Becoming a sexual being: The ‘elephant in the room’ of adolescent brain development

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Volumn 25, Issue , 2017, Pages 209-220

  Suleiman, Ahna Ballonoff ^a   Galván, Adriana ^b   Harden, K Paige ^c   Dahl, Ronald E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c University of Austin   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Developmental neuroscience; Puberty; Romantic development; Sexual development

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MOTIVATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBERTY; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; REVIEW; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL INTERACTION; WELLBEING; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ANIMAL; BRAIN; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; PHYSIOLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL MATURATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ANIMALS; BRAIN; FEMALE; HUMANS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL MATURATION;

EID: 85002252553     PISSN: 18789293     EISSN: 18789307     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Ali, M.M., Dwyer, D.S., Estimating peer effects in sexual behavior among adolescents. J. Adolesc. 34:1 (2011), 183–190, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12.008.
2. Aron, A., Norman, C.C., Aron, E.N., McKenna, C., Heyman, R.E., Couples' shared participation in novel and arousing activities and experienced relationship quality. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78:2 (2000), 273–284, 10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.273.
3. Aron, A., Fisher, H., Mashek, D.J., Strong, G., Li, H., Brown, L.L., Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. J. Neurophysiol., 94(1), 2005, 327.
4. Bartels, A., Zeki, S., The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage 21:3 (2004), 1155–1166, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003.
5. Baumgartner, S.E., Valkenburg, P.M., Peter, J., The influence of descriptive and injunctive peer norms on adolescents' risky sexual online behavior. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Networking 14:12 (2011), 753–758, 10.1089/cyber.2010.0510.
6. Bearinger, L.H., Sieving, R.E., Ferguson, J., Sharma, V., Global perspectives on the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents: patters, prevention and potential. Lancet 369 (2007), 1220–1231, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60367-5.
7. Blakemore, S.J., Imaging brain development: the adolescent brain. Neuroimage 61:2 (2012), 397–406, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080.
8. Bongaarts, J., Blanc, A.K., Estimating the current mean age of mothers at the birth of their first child from household surveys. Popul. Health Metrics, 13(1), 2015, 1, 10.1186/s12963-015-0058-9.
9. Braams, B., van Duijvenvoorde, A., Peper, J.S., Crone, E.A., Longitudinal change in adolescent risk-taking: a comprehensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior. J. Neurosci. 35:18 (2015), 7226–7238, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI. 4764-14.2015.
10. Brooks-Gunn, J., Furstenberg, F.F., The children of adolescent mothers: physical, academic, and psychological outcomes. Dev. Rev. 6:3 (1986), 224–251, 10.1016/0273-2297(86)90013-4.
11. Brown, J.D., Halpern, C.T., L'Engle, K.L., Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. J. Adolesc. Health 36:5 (2005), 420–427, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.003.
12. Brown, G.R., Kulbarsh, K.D., Spencer, K.A., Duval, C., Peripubertal exposure to testicular hormones organizes response to novel environments and social behavior in adult male rats. Horm. Behav. 73 (2015), 135–141, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.003.
13. Burnham, T.C., Chapman, J.F., Gray, P.B., McIntyre, M.H., Lipson, S.F., Ellison, P.T., Men in committed, romantic relationships have lower testosterone. Horm. Behav. 44:2 (2003), 119–122, 10.1016/s0018-506x(03)00125-9.
14. Buster, J.E., Kingsberg, S.A., Aguirre, O., Brown, C., Breaux, J.G., Buch, A., Casson, Testosterone patch for low sexual desire in surgically menopausal women: a randomized trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 105:5 Pt 1 (2005), 944–952, 10.1097/01.aog.0000158103.27672.0d.
15. Campbell, B.C., Prossinger, H., Mbzivo, M., Timing of pubertal maturation and the onset of sexual behavior among zimbabwe school boys. Arch. Sex. Behav. 34:5 (2005), 505–516, 10.1007/s10508-005-6276-7.
16. Campbell, A.1, Oxytocin and human social behavior. Person. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 14:3 (2010), 281–295, 10.1177/1088868310363594.
17. Chein, J., Albert, D., O'Brien, L., Uckert, K., Steinberg, L., Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain's reward circuitry. Dev. Sci. 14:2 (2011), F1–F10, 10.1111/j. 1467-7687.2010.01035.x.
18. Choukas-Bradley, S., Giletta, M., Widman, L., Cohen, G.L., Prinstein, M.J., Experimentally measured susceptibility to peer influence and adolescent sexual behavior trajectories: a preliminary study. Dev. Physcol., 2014, 10.1037/a0037300.
19. Collins, W.A., More than myth: the developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. J. Res. Adolesc. 13:1 (2003), 1–24, 10.1111/1532-7795.1301001.
20. Crockett, L.J., Raffaelli, M., Shen, Y.-L., Linking self-regulation and risk proneness to risky sexual behavior: pathways through peer pressure and early substance use. J. Res. Adolesc. 16:4 (2006), 503–525, 10.1111/j. 1532-7795.2006.00505.x.
21. Crone, E.A., Dahl, R.E., Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13:9 (2012), 636–650, 10.1038/nrn3313.
22. Dahl, R.E., The developmental neuroscience of adolescence: revisiting, refining, and extending seminal models. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 17 (2016), 101–102, 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.016.
23. Davis, S.R., van der Mooren, M.J., van Lunsen, R.H., Lopes, P., Ribot, C., Ribot, J., Purdie, D.W., Efficacy and safety of a testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause (New York N.Y.) 13:3 (2006), 387–396, 10.1097/01.gme.0000179049.08371.c7.
24. De Boer, A., Van Buel, E.M., Ter Horst, G.J., Love is more than just a kiss: a neurobiological perspective on love and affection. Neuroscience 201 (2012), 114–124, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.017.
25. Dennison, M., Whittle, S., Yücel, M., Vijayakumar, N., Kline, A., Simmons, J., Allen, N.B., Mapping subcortical brain maturation during adolescence: evidence of hemisphere- and sex-specific longitudinal changes. Dev. Sci. 16:5 (2013), 772–791, 10.1111/desc.12057.
26. Diamond, L.M., Dickenson, J.A., The neuroimaging of love and desire: review and future directions. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 9 (2012), 39–46.
27. Drife, J.O., Breast development in puberty. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 464:1 Endocrinology (1986), 58–65, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb15993.x.
28. Edwards, D.A., O'Neal, J.L., Oral contraceptives decrease saliva testosterone but do not affect the rise in testosterone associated with athletic competition. Horm. Behav. 56:2 (2009), 195–198, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.008.
29. Eisenegger, C., Naef, M., Combining behavioral endocrinology and experimental economics: testosterone and social decision making. J. Vis. Exp., 49, 2011, 10.3791/2065.
30. England, P., Wu, L.L., Shafer, E.F.1, Cohort trends in premarital first births: what role for the retreat from marriage?. Demography 50:6 (2013), 2075–2104, 10.1007/s13524-013-0241-1.
31. Ernst, M., Nelson, E.E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E.B., Monk, C.S., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D.S., Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents. Neuroimage 25:4 (2005), 1279–1291, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.038.
32. Ewing, S.W.F., Houck, J.M., Bryan, A.D., Neural activation during response inhibition is associated with adolescents’ frequency of risky sex and substance use. Addict. Behav., 2014, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.12.007.
33. Falk, E.B., Berkman, E.T., Lieberman, M.D., From neural responses to population behavior neural focus group predicts population-level media effects. Psychol. Sci. 23:5 (2012), 439–445, 10.1177/0956797611434964.
34. Falk, E.B., ODonnell, M.B., Cascio, C.N., Tinney, F., Kang, Y., Lieberman, M.D., Strecher, V.J., Self-affirmation alters the brains response to health messages and subsequent behavior change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2015, 201500247 (10.1073/pnas.1500247112/-/DCSupplemental).
35. Finkelstein, J.W., Susman, E.J., Chinchilli, V.M., DArcangelo, M.R., Kunselman, S.J., Schwab, J., Kulin, H.E., Effects of estrogen or testosterone on self-reported sexual responses and behaviors in hypogonadal adolescents 1. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83:7 (1998), 2281–2285, 10.1210/jcem.83.7.4961.
36. Fisher, H.E., Brown, L.L., Aron, A., Strong, G., Mashek, D., Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love. J. Neurophysiol. 104:1 (2010), 51–60, 10.1152/jn.00784.2009.
37. Fortenberry, J.D., Puberty and adolescent sexuality. Horm. Behav. 64:2 (2013), 280–287, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.007.
38. Fortenberry, J.D., Sexual learning, sexual experience, and healthy adolescent sex. New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 2014:144 (2014), 71–86, 10.1002/cad.20061.
39. Furman, W., Shaffer, L., The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. Florsheim, P., (eds.) Adolescent Romantic Relations and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications, 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, New Jersey, 3–22.
40. Furman, W., Ho, M., Low, S., The rocky road of adolescent romantic experience: dating and adjustment. Engels, R., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., (eds.) Hot Topics in Developmental Research: Friends, Lovers, and Groups, 2007, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, England, 61–80.
41. Gaither, G.A., Sellbom, M.1, The sexual sensation seeking scale: reliability and validity within a heterosexual college student sample. J. Person. Assess. 81:2 (2010), 157–167, 10.1207/S15327752JPA8102_07.
42. Galván, A., The teenage brain sensitivity to rewards. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 22:2 (2013), 88–93, 10.1177/0963721413480859.
43. Gibb, S.J., Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J., Boden, J.M., Early motherhood and long-term economic outcomes: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study. J. Res. Adolesc. 25:1 (2014), 163–172, 10.1111/jora.12122.
44. Giedd, J.N., Denker, A.H., The adolescent brain: insights from neuroimaging. Bourguignon, J.P., (eds.) Brain Crosstalk in Puberty and Adolescence, 2015, Springer, 85–96, 10.1007/978-3-319-09168-6_7.
45. Giedd, J.N., Clasen, L.S., Lenroot, R., Greenstein, D., Wallace, G.L., Ordaz, S., Chrousos, G.P., Puberty-related influences on brain development. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 254–255 (2006), 154–162, 10.1016/j.mce.2006.04.016.
46. Goldenberg, D., Telzer, E.H., Lieberman, M.D., Fuligni, A., Galván, A., Neural mechanisms of impulse control in sexually risky adolescents. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 6 (2013), 23–29, 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.06.002.
47. Gray, P.B., Campbell, B.C., Human male testosterone, pair bonding and fatherhood. Ellison, P.T., Gray, P.B., (eds.) Endocrinology of Social Relationships, 2009, Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA, Boston, MA, 270–293.
48. Greenough, W.T., Black, J.E., Wallace, C.S., Experience and brain development. Child Dev. 58 (1987), 539–559 (0009-3920/87/5803-0017).
49. Guttmacher Institute, & International Planned Parenthood Federation, In Brief: Facts on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescent Women in the Developing World. 2010, Guttmacher Institute, Washington DC (Retrieved from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/FB-Adolescents-SRH.pdf).
50. Guttmacher Institute, Fact Sheet: American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2014, Guttmacher Institute, Washington DC (Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/FB-ATSRH.pdf).
51. Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., Campbell, B., Suchindran, C.1, Testosterone and pubertal development as predictors of sexual activity: a panel analysis of adolescent males. Psychosom. Med. 55:5 (1993), 436–447.
52. Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., Suchindran, C., Testosterone predicts initiation of coitus in adolescent females. Psychosom. Med. 59:2 (1997), 161–171.
53. Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., Suchindran, C., Monthly measures of salivary testosterone predict sexual activity in adolescent males. Arch. Sex. Behav. 27:5 (1998), 445–465, 10.1023/A:1018700529128.
54. Hampton, M.R., Jeffery, B., McWatters, B., Smith, P., Influence of teens perceptions of parental disapproval and peer behavior on their initiation of sexual intercourse. Can. J. Hum. Sex. 14:3–4 (2005), 105–121.
55. Harden, K.P., A sex-positive framework for research on adolescent sexuality. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 9:5 (2014), 455–469, 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197.
56. Harden, K.P., Kretsch, N., Moore, S.R., Mendle, J., Descriptive review: hormonal influences on risk for eating disorder symptoms during puberty and adolescence. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 47:7 (2014), 718–726, 10.1002/eat.22317.
57. Hayford, S.R., Guzzo, K.B., Smock, P.J., The decoupling of marriage and parenthood? Trends in the timing of marital first births, 1945–2002. Family Relation. 76:3 (2014), 520–538, 10.1111/jomf.12114.
58. Hazan, C., Shaver, P., Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 52(3), 1987, 511, 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511.
59. Hensch, T.K., Bistable parvalbumin circuits pivotal for brain plasticity. Cell 156:1 (2014), 17–19, 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.034.
60. Hensel, D.J., Hummer, T.A., Acrurio, L.R., James, T.W., Fortenberry, J.D., Feasibility of functional neuroimaging to understand adolescent women's sexual decision making. J. Adolesc. Health 56 (2015), 389–395, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.00.
61. Herting, M.M., Gautam, P., Spielberg, J.M., Kan, E., Dahl, R.E., Sowell, E.R., The role of testosterone and estradiol in brain volume changes across adolescence: a longitudinal structural MRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35:11 (2014), 5622–5645, 10.1002/hbm.22575.
62. Hofferth, S.L., Reid, L., The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 33:6 (2001), 259–267.
63. Hostinar, C.E., Johnson, A.E., Gunnar, M.R., Parent support is less effective in buffering cortisol stress reactivity for adolescents compared to children. Dev. Sci. 18:2 (2014), 218–297, 10.1111/desc.1219.
64. Hummer, T.A., Media violence effects on brain development: what neuroimaging has revealed and what lies ahead. Am. Behav. Sci. 59:14 (2015), 1790–1806, 10.1177/0002764215596553.
65. James, J., Ellis, B.J., Schlomer, G.L., Garber, J., Sex-specific pathways to early puberty, sexual debut, and sexual risk taking: tests of an integrated evolutionary-developmental model. Dev. Psychol. 48:3 (2012), 687–702, 10.1037/a0026427.
66. Kalnin, A.J., Edwards, C.R., Wang, Y., Kronenberger, W.G., Hummer, T.A., Mosier, K.M., Mathews, The interacting role of media violence exposure and aggressive-disruptive behavior in adolescent brain activation during an emotional Stroop task. Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 192:1 (2011), 12–19, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.005.
67. Kan, M.L., Cheng, Y.A., Landale, N.S., McHale, S.M., Longitudinal predictors of change in number of sexual partners across adolescence and early adulthood. J. Adolesc. Health 46:1 (2010), 25–31, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.002.
68. Kennett, D.J., Humphreys, T.P., Schultz, K.E.1, Sexual resourcefulness and the impact of family, sex education, media and peers. Sex Educ. 12:3 (2012), 351–368, 10.1080/14681811.2011.615624.
69. Kerpelman, J.L., McElwain, A.D., Pittman, J.F., Adler-Baeder, F.M., Engagement in risky sexual behavior: adolescents’ perceptions of self and the parent-child relationship matter. Youth Soc. 48:1 (2016), 101–125, 10.1177/0044118x1347961.
70. Kunkel, D., Eyal, K., Finnerty, K., Biely, E., Donnerstein, E., Sex on TV 4 2005: A Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Henry, J., (eds.), 2005, Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, CA: California.
71. LeDoux, J., The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 23:4 (2003), 727–738, 10.1023/A:1025048802629.
72. Longmore, M.A., Eng, A.L., Giordano, P.C., Manning, W.D., Parenting and adolescents' sexual initiation. J. Marriage Family 71:4 (2009), 969–982, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00647.x.
73. Love, T.M., Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 119 (2013), 49–60, 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.06.011.
74. Mathews, T.J., Hamilton, B.E., Delayed Childbearing: More Women Are Having Their First Child Later in Life. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics USA (Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db21.pd).
75. Mendle, J., Beyond pubertal timing new directions for studying individual differences in development. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 23:3 (2014), 215–219, 10.1177/0963721414530144.
76. Miller, B.C., Benson, B., Galbraith, K.A., Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: a research synthesis. Dev. Rev. 21:1 (2001), 1–38, 10.1006/drev.2000.0513.
77. Moses-Kolko, E.L., Forbes, E.E., Stepp, S., Fraser, D., Keenan, K.E., Guyer, A.E., Hipwell, A.E., The influence of motherhood on neural systems for reward processing in low income, minority, young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 66 (2016), 130–137, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.009.
78. Nelson, E.E., Leibenluft, E., McClure, E., Pine, D.S., The social re-orientation of adolescence: a neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology. Psychol. Med. 35:02 (2005), 163–174, 10.1017/S0033291704003915.
79. Nelson, E.E., Jarcho, J.M., Guyer, A.E., Social re-orientation and brain development: an expanded and updated view. Dev. Cognit. Neurosci. 17 (2016), 118–127, 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.008.
80. Numan, M., Stolzenberg, D.S.1, Medial preoptic area interactions with dopamine neural systems in the control of the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior in rats. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 30:1 (2009), 46–64, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.10.002.
81. Nutsch, V.L., Will, R.G., Hattori, T., Tobiansky, D.J., Dominguez, J.M., Sexual experience influences mating-induced activity in nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the medial preoptic area. Neurosci. Lett. 579 (2014), 92–96, 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.021.
82. Nutsch, V.L., Will, R.G., Robison, C.L., Martz, J.R., Tobiansky, D.J., Dominguez, J.M., Colocalization of mating-induced Fos and D2-like dopamine receptors in the medial preoptic area: influence of sexual experience. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 10, 2016, 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00075.
83. Op de Macks, Z.A., Moor, B.G., Overgaauw, S., Güroglu, B., Dahl, R.E., Crone, E.A., Testosterone levels correspond with increased ventral striatum activation in response to monetary rewards in adolescents. Dev. Cognit. Neurosci. 1:4 (2011), 506–516, 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.06.003.
84. Ortigue, S., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., Patel, N., Frum, C., Lewis, J.W., Neuroimaging of love: FMRI meta-analysis evidence toward new perspectives in sexual medicine. J. Sex. Med. 7:11 (2010), 3541–3552, 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01999.x.
85. Ott, M.A., Sucato, G.S., Committee on Adolescence, Contraception for adolescents. Pediatrics 134:4 (2014), e1257–e1281, 10.1542/peds.2014-2300.
86. Parent, A.S., Teilmann, G., Juul, A., Skakkebaek, N.E., Toppari, J., Bourguignon, J.P.1, The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev. 24:5 (2003), 668–693, 10.1210/er.2002-0019.
87. Parkes, A., Henderson, M., Wight, D., Nixon, C., Is parenting associated with teenagers’ early sexual risk-taking, autonomy and relationship with sexual partners?. Perspect. Sex Reprod. Health 43:1 (2011), 30–40, 10.1363/4303011.
88. Peake, S.J., Dishion, T.J., Stormshak, E.A., Moore, W.E., Pfeifer, J.H., Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making. Neuroimage 82 (2013), 23–34, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.061.
89. Peper, J.S., Dahl, R.E., The teenage brain: surging hormones − brain-behavior interactions during puberty. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 22:2 (2013), 134–139, 10.1177/0963721412473755.
90. Peter, J., Valkenburg, P.M., Adolescents and pornography: a review of 20 years of research. J. Sex Res., 2016, 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441.
91. Peters, S., Jolles, D.J., Van Duijvenvoorde, A.C., Crone, E.A., Peper, J.S., The link between testosterone and amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex connectivity in adolescent alcohol use. Psychoneuroendocrinology 53 (2015), 117–126, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.004.
92. Pfeifer, J.H., Masten, C.L. III, Moore, W.E., Oswald, T.M., Mazziotta, J.C., Iacoboni, M., Dapretto, M., Entering adolescence: resistance to peer influence, risky behavior, and neural changes in emotion reactivity. Neuron 69:5 (2011), 1029–1036, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.019.
93. Potard, C., Courtois, R., Rusch, E., The influence of peers on risky sexual behavior during adolescence. Eur. J. Contraception Reprod. Healthcare 13:3 (2008), 264–270, 10.1080/13625180802273530.
94. Price, M.N., Hyde, J.S., When two isn't better than one: predictors of early sexual activity in adolescence using a cumulative risk model. J. Youth Adolesc. 38:8 (2008), 1059–1071, 10.1007/s10964-008-9351-2.
95. Roberti, J.W., A review of behavioral and biological correlates of sensation seeking. J. Res. Person. 38:3 (2004), 256–279, 10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00067-9.
96. Romeo, R.D., Richardson, H.N., Sisk, C.L., Puberty and the maturation of the male brain and sexual behavior: recasting a behavioral potential. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26:3 (2002), 381–391, 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00009-x.
97. Romeo, R.D., Puberty: a period of both organizational and activational effects of steroid hormones on neurobehavioural development. J. Neuroendocrinol. 15:12 (2003), 1185–1192, 10.1111/j. 1365-2826.2003.01106.x.
98. Roney, J.R., Simmons, Z.L., Hormonal predictors of sexual motivation in natural menstrual cycles. Horm. Behav. 63:4 (2013), 636–645, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.013.
99. Rosenblitt, J.C., Soler, H., Johnson, S.E., Quadagno, D.M., Sensation seeking and hormones in men and women: exploring the link. Horm. Behav. 40:3 (2001), 396–402, 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1704.
100. Russell, J.A., Douglas, A.J., Ingram, C.D., Brain preparations for maternity adaptive changes in behavioral and neuroendocrine systems during pregnancy and lactation. An overview. Progress in Brain Research 133 (2001), 1–38, 10.1016/S0079-6123(01)33002-9.
101. Sørensen, K., Mouritsen, A., Aksglaede, L., Hagen, C.P., Mogensen, S.S., Juul, A., Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 77:3 (2012), 137–145, 10.1159/000323361.
102. Santor, D.A., Messervey, D., Kusumakar, V.1, Measuring peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance abuse. J. Youth Adolesc. 29:2 (2000), 163–182, 10.1023/A:1005152515264.
103. Savin-Williams, R.C., Joyner, K., Rieger, G., Prevalence and stability of self-reported sexual orientation identity during young adulthood. Arch. Sex. Behav. 41:1 (2012), 103–110, 10.1007/s10508-012-9913-y.
104. Schlegel, A., Barry, H. III, Adolescence: An Anthropological Inquiry. 1991, Free Press, New York.
105. Schlegel, A., The cultural management of adolescent sexuality. Abramson, P.R., (eds.) Sexual Nature, Sexual Culture, 1995, University of Chicago Press Chicago, Chicago, IL, 177–194.
106. Schulz, K.M., Sisk, C.L., The organizing actions of adolescent gonadal steroid hormones on brain and behavioral development. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2016, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016. 07.03.
107. Sedgh, G., Finer, L.B., Bankole, A., Eilers, M.A., Singh, S., Adolescent pregnancy, birth, and abortion rates across countries: levels and recent trends. J. Adolesc. Health 56:2 (2015), 223–230, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007.
108. Shifren, J.L., Davis, S.R., Moreau, M., Waldbaum, A., Bouchard, C., DeRogatis, L., O'Neill, S., Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: results from the INTIMATE NM1 study. Menopause 13:5 (2006), 770–779, 10.1097/01.gme.0000227400.60816.52.
109. Sisk, C.L., Foster, D.L., The neural basis of puberty and adolescence. Nat. Neurosci. 7:10 (2004), 1040–1047, 10.1038/nn1326.
110. Sisk, C.L., Zehr, J.L., Pubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 26:3 (2005), 163–174, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.10.003.
111. Sisk, C.L., Hormone-dependent adolescent organization of socio-sexual behaviors in mammals. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 38 (2016), 63–68, 10.1016/j.conb.2016.02.00.
112. Spielberg, J.M., Olino, T.M., Forbes, E.E., Dahl, R.E., Exciting fear in adolescence: does pubertal development alter threat processing?. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 8 (2014), 86–95, 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.01.004.
113. Suleiman, A.B., Deardorff, J., Multiple dimensions of peer influence in adolescent romantic and sexual relationships: a descriptive, qualitative perspective. Arch. Sex. Behav. 44:3 (2015), 765–775, 10.1007/s10508-014-0394-z.
114. Tackett, J.L., Reardon, K.W., Herzhoff, K., Page-Gould, E., Harden, K.P., Josephs, R.A., Estradiol and cortisol interactions in youth externalizing psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 55 (2015), 146–153, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.014.
115. Takesian, A.E., Hensch, T.K., Balancing plasticity/stability across brain development. Prog. Brain Res. 207 (2013), 3–34, 10.1016/B978-0-444-63327-9.00001-1.
116. Telzer, E.H., Fuligni, A.J., Lieberman, M.D., Miernicki, M., Galván, A., The quality of adolescents' peer relationships modulates neural sensitivity to risk taking. Social Cognit. Affective Neurosci. nsu064, 2014, 10.1093/scan/nsu064.
117. Telzer, E.H., Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation. Dev. Cognit. Neurosci. 17 (2016), 57–67, 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.01.
118. Tottenham, N., Shapiro, M., Telzer, E.H., Humphreys, K.L., Amygdala response to mother. Dev. Sci. 15:3 (2012), 307–319, 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01128.x.
119. Van de Bongardt, D., de Graaf, H., Reitz, E., Deković, M., Parents as moderators of longitudinal associations between sexual peer norms and Dutch adolescents' sexual initiation and intention. J. Adolesc. Health 55:3 (2014), 388–393, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.017.
120. Vermeersch, H., T'sjoen, G., Kaufman, J.-M., Vincke, J., Estradiol, testosterone, differential association and aggressive and non-aggressive risk-taking in adolescent girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33:7 (2008), 897–908, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.016.
121. Vermeersch, H., T'sjoen, G., Kaufman, J., Vincke, J., The relationship between sex steroid hormones and behavioral inhibition (BIS) and behavioral activation (BAS) in adolescent boys and girls. Person. Individual Differ. 47:1 (2009), 3–7, 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.034.
122. Victor, E.C., Hariri, A.R., A neuroscience perspective on sexual risk behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Dev. Psychopathol., 2015, 1–17, 10.1017/s0954579415001042.
123. Wallen, K., Sex and context: hormones and primate sexual motivation. Horm. Behav. 40:2 (2001), 339–357, 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1696.
124. Wellings, K., Collumbian, M., Staymaker, E., Singh, S., Hodges, Z., Patel, O., Sexual behavior in context: a global perspective. Lancet Sex. Reprod. Health Ser., 2006.
125. Werker, J.F., Hensch, T.K., Critical periods in speech perception: new directions. Ann. Rev. Psychol., 66(1), 2015, 173, 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015104.
126. Westoff, Trends in marriage and early childbearing in developing countries. DHS Comparative Reports, 2003, ORC Macro, Calverton, MD.
127. Whalen, P.J., Raila, H., Bennett, R., Mattek, A., Brown, A., Taylor, J., Palmer, Neuroscience and facial expressions of emotion: the role of amygdala-prefrontal interactions. Emotion Rev. 5:1 (2013), 78–83, 10.1177/1754073912457231.
128. Whittle, S., Simmons, J.G., Dennison, M., Vijayakumar, N., Schwartz, O., Yap, M.B., Allen, N.B., Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study. Dev. Cognit. Neurosci. 8 (2014), 7–17, 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.10.006.
129. Will, R.G., Nutsch, V.L., Turner, J.M., Hattori, T., Tobiansky, D.J., Dominguez, J.M., Astrocytes in the medial preoptic area modulate ejaculation latency in an experience-dependent fashion. Behav. Neurosci., 129(1), 2015, 68, 10.1037/bne0000026.
130. Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., Finkelhor, D., Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth internet users. Pediatrics 119:2 (2007), 247–257, 10.1542/peds.2006-1891.
131. van Anders, S.M., Beyond sexual orientation: integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Arch. Sex. Behav. 44:5 (2015), 1177–1213, 10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8.
132. Zimmerman, Y., Eijkemans, M.J.C., Coelingh Bennink, H.J.T., Blankenstein, M.A., Fauser, B.C.J.M., The effect of combined oral contraception on testosterone levels in healthy women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reprod. Update, 2013, 76–105, 10.1093/humupd/dmt038.