Moldoveanu, S.C. and W.M. Coleman III: A Pilot Study to Assess Solanesol Levels in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2008) 144-152. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0857.
25. Moldoveanu, S.C. and W.M. Coleman III: The Influence of a Humectant on the Retention by Humans of Solanesol from Cigarette Smoke (Part 2, Glycerin); Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2009) 377-383. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0872.
26. Moldoveanu, S.C., W.M. Coleman III, and J.M. Wilkins: Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2007) 346-357. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0841.
27. Polzin, G.M., W. Wu, X. Yan, J.M. McCraw, S. Abdul-Salaam, A.D. Tavakoli, L. Zhang, D.L. Ashley, and C.H. Watson: Estimating Smokers’ Mouth Level Exposures to Select Mainstream Smoke Constituents from Discarded Cigarette Filter Butts; Nicotine Tob. Res. 11 (2009) 868-874. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp080.
28. Hyodo, T., K. Minagawa, T. Inoue, J. Fujimoto, N. Minami, and A. Mikita: Estimation of Mouth Level Exposure to Smoke Constituents of Cigarettes with Different Tar Levels Using Filter Analysis; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 67 (2013) 486-498. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.009.
29. Ding, Y.S., T. Chou, S. Abdul-Salaam, B. Hearn, and C.H. Watson: Development of a Method to Estimate Mouth-Level Benzo[a]pyrene Intake by Filter Analysis; Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 21 (2012) 39-44. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0800.
30. Clayton, P., A. Cunningham, and J. van Heemst: Quantification of Four Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Cigarette Filter Tips Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Anal. Methods 2 (2010) 1085-1094. DOI: 10.1039/B9AY00306A.
31. Shepperd, C.J., A.C. Eldridge, G. Errington, and M. Dixon: A Study to Evaluate the Effect on Mouth Level Exposure and Biomarkers of Exposure Estimates of Cigarette Smoke Exposure Following a Forced Switch to a Lower ISO Tar Yield Cigarette; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 61 (3 suppl) (2011) S13-S24. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.05.011.
32. Morin, A., C.J. Shepperd, A.C. Eldridge, N. Poirier, and R. Voisine: Estimation and Correlation of Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Canadian Smokers as Determined by Filter Analysis and Biomarkers of Exposure; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 61 (3 suppl) (2011) S3-S12. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.020.
33. Shepperd, C.J., A.C. Eldridge, D.C. Mariner, M. McEwan, G. Errington, and M. Dixon: A Study to Estimate and Correlate Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Smokers in Germany as Determined by Filter Analysis and Biomarkers of Exposure; Regul. Toxicol. Pharma-col. 55 (2009) 97-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.06. 006.
34. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Tobacco Disclosure Act: Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Products: Reports of Added Constituents and Nicotine Ratings; General Laws of Massachusetts, Chapter 94, Section 307B 105 CMR 660.000, 1997. Available at: http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/regs/105cmr 660.pdf (accessed Dec 22, 2015).
35. Health Canada: Official Method T-115 — Determination of “Tar”, Water, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke; Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1999.
36. Health Canada: Official Method T-116 — Determination of 1,3-Butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile, Benzene and Toluene in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke; Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1999.
37. Ashley, M., A. Sisodiya, M. McEwan, J. McAughey, and K. Prasad: Comparison of Mouth Level Exposure to ‘Tar’ and Nicotine in Smokers of Normal and Superslim King Size Cigarettes in Romania; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 24 (2011) 277-288. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0908.
38. Counts, M.E., M.J. Morton, S.W. Laffoon, R.H. Cox, and P.J. Lipowicz: Smoke Composition and Predicting Relationships for International Commercial Cigarettes Smoked with Three Machine-Smoking Conditions; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 41 (2005) 185-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.002.