The decoupling of marriage and parenthood? Trends in the timing of marital first births, 1945-2002

Journal of Marriage and Family

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 520-538

  Hayford, Sarah R ^a   Guzzo, Karen Benjamin ^b   Smock, Pamela J ^c  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Family formation; Fertility; Marriage; Trends

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899564192     PISSN: 00222445     EISSN: 17413737     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12114     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Allison, P. D. (1995). Survival analysis using the SAS system: A practical guide. Cary, NC: SAS Inc.
2. Allison, P. D. (2001). Missing data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Arroyo, J., Payne, K. K., Brown, S. L., & Manning, W. D. (2012). Crossover in median age at first marriage and first birth: Thirty years of change. NCFMR Family Profiles FF-12-03, National Center for Family & Marriage Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH. Retrieved from http://ncfmr.bgsu.edu/pdf/family_profiles/file107893.pdf
4. Becker, G. S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5. Brewster, K. L., & Rindfuss, R. R. (2000). Fertility and women's employment in industrialized nations. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 271-296. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.271
6. Bumpass, L., & Lu, H. H. (2000). Trends in cohabitation and implications for children's family contexts in the United States. Population Studies, 54, 29-41. doi:10.1080/713779060
7. Cherlin, A. J. (1977). The effect of children on marital disruption. Demography, 14, 265-272.
8. Cherlin, A. J. (2004). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 848-861. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00058.x
9. Cherlin, A. J. (2009). The marriage-go-round. New York: Knopf.
10. Cherlin, A. J. (2010). Demographic trends in the United States: A review of research in the 2000s. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 403-419. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00710.x
11. Cohn, D., Passel, J. S., Wang, W., & Livingston, G. (2011). Barely half of U.S. adults are married-A record low. Pew Social and Demographic Trends Report, Pew Research Center, Washington, DC.
12. Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 34, 187-220.
13. Duncan, S., & Phillips, M. (2010). People who live apart together (LATs)-How different are they? Sociological Review, 58, 112-134. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2009.01874.x
14. Edin, K., & Kefalas, M. (2005). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
15. Elliott, D. B., Krivackas, K., Brault, M. W., & Kreider, R. M. (2012, May). Historical marriage trends from 1890: A focus on race differences. Paper presented at the 2012 annual meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco.
16. Ellwood, D., & Jencks, C. (2004). The uneven spread of single-parent families: What do we know? Where do we look for answers? In K. Neckerman (Ed.), Social inequality (pp. 3-78). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
17. England, P., Shafer, E. F., & Wu, L. L. (2012). Premarital conceptions, postconception (shotgun) marriages, and premarital first births: Education gradients in U.S. cohorts of White and Black women born 1925-1959. Demographic Research, 27, 153-166. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.6
18. Fitch, C. A., Kennedy, S., Oakes, J. M., & Ruggles, S. (2012, May). Marriage formation and economic opportunity in the United States: 1970-2000. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco.
19. Fitch, C. A., & Ruggles, S. (2000). Historical trends in marriage formation: The United States, 1850-1990. In L. J. Waite (Ed.), The ties that bind: Perspectives on marriage and cohabitation (pp. 59-90). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
20. Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. (1996). The future of marriage. American Demographics, 18(6), 34-40.
21. Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. (2009). If Moynihan had only known: Race, class, and family change in the late twentieth century. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621, 94-110. doi:10.1177/0002716208324866
22. Fry, R. (2010). The reversal of the college marriage gap. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
23. Gibson-Davis, C. M. (2012). Mothers but not wives: The increasing lag between nonmarital births and marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 264-278. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00803.x
24. Gibson-Davis, C. M., Edin, K., & McLanahan, S. (2005). High hopes but even higher expectations: The retreat from marriage among low-income couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1301-1312. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00218.x
25. Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2002). The power of the Pill: Oral contraceptives and women's career and marriage decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 110, 730-770. doi:10.1086/340778
26. Goldstein, J. R., & Kenney, C. T. (2001). Marriage delayed or marriage forgone? New cohort forecasts of first marriage for U.S. women. American Sociological Review, 66, 506-519. doi:10.2307/3088920
27. Graefe, D. R., & Lichter, D. T. (2008). Marriage patterns among unwed mothers: Before and after PRWORA. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 27, 479-497. doi:10.1002/pam.20352
28. Griffith, J. D., Koo, H. P., & Suchindran, C. M. (1985). Childbearing and family in remarriage. Demography, 22, 73-88. doi:10.2307/2060987
29. Hayford, S. R. (2013). Marriage (still) matters: The contribution of demographic change to trends in childlessness in the United States. Demography, 50, 1641-1661. doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0215-3
30. Heaton, T. B. (1990). Marital stability throughout the child-rearing years. Demography, 27, 55-64. doi:10.2307/2061552
31. Hoelter, L. F., LeClere, F. B., & Smock, P. J. (2008, April). Historical change in legitimation of first births: 1920-2002. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, LA.
32. Isen, A., & Stevenson, B. (2011). Women's education and family behavior. In J. Shoven (Ed.), Demography and the economy (pp. 107-142). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226754758.001.0001
33. Kennedy, S., & Bumpass, L. (2008). Cohabitation and children's living arrangements: New estimates from the United States. Demographic Research, 19, 1663-1692. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.47
34. Lesthaeghe, R. J. (2010). The unfolding story of the Second Demographic Transition. Population and Development Review, 36, 211-251. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00328.x
35. Lichter, D. T. (2012). Childbearing among cohabiting women: Race, pregnancy, and union transitions. Early Adulthood in a Family Context, 2, 209-219. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1436-0_13
36. Lillard, L., & Waite, L. (1993). A joint model of marital childbearing and marital disruption. Demography, 30, 653-681. doi:10.2307/2061812
37. Livingston, G., & Cohn, D. (2010). Childlessness up among all women: Down among women with advanced degrees. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
38. Manning, W. D., Longmore, M. A., & Giordano, P. C. (2007). The changing institution of marriage: Adolescents' expectations to cohabit and marry. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 559-575. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.20
39. Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Ventura, S. J., Osterman, M. J. K., & Mathews, T. J. (2013). Births: Final data for 2011. National Vital Statistics Reports 62(1). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
40. Martin, S. P. (2004). Women's education and family timing: Outcomes and trends associated with age at marriage and first birth. In K. Neckerman (Ed.), Social inequality (pp. 79-119). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
41. Mathews, T. J., & Hamilton, B. E. (2009). Delayed childbearing: More women are having their first child later in life. NCHS Data Brief 21, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
42. McLanahan, S. (2004). Diverging destinies: How children fare under the Second Demographic Transition. Demography, 41, 607-627. doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0033
43. Meggiolaro, S., & Ongaro, F. (2010). The implications of marital instability for a woman's fertility: Empirical evidence from Italy. Demographic Research, 23, 963-996. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.34
44. Menken, J., Trussell, J., & Larsen, U. (1986). Age and infertility. Science, 223, 1389-1394. doi:10.1126/science.3755843
45. Payne, K. K. (2012). Timing of first marital birth. National Center for Marriage and Family Research. Retrieved from http://ncfmr.bgsu.edu/pdf/family_profiles/file114148.pdf
46. Pew Research Center. (2010). The decline of marriage and the rise of new families. Washington, DC: Author.
47. Raley, R. K. (2001). Increasing fertility in cohabiting unions: Evidence for the Second Demographic Transition in the United States? Demography, 38, 59-66. doi:10.1353/dem.2001.0008
48. Raley, R. K., & Bumpass, L. L. (2003). The topography of the divorce plateau: Levels and trends in union stability in the United States after 1980. Demographic Research, 8, 245-260. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2003.8.8
49. Rijken, A. J., & Thomson, E. (2011). Partners' relationship quality and childbearing. Social Science Research, 40, 485-497. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.10.001
50. Rindfuss, R. R., & Parnell, A. M. (1989). The varying connection between marital status and childbearing in the United States. Population and Development Review, 15, 447-470. doi:10.2307/1972442
51. Schwarz, C. R., & Mare, R. D. (2012). The proximate determinants of educational homogamy: The effects of first marriage, marital dissolution, remarriage, and educational upgrading. Demography, 49, 629-650.
52. Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
53. Smock, P. J. (2000). Cohabitation in the United States: An appraisal of research themes, findings, and implications. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 1-20. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.1
54. Smock, P. J., & Greenland, F. R. (2010). Diversity in pathways to parenthood in the U.S.: Patterns, implications, and emerging research directions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 576-593.
55. Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2007). Marriage and divorce: Changes and their driving forces. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21, 27-52. doi:10.1257/jep.21.2.27
56. Strohm, C., Seltzer, J., Cochran, S., & Mays, V. (2009). "Living apart together" relationships in the United States. Demographic Research, 21, 177-214. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2009.21.7
57. Thomson, E. (2004). Step-families and childbearing desires in Europe. Demographic Research Special Collection, 3, 117-134. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2004.S3.5
58. Thomson, E., Hoem, J. M., Vikat, A., Buber, I., Fuernkranz-Prskawetz, A., Toulemon, L., & Kantorova, V. (2002). Childbearing in stepfamilies: Whose parity counts? In E. Klijzing & M. Corijn (Eds.), Dynamics of fertility and partnership in Europe: Insights and lessons from comparative research (Vol. 2, pp. 87-99). New York: United Nations Publications.
59. Thornton, A., Axinn, W. G., & Xie, Y. (2007). Marriage and cohabitation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Thornton, A., & Young-DeMarco, L. (2001). Four decades of trends in attitudes toward family issues in the United States: The 1960s through the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1009-1037. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01009.x
61. van de Kaa, D. J. (1987). Europe's Second Demographic Transition. Population Bulletin, 42, 1-59.
62. Westoff, C. F. (1975). The yield of the imperfect: The 1970 National Fertility Study. Demography, 12, 573-580. doi:10.2307/2060714
63. Wineberg, H. (1988). Duration between marriage and first birth and marital instability. Biodemography and Social Biology, 35, 91-102. doi:10.1080/19485565.1988.9988691